Computer analyst system

Project Topic: Databases

and their application

Management information system (MIS 205)

Submitted to:
ADEYL KHAN (AYN)
Lecturer, NSU SBE
Submission Date: 30th May, 2016

Name

ID

Mustafa Kishwar Muntasir

1330716630

Akram Khan

1310838030

Md. Mahmudul Hassan

1410842030

Nabil Hasan

1410361030

Shamshun Nahar Mou

1210654030

Table of Contents
Importance of Database...................................................................................................................3
Evolution of Database......................................................................................................................6
Available commercial database.......................................................................................................8
Oracle Database...........................................................................................................................8
Microsoft SQL Server..................................................................................................................8
IBM DB2.....................................................................................................................................8
SAP Sybase ASE.........................................................................................................................9
PostgreSQL..................................................................................................................................9
Structured Query Language...........................................................................................................10
Analysis of big data.......................................................................................................................12
Application of Database................................................................................................................14
Reference:......................................................................................................................................16

Importance of Database
A database management system is important because it manages data efficiently and allows users
to perform multiple tasks. A database management system stores, organizes and manages a large
amount of information within a single software application. Use of this system increases
efficiency of business operations and reduces overall costs.
Database management systems are important to businesses and organizations because they
provide a highly efficient method for handling multiple types of data. Some of the data that are
easily managed with this type of system include: employee records, student information, payroll,
accounting, project management, inventory and library books.
A simple database has a single table with rows for the data and columns that define the data
elements. For an address book, the table columns define data elements such as name, address,
city, state and phone number, while a table row, or record, contains data for each person in the
book. The query language provides a way to find specific types of data in each record and return
results that match the criteria. These results display in a form that uses the defined data elements
but only shows records that meet the criteria. These three components make up almost every type
of database.
There are five major components in a database system:

Data.

Hardware.

Software.

People.

Procedures.

The data is a collection of facts, typically related. The hardware is the physical devices in the
database environment. Operating systems, database management systems and applications make
up the software.
Some jobs rely on database applications to run their entire business. Some examples of database
applications for the workplace include:

Flight reservation systems.

Retail or parts inventory (usually functions with barcode scanning).
Computerized library systems.

THE IMPORTANCE OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:

Before the importance of database management systems (DBMS) can be understood, it

isnecessary to define the terms database and system.A database can be described as an
integrated collection of data. It can also be stated as an organised body of related information.
This collection of data is organised to serve many applications efficiently by centralising the data
and minimizing data.
The following importance (advantages) of database systems:
Redundancy can be reduced
Inconsistency can be avoided
The data can be shared
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 Standards can be enforced

Security restrictions can be applied
Integrity can be maintained
Conflicting requirements can be balanced.

Whereby the data is organised through a structured conversion process in order to produce
required outputs. Deitel et al. (1999:768) describe what components a database system
consists of, by defining a database system as the data itself, the hardware on which the data
resides, the software (or DBMS) that controls the storage and retrieval of data, and the users
themselves.

Evolution of Database
Database technology over more than 40 years from now has gone through several generations
and history from pre-flat file system to rational and object rational systems.
Flat Files:
Punched card technology was used as a mean to store data and later as files. But the files had
limitation more than advantage.
Hierarchical Data Model:
Mid 1960s IBM with Rockwell collaborates to create the Information Management System
(IMS), in 70s and early 80s IMS use to lead the mainframe database market
Files are related in a parent/child manner In this model,, with each child file having at most one
parent file.
Network Data Model:
Early 1960s, first DBMS at Honeywell was developed by Charles Bachmann, Integrated Data
Store (IDS)
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In 1971 it was standardized by the CODASYL group (Conference on Data Systems Languages).
Similar to the common network in network data model, files are related as owners and members,
model except that each member file can have more than one owner.
Network data model identified the following three database components:
1.

Network schemadatabase organization[structure]

2.

Sub-schemaview s of database per user

3.

Data management language at low level , procedural

[1970-present] Era of Relational Database and Database Management: E. F. Codd in 1970
conceived the relational database model. It can be defined using the following two
terminologies:
1. Instance a table with rows or columns.
2. Schema specifies the structure (name of relation, name and type of each column)
3. 1970: Ted Codd at IBMs San Jose Lab proposed relational models.
4. in late 1970s two major projects starts and both were operational
5. INGRES at University of California, Berkeley became commercial and followed up
POSTGRES which was incorporated into Informix.
6. DB2 was evolved from System R at IBM san Jose lab, which became one of the first
DBMS product based on the relational model. (just prior to DB2 Oracle produced a
similar product.)
7. 1976: Entity-relationship(ER) model was defined by Peter Chen
8. 1980s: Maturation of the relational database technology, more relational based DBMS
were developed and ISO and ANSI adopted SQL standard
9. 1985: Object-oriented DBMS (OODBMS) was developed.

10. 1990s: in relational DBMSs incorporation of object-orientation, new application areas,

such as OLAP and data warehousing, web and Internet, Interest in text and multimedia,
management resource planning (MRP) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) and
11. 1991: Microsoft ships access is a personal DBMS created as element of Windows
gradually supplanted all other personal DBMS products.
12. 1995: First Internet database applications was developed.
13. 1997: Database processing was applied by XML, which solves long-standing database
problems. Major vendors begin to integrate DBMS products from XMl.

Available commercial database

Oracle Database
1979 as the first commercially available relational database management system (RDBMS)
Oracle began its journey in .its name is synonymous with enterprise database systems, fierce and
unbreakable data delivery corporate competition from CEO Larry Ellison. Powerful but complex
database solutions are the mainstay of this Fortune 500 Company.
The current release of Oracle's RDBMS is Oracle 12c. The "c" stands for cloud and is reflective
of Oracle's work in extending its enterprise RDBMS that enable firms to consolidate and
manage databases as cloud services when needed from Oracle's multitenant architecture and inmemory data processing capabilities.

Microsoft SQL Server

Microsoft profitability exceeds all other tech companies, and SQL Server helped put it there.
Sure, Microsoft's desktop operating system is everywhere, but running a Microsoft Server, is
likely running SQL Server on it.
SQL Server's ease of use, availability and tight Windows operating system integration makes it
an easy choice for firms that choose Microsoft products for their enterprises. Currently,
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Microsoft promotes SQL Server 2014 astheplatform for both on-premises and cloud databases
and business intelligence solutions.
Microsoft also touts SQL Server 2014 in helping enterprises build mission-critical applications
with high-performance, in-memory security technology across OLTP (online transaction
processing), data warehousing, business intelligence and analytics.

IBM DB2
Big Blue puts the big into data centers with DB2. The latest release of DB2, DB2 10.5, runs on
Linux, UNIX, Windows, the IBM iSeries and mainframes. IBM has pitted its DB2 system
squarely in competition with Oracle's, by the International Technology Group, and the results
showed significant cost savings for those that migrate to DB2 from Oracle.
.

SAP Sybase ASE

after 25 years of success and Sybase is still a major force in the enterprise market to its Adaptive
Server Enterprise product. it has seen a bump in the next-generation transaction processing
space following being acquired by Sybase in 2010 and relabeled as SAP Sybase Adaptive Server
Enterprise (ASE) though its market share dwindled for a few years,. by delivering partnered
solutions to the mobile device market Sybase has also thrown a considerable amount of weight
behind the mobile enterprise.

PostgreSQL
PostgreSQL is an open-source object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) that
hides in such interesting places as online gaming applications, data center automation suites and
domain registries. PostgreSQL also enjoys some high-profile duties at Skype and Yahoo!
PostgreSQL runs on a wide variety of operating systems which includes Linux, Windows,
FreeBSD and Solaris. And as of OS X 10.7 Lion, Mac OS X features PostgreSQL its standard
default database in the server edition. PostgreSQLas free, open source database system benefits
from more than 25 years of development and it includes enterprise-grade features comparable to
Oracle and DB2 such as full ACID compliance for transaction reliability and Multi-Version
Concurrency Control for supporting high concurrent loads.

Structured Query Language

SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is used to communicate with a database.
According to ANSI (American National Standards Institute), it is the standard language for
relational database management systems.
Some examples of sectors where SQL is being widely used are smartphones, banks,
hospitals, universities, governments, small businesses, large enterprises, computers etc.

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Advantages of SQL

1) Portability: SQL is extremely portable. Databases using SQL can easily be moved from one
device to another. It runs in programs of servers, laptops, PCs, and even in mobile phones.
2) Compatibility: All the major vendors who develop DBMS, uses SQL
3) Easy to learn and understand: SQL mainly consists of English statements and it is very easy to
learn and understand a SQL query.
4) Interactive language: SQL can be used to communicate with the databases and get answers to
complex questions in seconds.
5) Supports enterprise applications: SQL is the database language which is used by businesses
and enterprises throughout the globe. For an enterprise application it is a perfect language for a
database.

Disadvantages of SQL

1) Difficulty in Interfacing: Interfacing an SQL database is more complex than adding a few
lines of code.
3) Not developer friendly: MySQL is not fully SQL-compliant. It tends to be limited in areas
such as data warehousing, fault tolerance, and performance diagnostics etc. These lack of
functionality frustrates developers.
2) Features restricted by vendors: Although SQL databases conform to ANSI & ISO standards,
some databases go for proprietary extensions to standard SQL to ensure vendor lock-in.
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SQL Vs. NoSQL

1. SQL stores data using rows and columns. Rows contain all of the information about one specific
entry/entity, and columns are all the separate data points; ex: a row might be about a specific
person, in which the columns are age, nationality, marital status and so on.
On the other hand, NoSQL is a host of databases, each with different data storage models. The
main ones are: document, graph, columns etc.
2. NoSQL is comparatively flexible than SQL. For example: in a SQL data entry, each row must
contain data for each column; NoSQL entry does not require such schema.
3. SQL is ACID compliant and NoSQL is not.
ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. NoSQL lacks ACID compliancy
because it is much suitable for performance and scalability.

Analysis of big data

What is Big Data :
Big data is a term for data sets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing
applications are inadequate. Challenges include analysis, capture, data curation, search, sharing,
storage, transfer, visualization, querying, updating and information privacy. The term often refers
simply to the use of predictive analytics or certain other advanced methods to extract value from
data, and seldom a particular size of data set. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident
decision making, and better decisions can result in greater operational efficiency, cost reduction
and reduced risk.

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Examples of use of big data

-

Government- The use and adoption of big data within government processes is beneficial
and allows efficiencies in terms of cost, productivity, and innovation.
United States of America In 2012, the Obama administration announced the Big Data
Research and Development Initiative, to explore how big data could be used to address
important problems faced by the government. The initiative is composed of 84 different big
data programs spread across six departments.
India Big Data analysis was in part responsible for the BJP to win the Indian General
Election.
United Kingdom
-Example of use of big data in public services:
-Data on prescription drugs- by connecting origin, location and the time of each
prescription, a research unit was able to exemplify the considerable delay between the
release of any given drug, and a UK-wide adaption of the National Institute for Health and
Care Excellence guidelines.

Advantages of use of big data:

-

Dialogue with consumers Todays consumers are a tough nut to crack. They look around a
lot before they buy, talk to their entire social network about their purchases, demand to be
treated as unique and want to be sincerely thanked for buying ones products. Big data
allows to profile these increasingly vocal and fickle little tyrants in a far-reaching manner
so that one can engage in an almost one-on-one, real-time conversation with them.
Re-develop ones products- Big Data helps to understand how others perceive ones products
so that the firm can adapt them, or the firms marketing, if need be. Besides, Big Data lets
one to test thousands of different variations of computer-aided designs in the blink of an eye
so that one can check hoe minor changes in, for instance, material affect costs, lead times
and performance. One can then raise the efficiency of the production process accordingly
Perform risk analysis- Predictive analytics, fueled by Big Data allows a business to scan and
analyze newspaper reports or social media feeds so that, the business permanently keep up to
speed on the latest developments in the industry and its environment. Detailed health-tests
on a businesss suppliers and customers are another goodie that comes with Big Data.

Disadvantage of Big Data:

-

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Data analysis often requires multiple parts of government (central and local ), while the
government uses it, to work in collaborat

Application of Database
How it is used in NSU:
North South University manages a large number of databases for various academic purposes. In
order to know about the applications and other aspects of the databases, we talked with the
computer engineer of the IT department of North South University, Mr. Mahmudul Hasan.
According to him, NSU use different database for different purposes. For the advising system
they use SIMS database, which is a MySQL database. The accounts department use a database
called TROY for which the university got license from a foreign company. This was customized
by the company especially for NSU. This is a SQL database. Another database is used for
admission system, which is called PostGreSQL database.

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The users of the database are basically the employees and the students of North South University
only. And all the departments of database are managed and maintained by the IT department.
For Student Advising System NSU use two applications. One with back end for manual advising.
Another for online advising. On top of SIMS for online advising, another application is used
called RDS. NSU HR is used for accounts, attendance, payroll management etc.

How it is used in the course website:

For our MIS205 course, from the beginning of the semester, we are all directed by our
respectable faculty to the course website. It is also a very well designed database. The website
uses MySQL database. All the students of this course and other courses taken by the faculty can
use this database with a limited access. The website is managed and maintained by the respected
faculty Mr. Adeyl Khan sir. The application that is used in this database is iteach.
How it is used in our favourite organization:
Here we can talk about Facebook for example. Facebook does not need any introduction as it is
one of the biggest social media network around the globe. Facebook uses MySQL for the
majority of the data we would consider Facebook data. Their instances of MySQL are
customized with source-level patches and improvements that their engineers have developed in
house or from the open-source community. Facebook and several other major users of MySQL
have started a collaboration to share their improvements, dubbed WebScaleSQL.
In order to maintain such huge number of users, Facebook use NoSQL database against the
traditional SQL. The hardwares are like databanks that constantly keep increasing their capacity
to maintain the updates at real time. The read-write and sequencing is controlled via central
control that keeps thread of the tasks to be performed. For that Facebook developed software
application called Cassandra which is under Apache.

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Reference:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL
http://dataconomy.com/sql-vs-nosql-need-know/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL
https://mhaadi.wordpress.com/2010/10/18/the-evolution-of-database/
http://www.serverwatch.com/server-trends/slideshows/top-10-enterprise-database-systems-toconsider-2015.html

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