Pair Exercise #1

The Periodic Table

The periodic table is a central concept in chemistry. The relatively simple structure contains a
large amount of information about the properties of elements. You have likely encountered many
of the ideas associated with the periodic table from school or the media. The purpose of this pair
exercise is to reveal and organize the ideas you associate with the periodic table.
Generate a list of terms that you associate with the periodic table. Group the list of terms into
separate categories. The terms placed into a category will share a common characteristic (e.g., the
terms square, parallelogram, and rhombus can be grouped together because they are all foursided figures).
List of Terms
term 1
term 2
term 3
term 4
term 5
.

Group terms sharing a common characteristic

under a category and describe the common
characteristic.

Pair Exercise #2

Beaker #1

Extremely magnified view of

contents in a small volume from
each beaker

Beaker #2

Use the above particulate-level illustrations to describe the contents in each beaker. Classify the
contents in each beaker as an element or a compound, as a pure substance or a mixture, and as
homogeneous or heterogeneous. Explain your reasoning. (Hint: Consider whether the above
illustrations contain enough information in order to affirmatively make each classification)

Group Exercise #1
Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Which of the following are elements? Which are compounds? Explain your reasoning.
Mg, CO2, NaCl , Al, Cl2
2. Draw particulate-level representations of two molecules, hydrogen and water. Are these
molecules elements or compounds? Explain your reasoning.

3. Classify the following as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Explain your reasoning.

cola (freshly opened versus days old),
air (in this room versus over LA)
sand (in an hour glass versus on the beach)
glass (clear versus stained)
4. Classify the following as a pure substance or a mixture. Explain your reasoning.
water (bottled water versus sea water)
table salt
ammonia (NH3, substance in window cleaner)
bromine (Br2) gas
5. Give an example of a homogeneous pure substance, a homogeneous mixture, a heterogeneous
pure substance, and a heterogeneous mixture.
6. Which of the following are physical changes or chemical changes of water? Explain your
reasoning.
ice melts
liquid water reacts with sodium to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas
water gas condenses
Draw a sketch of these changes at the macroscopic and particulate level.

7. Give an example of a physical property and a chemical property of water.

8. Draw a particulate-level representation of water in each of the three phases of matter. How are
the three phases distinguished at the macroscopic level? At the particulate level?

Pair Exercise #3

100

X
1m
2m
3m
4m
5m

200 300 400 500

(centimeters)

Calculate the values Y (in centimeters) for the given values X (in meters). Draw a graph that
illustrates the relationship between these two units on the set of axes provided. Calculate the ratio
(slope) that relates these two units.

Ratio relationship (slope) :

4
(meters)

Pair Exercise #4

30
45
(grams)

15

X
2 mL
4 mL
6 mL
8 mL
10 mL

60

75

A block of zinc has a mass of 14.3 g and a volume of 2 mL. Calculate the mass Y (in grams) for
the given volumes X (in milliliters) of zinc. Draw a graph that illustrates the relationship between
these two units on the set of axes provided. Calculate the ratio (slope) that relates these two units.

8
10
(milliliters)

Ratio relationship (slope) :

Calculate the mass (in g) of a block of zinc that has a volume of 22.8 mL.

Group Exercise #2
Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. A group of six friends were playing a roller-ball game at the arcade. Each person was
given four balls to throw into five rings which have different point values. The goal of the
game was to achieve an average score of 30 points per ball (considered an accurate score).
Describe the accuracy (as accurate or not accurate) and precision (as precise or not precise)
of each persons game shown below.

2. How many significant figures are expressed in the following?

0.0003
4.05 x 103
4.203
0.10020
82,000
3. Round the following to three significant figures.
5.0040
2.1182
0.03499
4. Convert the following:
0.0670423 kilometers to meters
80.9 milligrams to grams
12.3 x 10-5 kiloliters to microliters
5. A strip of magnesium weighs 0.5097 grams. Determine the volume (in L) if the density of
magnesium is 1.74 g/mL.
6. A pure silver coin weighs 8.062 grams. Determine the volume (in L) if the density of silver is
1.049 x 104 kg/m3. (1 L = 1.0 x 10-3 m3)

Pair Exercise #5
Complete the following table.
Element Name

Carbon

Element Symbol

Atomic Number

No. of protons

No. of neutrons

No. of electrons

Mass Number

12

Nuclear symbol

Isotope name

12
6

Fluorine

12

19

23
18
8

Carbon-12

Pair Exercise #6
Chlorine consists of two isotopes. The first isotope, 35Cl, has a percent abundance of 75.53% and a
mass of 34.96885 amu. The second isotope, 37Cl, has a mass of 36.96590 amu. Calculate the
average atomic mass of chlorine.

A sample of a metal element consists of two isotopes. The first isotope has a percent abundance of
69.09% and a mass of 62.9298 amu. The second isotope has a percent abundance of 30.91% and a
mass of 64.9278 amu. Calculate the average atomic mass and identify the element.

Pair Exercise #7
The following data is available about the ions formed by elements on the periodic table.
Lithium loses one electron to form a positive ion.
Sulfur gains two electrons to form a negative ion.
Aluminum loses three electrons to form a positive ion.
Bromine gains one electron to form a negative ion.
Nitrogen gains three electrons to form a negative ion.
Calcium loses two electrons to forma positive ion.
Write equations that describe the loss or gain of electrons for each element listed below. Use a
periodic table to predict the ions formed by the following elements (Hint: Use the supplied data.
Recall that elements in the same group on the periodic table have similar properties)

Element

Group

Period

electrons
gained or lost

Lithium

lost 1 e-

Li Li+ + e-

17

gained 1 e-

Br + e- Br-

Equation

Magnesium
Phosphorus
Selenium
Strontium
Bromine
Gallium
Oxygen
Barium
Chlorine
Potassium

Group Exercise #3
Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Complete the following table.
Element Name

Potassium

Element Symbol

Number of protons

23

Number of neutrons

28

16

Mass number

41

Nuclear symbol
2. An element has five naturally occurring isotopes. The atomic mass and percent abundance of
each isotope is listed below. Calculate the average atomic mass of the element. Identify the
element from the periodic table and write its name.
Isotope mass (amu)

Percent abundance

69.924249

21.23%

71.922076

27.66%

72.923459

7.73%

73.921178

35.94%

75.921402

7.44%

3. Write the symbols of the ions formed by the following elements and write the name of the
noble gas that is isoelectronic with each of the ions.
calcium, fluorine, sodium, arsenic
4. Nuclei radii typically range from 1-10 femtometers and atomic radii typically range from 10100 picometers. If you draw a circle with a radius of 1.5 mm to represent a particulate-level
model of an nucleus, can a circle representing the atomic radius (i.e., the electron cloud around
the nucleus) of your atom be drawn on the same sheet of paper? Explain your reasoning.
5. Answer the following statements as true or false and explain your reasoning. If true, provide
examples of two different elements that corroborate the statement.
A. Two different elements may have the same number of neutrons.
B. Two different elements may have the same atomic number.
C. Two different elements may have the same mass number.

Pair Exercise #8
Write the name of the following ions:
Cr3+
Co2+
Zn2+
Cu+
Ni2+

Pair Exercise #9
Write the name of the following compounds:
IF7
N2O
BrCl5
NH3

Pair Exercise #10

Shown below are examples of ionic compounds. Write the symbol of the cation and anion that
were combined to form the compound.
Ionic Compound

Cation

Anion

KBr
CaCl2
LiI
AlF3
MgO
What is the relationship between the number of cations and anions that combine to form a
compound?
Use this relationship you developed to form ionic compounds between the following set of cations
and anions.
Potassium ion, magnesium ion, sulfide ion, chloride ion

Pair Exercise #11

Write the names for each of the following formulas of ionic compounds
Ionic Compound

Name

LiF
CaBr2
Na2S
AlCl3

Pair Exercise #12

Write the names for each of the following formulas of hydrated compounds.
Hydrate
FeBr36H2O
BaI2H2O
Na2S9H2O

Name

Group Exercise #4
Work in your group to answer the following questions.

1. Write the formula of the compound formed by the combination of each cation and anion below.

Sodium
ion

Magnesium
ion

Chromium(III)
ion

Nickel
ion

Aluminum
ion

Nitride ion
Oxide ion
Chloride ion
Sulfide ion
Iodide ion
Phosphide ion
2. Write the name for the given formula, or write the formula for the given name.
Name

Formula

Aluminum ion
NO2
Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate
CaBr2
iron(III) oxide
Kr
MgI28H2O
Bromine pentafluoride
Cu2+
NH3
Iodine
Potassium selenide
Cr2O3

Pair Exercise #13

Write the step-wise and total ionization equation for the following acids.
Acid

Ionization Equation(s)

HClO3

H2SO4

H3PO4

Pair Exercise #14

Write the names or formula for each of the following acids and oxyanions (Hint: Recall that
elements in the same group have similar properties).
Formula

Name

HNO2
Selenic acid
HBrO3
Arsenic acid
SeO32Periodate ion
HF
Tellurate ion (Te, Z=52)

Pair Exercise #15

Write the name or formula for each of the following substances.

Formula

Name

K2SO4
iron(II) carbonate
CuSO45H2O
calcium hydrogen sulfate
NH4OH
sodium bromite
Zn(IO2)2

Group Exercise #5
Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Write the formula of the compound formed by the combination of each cation and anion below.

Calcium ion

Potassium ion

Iron (III) ion

Ammonium ion

Nitrate ion
Sulfite ion
Hydroxide ion
Hydrogen
phosphate ion
Perchlorate ion
Arsenate ion

2. Write the name for the given formula, or write the formula for the given name.
Name

Formula

Aluminum hydroxide
MgSO4
Iron(II) chlorite
LiIO
Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
AsO43Ni(BrO4)2
Sodium tellurite (Te, Z=52)
Cu(NO2)2
BrOMagnesium phosphate
Silver nitrate
Cr2(SeO3)3

Pair Exercise #16

Write the formula and determine the atomic, molecular, or formula mass of the following
substances. Which mass term(s) apply to each substance?

Substance

Formula

Mass

Terms

nitrogen trifluoride
Chlorine
Calcium oxide

Pair Exercise #17

Calculate the percent composition of each element in the compound sodium nitrate.

How many grams of sodium are in 12.6 grams of sodium nitrate?

Pair Exercise #18

Calculate the number of molecules in 2.8 moles of carbon dioxide.

Calculate the number of moles in 24.2 grams of carbon dioxide.

Group Exercise #6
Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Calculate the percent composition of each element in lithium carbonate.
Calculate the percent composition of carbonate in lithium carbonate.

2. How many grams of magnesium are in a 2.59 gram sample of magnesium hydroxide?

3. How many grams of calcium are required to make 125 g of calcium hydrogen phosphate?

4. Calculate the number of moles of chlorine in 2.34 x 1019 molecules of chlorine.

Calculate the number of moles of chlorine atoms in 2.34 x 1019 molecules of chlorine.

5. Calculate the mass in milligrams of 6.8 moles of calcium hydroxide.

6. Calculate the number of moles of ammonium sulfate in 4.03 grams of ammonium sulfate.

7. Calculate the number of moles of sulfate ions and the number of moles of ammonium ions in
4.03 grams of ammonium sulfate.

8. Calculate the number of molecules of water in a 500.0-mL glass of water. (Note: assume
density of water is 1.000 g/mL)

9. Calculate the mass in grams of 1.378 x 1025 formula units of sodium hydrogen carbonate.

Pair Exercise #19

Calculate the number of moles in 1.5 x 1019 molecules of bromine.

Calculate the mass in grams of 0.65 moles of sodium chloride

Calculate the number of atoms in 48.2 grams of magnesium.

Pair Exercise #20

A sample of a compound contains 35.08% phosphorus and 64.92% fluorine. Determine the
empirical formula of the compound.

If the molar mass of the compound is 175.9 grams per mole, what is the molecular formula of
the compound?

Pair Exercise #21

A 0.6957 gram sample of a carbon-oxygen-hydrogen containing compound was burned in excess
oxygen and produced 1.03 g CO2 and 0.319 g water. Determine the molecular formula of the
compound if it has a molar mass of 177 g/mol.

Pair Exercise #22

Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions.
Potassium and oxygen react to produce potassium oxide.

Sodium carbonate and copper(II) sulfate react to produce copper(II) carbonate and sodium sulfate.

Methane, CH4, is burned in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid react to produce potassium sulfate and water.

Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.

Group Exercise #7
Work in your group to answer the following questions.

1. Calculate the mass in grams of nitrogen required to make 124 grams of ammonia.

2. Write a possible molecular formula for each of the following empirical formula: CH, NO2, HO

3. Determine the empirical formula of a compound that contains 79.95% carbon, 9.40%
hydrogen, and 10.65% oxygen.

4. Calculate the number of moles of sodium atoms in 4.92 x 1024 formula units of sodium
phosphate.

5. Calculate the number of iodide ions in 0.034 moles of magnesium iodide.

6. Calculate the number of formula units in 32.65 lbs of barium sulfate (Ba, Z=56).

7. A scientist isolated a compound containing aluminum, carbon, and oxygen. He determine a

molecular formula of Al4C6O12 for the compound based on percent composition data of 23.1%
aluminum, 15.4% carbon, and 61.5% oxygen. Is his conclusion about the molecular formula
valid?

8. A 2.912 g sample of a compounds containing only C, H, and O was completely oxidized in a

reaction that yielded 3.123 g of water and 7.691 g of carbon dioxide. Determine the empirical
formula and molecular formula of the compound if it has a molar mass of 100.1 g/mol.

9. Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions:

a) Phosphorus pentachloride reacts with water to produce phosphoric acid and hydrochloric
acid
b) Ammonia reacts with oxygen to produce nitrogen monoxide and water

Pair Exercise #23

Write the total and net ionic equations for the reaction between solutions of sodium chloride
and silver nitrate (silver, Z=47).

Pair Exercise #24

Write the conventional and net ionic equations for the reaction between solid potassium and a
solution of aluminum nitrate. If no reaction occurs, write NR.

Write the conventional and net ionic equations for the reaction between solid silver and a
solution of zinc sulfate. If no reaction occurs, write NR.

Pair Exercise #25

Write a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols, for each of the following
reactions. Identify the type of reaction.

Solid calcium combines with fluorine gas to make solid calcium fluoride.

Phosphoric acid is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide.

A strip of zinc is placed in a copper(II) sulfate solution.

Aqueous acetone, CH3COCH3, is completely oxidized.

Water and oxygen are formed from the decomposition of a solution of hydrogen peroxide,
H2O2.

Iron(III) chloride and barium hydroxide solutions combine to form a precipitate. (Barium,
Z=56)

Group Exercise #8
Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions:
a) Magnesium chlorate decomposes to magnesium chloride and oxygen.
b) Gaseous propane, C3H6, is burned.
2. Write a balanced conventional equation, including state symbols, and identify the type of
reaction. Where applicable, write the net ionic equation.
a) Aqueous solutions of selenous acid and sodium hydroxide are reacted

b) Solid calcium is added to a solution of nickel nitrate

c) A solution of calcium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid.

d) Aqueous solutions of sodium hydrogen carbonate and cobalt(II) hypobromite
react to form a precipitate.
e) Sulfur dioxide gas and water form from the decomposition of sulfurous acid. How
many moles of water are formed from the decomposition of 2 moles of sulfurous acid?
f) Methanol gas, CH3OH, is completely oxidized. How many moles of water form from the
oxidation of 4 moles of methanol?
g) Ammonia gas is formed from its elements. How many moles of ammonia are formed
when 3 moles of nitrogen are reacted with excess hydrogen?
h) Aqueous solutions of barium hydroxide (Ba, Z=56) and iron(III) nitrate react to form
a precipitate. How many moles of precipitate are formed when 3 moles of barium
hydroxide are reacted with excess iron(III) nitrate?

Pair Exercise #26

How many molecules of water are produced if 6 molecules of hydrogen are reacted with
oxygen?

How many atoms of potassium are required to produce 4 formula units of potassium oxide in
the reaction between potassium and oxygen?

How many moles of oxygen are required to produce 16 moles of water in a reaction with
excess hydrogen?

How many moles of oxygen are required to completely react with 6.0 moles of potassium to
form potassium oxide?

Pair Exercise #27

Sodium reacts with water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Calculate the
theoretical yield of hydrogen gas if 5.7 grams of sodium are reacted with excess water.
Calculate the percent yield if 0.20 grams of hydrogen gas are produced in the reaction.

The reaction between hydrogen gas and nitrogen gas to produce ammonia has a percent yield
of 88.0%. What mass of nitrogen is required to produce an actual yield of 4.04 grams of
ammonia if excess hydrogen is used? (Hint: use the percent yield and the actual yield to
determine the theoretical yield of ammonia)

Group Exercise #9
Work in your group to answer the following questions.

1. How many moles of potassium chloride are formed when 5.0 moles of chlorine are reacted
with potassium bromide to produce bromine and potassium chloride?
2. How many moles of copper(II) oxide are required to produce 12.4 moles of copper(II)
chloride in the reaction between copper(II) oxide and hydrochloric acid to produce copper(II)
chloride and water?
3. How many moles of oxygen are required to completely combust 3.6 moles of C6H14? How
many grams of carbon dioxide are produced? Identify the type of reaction.
4. How many grams of lithium hydroxide are required to completely react 10.8 moles of
selenous acid. Write the conventional and net ionic equations and identify the type of reaction.
5. Calculate the percent yield of potassium oxide if 2.92 grams are produced from the reaction
of 3.21 grams of potassium with excess oxygen.
6. When potassium chlorate is heated, a life-sustaining gas is released and an ionic
compound remains. How many grams of the ionic compound is produced when 7.0 grams
of potassium chlorate is heated? Identify the type of reaction.
7. Copper can be extracted in a combustion reaction of the ore copper(I) sulfide to produce
copper and sulfur dioxide. Calculate the mass of ore that must be processed in order to obtain
2.55 kg of copper if the reaction has a percent yield of 65.4%.
8. A strip of magnesium is placed in a solution of cobalt(II) chloride. How many grams of
cobalt is produced when 2.05 grams of magnesium is reacted? Write the conventional,
half-reaction, and net ionic equations. Identify the type of reaction.
9. How many grams of oxygen are required to completely react 32.45 grams of carbon in the
synthesis reaction between carbon and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide? How many grams of
carbon dioxide are formed?
10. Sodium reacts with water to produce an ionic compound and a gas. How many moles
of gas are produced when 3.04 grams of sodium are reacted with excess water? Identify
the type of reaction.

Pair Exercise #28

Solutions of potassium iodide and lead(II) nitrate (lead, Z=82) combine to form a bright yellow
precipitate. How many grams of precipitate are formed if 3.45 grams of lead(II) nitrate is
dissolved in water and added to a solution containing excess potassium iodide?

How many grams of precipitate are formed if 5.62 grams of potassium iodide is dissolved
in water and added to a solution containing excess lead(II) nitrate?

How many grams of precipitate are formed if 5.62 grams of potassium iodide is dissolved in
water and added to a solution containing 3.45 grams of lead(II) nitrate dissolved in water?

Pair Exercise #29

Sodium reacts with water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Use the moles
method to determine the limiting reactant if 8.21 grams of sodium are reacted with 6.98 grams
of water.

Pair Exercise #30

5.64 g of magnesium chloride is dissolved in 255 mL of water. What is the percentage by mass
of the solution?

How much sodium phosphate will you need to use to prepare 0.50 L of a 5.0% sodium
phosphate solution?

Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared with 6.5 g of barium hydroxide dissolved in water
to make a total volume of 4.00 x 102 mL.

Pair Exercise #31

A 2.5 M hydrochloric acid solution is diluted from 155 mL to 425 mL. Calculate the
concentration of the diluted solution.

What volume of a 4.0 M nitric acid solution (in mL) must be used to make 550.0 mL of 1.6 M
nitric acid solution?

Group Exercise #10

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with sulfuric acid to produce carbon dioxide, sodium
sulfate, and water. How many grams of sulfuric acid are required and how many grams of
carbon dioxide are produced if 0.502 kg of sodium hydrogen carbonate is used in the reaction?
2. How many moles of chloride ions are in 250.0 mL of a 0.42 M aluminum chloride solution?
3. Phosphoric acid is neutralized by addition of magnesium hydroxide. Determine the limiting
reactant in a reaction of 4.12 grams of phosphoric acid with 10.3 grams of magnesium
hydroxide. Calculate the mass of salt produced in this reaction.
4. Describe the preparation of 0.30 L of a 8.2% ammonium sulfate solution.

5. What is the molarity of a 300.0 mL solution that was prepared by dilution of 25.0 mL of
3.20 M nitrous acid?
6. Potassium perchlorate decomposes upon heating to potassium chloride and oxygen. How
many grams of potassium chloride are produced when 6.84 g of the ionic compound is heated?
7. Solid sodium oxide is synthesized from it elements in a reaction that is 45.6% efficient.
How many grams of sulfur must be used in the reaction in order to produce 350.0 g of the
product?
8. A 78.91 g sample of ethane, C2H4, is completely oxidized in a reaction with 94.21 g of
oxygen. What mass of products (in grams) are produced in the reaction?

9. 5.43 x 1023 formula units of sodium phosphate are reacted with 8.32 x 1024 formula units of
copper(II) sulfate. Both reactants are in solution. How many grams of precipitate are produced
in the reaction? Write the net ionic equation for this reaction.
10. What mass of precipitate is formed if 12.4 mL of a 1.25 M ammonium phosphate solution
is added to a solution containing excess iron(II) sulfate?

Pair Exercise #32

Write the total ionization equation for a solution of nitric acid. Identify the major and minor
species that exist in the solution.

Write the total ionization equation for a solution of hydrofluoric acid (a weak acid). Identify
the major and minor species in solution.

Pair Exercise #33

A student adds 25.0 mL of a 3.0 M hydrochloric acid solution into an erlenmeyer flask. How
many moles of acid is in the flask?

What volume of a 1.5 M sodium hydroxide solution must be added to completely neutralize
the moles of hydrochloric acid in the erlenmeyer flask?

Pair Exercise #34

What volume of a 3.60 M barium hydroxide (Ba, Z=56) solution must be added to completely
neutralize 50.0 mL of 3.60 M chloric acid solution?

Pair Exercise #35

A student titrates a 40.0 mL sample of sulfuric acid with 26.5 mL of 2.22 M lithium hydroxide.
What is the concentration of the acid solution?

What mass of precipitate is formed if a solution containing excess magnesium chloride is

added to 20.0 mL of a 0.452 M solution of sodium carbonate?

Group Exercise #11

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. How much copper(II) hydroxide will precipitate from the combination of 23.1 mL of a
1.33 M copper(II) sulfate solution and 4.9 mL of a 2.44 M potassium hydroxide solution.
2. A 80.0 mL sample of nitrous acid of unknown concentration is titrated with 36.2 mL of
1.45 M barium hydroxide. Determine the concentration of the acid solution.
3. A 2.4 M NaOH solution is used to titrate a 1.2 M hydrochloric acid solution. What is the
ratio of volume of acid to volume of base (VHCl/VNaOH) at the equivalence point?

4. A student has 100.0 mL of a 1.0 M sodium hydroxide solution and 50.0 mL of a 3.0 M
barium hydroxide solution available in the lab. Describe how can she combine these two
solutions in order to make 250.0 mL of a 1.5 M hydroxide ion solution.
5. A 35.0 mL sample of selenous acid of unknown concentration is titrated with 75.8 mL of
0.85 M potassium hydroxide. Determine the concentration of the acid solution.
6. Write the total ionization equation for the strong base barium hydroxide. Identify the major
and minor species in solution.
7. A 50.0 mL sample of 2.50 M phosphoric acid is titrated with a 1.20 M barium hydroxide
solution. Determine the volume of base used to reach the equivalence point in the titration.
8. Describe the preparation of 500.0 mL of a 0.85 M sulfate ion solution. You have 50.0 mL of a
3.50 M sodium sulfate solution and 100.0 mL of a 1.00 M aluminum sulfate solution available.
9. A total of 40.0 mL of 0.55 M copper(II) sulfate solution is added to a beaker containing
2.02 g of zinc. What is the limiting reactant? How much copper is recovered from solution?
How much excess (in grams) remains of the other reactant?
10. What volume of 0.90 M sodium carbonate solution must be added to excess 1.5 M calcium
chloride solution in order to form 12.2 g of precipitate?

Pair Exercise #36

Identify the system and the surroundings in the following experiments. Explain your reasoning.
Solutions of sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide undergo an exothermic reaction
when mixed together in a beaker.

An atmospheric scientist is studying the generation of ozone from polluting sources,

such as automobile emissions, over a city.

Pair Exercise #37

Identify the following properties labeled in italics as state functions or path functions. Explain
your reasoning.
The difference in height from the bottom to the top of a mountain.

The distance traveled from the bottom to the top of a mountain.

The change in a persons potential energy when s/he climbs from the bottom to the
top of a mountain.

The work done by a person to move a backpack from the bottom to the top of a
mountain.

Pair Exercise #38

Write a balanced thermochemical equation and identify the sign (positive or negative) of the
enthalpy change for the reaction of calcium oxide with water to produce calcium hydroxide.
65 kJ per mole of calcium oxide reacted is released in the reaction.

How much energy is released (in kJ) when 5.0 moles of calcium oxide is reacted with excess
water to produce calcium hydroxide?

Pair Exercise #39

The combustion of propane, C3H8, releases 2.22 x 103 kJ of energy for every mole of propane
consumed. How much energy is released when 68.5 g of propane is combusted?

The decomposition of calcium carbonate is an endothermic reaction. It requires 178 kJ/mol of

calcium carbonate decomposed. Determine the mass of calcium carbonate decomposed if 623
kJ are used in a reaction.

Group Exercise #12

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Identify the system and surrounding and the direction of energy flow between them
in the following processes: M&Ms melt in your hands, a piston expands when gas is
combusted inside of it.
2. You travel from San Diego, CA. to Aspen, CO. Describe a property of your trip that can
be classified as a state function. Describe another property of your trip that can be classified
as a path function.
3. Heat and temperature are often confused as having the same meaning. Describe the
difference between heat and temperature (Hint: would you rather have a drop of boiling water
or a cup of boiling water spilled on your hand?)
4. The conservation law for energy states that total energy is conserved (no net change) in
any process. Yet, many chemical reactions undergo a net energy change as exothermic
(release energy) or endothermic (require energy). Where is the energy going (exo) or
coming from (endo)?
5. Write a balanced thermochemical equation and identify the sign (positive or negative) of
the enthalpy change for decomposition of ammonia into its elements. The reaction requires 46
kJ per mole of ammonia decomposed.
6. How much energy is required (in kJ) when 22.0 g of ammonia is decomposed into its
elements? The reaction requires 46 kJ per mole of ammonia decomposed.
7. The combustion of methane, CH4, releases 890.5 kJ per mole of methane combusted. How
much energy is released if 75.4 g of methane is combusted?
8. Reaction of gaseous hydrogen sulfide with oxygen produces sulfurous acid in an
exothermic reaction that releases 204 kJ per mole of hydrogen sulfide reacted. Determine the
mass of hydrogen sulfide if a reaction releases 1025 kJ.
9. Decomposition of ethane, C2H6(g), into its elements, carbon and hydrogen, requires 84.7 kJ
per mole of ethane decomposed. Determine the number of hydrogen molecules produced if
682 calories are required in a reaction.
10. The reaction between water and ammonia to produce nitrogen dioxide and hydrogen gas
requires 216 kJ per mole of ammonia reacted. Determine the mass of hydrogen produced in a
reaction that consumes 685 kJ.

Pair Exercise #40

Determine the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 5.00 gram of aluminum
by 10.0C. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is 0.88 J/gC.

Pair Exercise #41

Calculate the heat flow when 50.0 grams of ice melts. The heat of fusion of water is 335 J/g.

Calculate the heat flow when 50.0 grams of water freezes from a temperature of 45C to a
temperature of -15C. The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.184 J/gC and of solid
water is 2.060 J/gC.

Pair Exercise #42

A 6.8 g sample of zinc at 75.0C was placed into a styrofoam cup calorimeter which contained
25 mL of water at 25.0C. The final temperature in the calorimeter reached 26.2C. Calculate
the specific heat of zinc. The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/gC.

Group Exercise #13

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. A 10.95 g sample of lead at 88.0C was placed into a styrofoam cup calorimeter which
contained 25 mL of water at 22.0C. The final temperature in the calorimeter reached 23.5C.
Calculate the specific heat of lead. The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/gC.
2. Calculate the total heat flow, qtotal, when 15.0 g of water is heated from -5.0C to 30C. The
heat of fusion of water is 335 J/g. The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/gC, and the
specific heat of ice is 2.060 J/gC.
3. A 12.5 g sample of iron at 60.0C was placed into a styrofoam cup calorimeter which
contained 35 mL of water at 20.0C. Calculate the final temperature in the calorimeter. The
specific heat of iron is 0.444 J/gC and the specific heat of water is 4.184 J/gC.
4. Calculate the total heat flow, qtotal, when 15.0 g of water is cooled from 115C to -20.0C.
The heat of fusion of water is 335 J/g, and the heat of vaporization of water is 2.26 kJ/g. The
specific heat of liquid water is 4.183 J/gC, the specific heat of steam is 2.0 J/gC, and the
specific heat of ice is 2.1 J/gC.
5. A 45.5 gram sample of silver requires 164 J of energy to raise its temperature by 15C.
Determine the specific heat capacity of silver.
6. One gram of water requires 335 J of energy (Hfus) to undergo a phase change from solid to
liquid, and 2260 J of energy (Hvap) to undergo a phase change from liquid to gas. Draw
particulate-level illustrations of the physical change processes. Use the illustrations to explain
the difference in energy requirements for these two processes.
7. A sample of liquid copper required 254 kJ to vaporize the sample. Calculate the mass of
copper vaporized. The heat of vaporization of copper is 4.81 kJ/g.
8. Calculate the total heat flow, qtotal, when 55.0 g of liquid iron is cooled from 1555C to a
solid at 35C. The heat of fusion of iron is 267 J/g. The specific heat of solid iron is 0.444
J/gC and of liquid iron is 0.452 J/gC. The freezing point temperature of iron is 1535C.
9. The combustion of methane, CH4, releases 890.5 kJ per mole of methane combusted. How
much carbon dioxide (in grams) was produced in a reaction that released 3145 calories?
10. A 6.38 g sample of metal at 96C was placed into a styrofoam cup calorimeter containing
25.00 mL of water at 25C. The final temperature of the calorimeter was 27.5C. Determine the
specific heat of the metal. The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/gC.

Pair Exercise #43

A 25 mL sample of water at 65.0C is poured into a styrofoam cup containing 25 mL sample of
water at 20.0C. The final temperature of water in the calorimeter is 40.0C. Calculate the cup
constant, Kcup, for the styrofoam cup calorimeter. The heat capacity of water is 4.184 J/gC.

Group Exercise #14

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. A 30.0 mL solution of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid at 22.0C was mixed with a 30.0 mL
solution of 2.0 M sodium hydroxide at 22.0C in a styrofoam cup calorimeter (Kcup = 45 J/C).
The final temperature of the mixed solutions was 28.4C. Calculate the heat of reaction.
Assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as water (4.184 J/gC).
2. Determine the heat of neutralization in the reaction between 50.0 mL of 1.0 M sulfuric acid at
20.0C and 50.0 mL of 2.0 M sodium hydroxide at 20.0C in a styrofoam cup calorimeter (Kcup =
32 J/C). The final temperature of the mixed solutions was 27.3C. Assume that the density and
specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as water (1.00 g/mL and 4.184 J/gC).
3. A 60.0 mL sample of water at 88.0C is poured into a styrofoam cup containing 30.0 mL
sample of water at 15.0C. The final temperature of water in the calorimeter is 60.0C. Calculate
the cup constant, Kcup, for the styrofoam cup calorimeter.
4. Would you rather hold on to a bag containing 10.0g of oil as it cools from 85C to 25C or to a
bag containing 50.0 g of mercury as it cools from 60C to 25C. The specific heat of liquid
mercury is 0.139 J/gC and of oil is 2.000 J/gC. Explain your reasoning.
5. A 9.85 g sample of copper at 75.0C was placed into a styrofoam cup calorimeter (Kcup = 32 J/C)
which contained 40.0 mL of water at 23.0C. Calculate the final temperature in the calorimeter. The
specific heat of copper is 0.385 J/gC and the specific heat of water is 4.184 J/gC.
6. A 15.5 g sample of ammonium nitrate is dissolved in 25.0 mL of water in a styrofoam cup
calorimeter (Kcup = 16 J/C). The temperature of water in the calorimeter changed from 21.5C to
18.6C. Determine the heat flow, qdissolution, in J and H in kJ per mol of ammonium nitrate dissolved.
7. 15.0 mL of 0.55 M bromic acid at 30.0C and 15.0 mL of 0.85 M potassium hydroxide at
30.0C is reacted in a styrofoam cup calorimeter (Kcup = 26 J/C). The final temperature of the
mixed solutions was 35.5C. Determine the heat of neutralization. Assume that the density and
specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as water (1.00 g/mL and 4.184 J/gC).
8. You purchase your daily coffee at the Chemists Coffeehouse and have a choice of two cups:
one with a cup constant, Kcup, of 65 J/C and the other with a cup constant of 12 J/C. Which cup
will you choose to hold your coffee and why?
9. A student dissolves a 8.50 g sample of magnesium sulfate in 30.0 mL of water in a styrofoam
cup calorimeter (Kcup = 51 J/C). The temperature of water in the calorimeter changed from 23.7C
to 31.2C during the dissolving process. Determine the heat flow, qdissolution, in J and H in kJ per
mol of magnesium sulfate dissolved for this physical change process.

Pair Exercise #44

Carbon dioxide gas has an standard enthalpy of formation, Hf, of -393.5 kJ/mol. Write the
formation reaction for carbon dioxide.

Liquid water has an standard enthalpy of formation, Hf, of -285.8 kJ/mol. Write the formation
reaction for liquid water.

Pair Exercise #45

Calculate the heat of reaction, Hrxn, for the combustion of methane, CH4. Standard enthalpy of
formation reactions are provided below.
C(s, graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g)

Hf(CO2) = -393.5 kJ/mol

H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g)

Hf(H2O) = -285.8 kJ/mol

C(s, graphite) + 2 H2(g) CH4(g)

Hf(CH4) = -74.8 kJ/mol

Pair Exercise #46

Calculate the heat of reaction, Hrxn, for the reaction between hydrogen chloride gas and fluorine
using the reactions provided below.
4 HCl(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l) + 2 Cl2(g)

H = -148.4 kJ

H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)

H = -285.8 kJ

HF(l) H2(g) + F2(g)

H = 600.0 kJ/mol

2 HCl(g) + F2(g)

2 HF(l) + Cl2 (g)

Group Exercise #15

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Write the formation reactions for the following substances:
solid aluminum chloride, Hf = -704.9 kJ/mol
gaseous carbon, Hf = 717.5 kJ/mol
aqueous ammonium ion, Hf = -132.5 kJ/mol
2. Calculate the heat of reaction, Hrxn, for the reaction between hydrogen sulfide and oxygen
to form sulfur dioxide and water. (Hf(H2S(g)) = -20.2 kJ/mol, Hf(SO2(g)) = -296.9 kJ/mol
and Hf(H2O(l)) = -285.8 kJ/mol).
3. Calculate the heat of reaction, Hrxn, for the decomposition of barium carbonate into barium
oxide and carbon dioxide. Standard enthalpy of formation data are provided below.
Hf(BaCO3) = -1216.3 kJ/mol
Hf(BaO) = -553.5 kJ/mol
Hf(CO2) = -393.5 kJ/mol
4. Calculate the heat of reaction, Hrxn, for the combustion of one mole of C6H6(l) using the
reactions provided below.
6 C(s, graphite) + 3 H2(g) C6H6(l) H = 49.0 kJ
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) H = -285.8 kJ
C(s, graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) H = -393.5 kJ
5. Combustion of one mole of liquid octane, C8H18(l), releases 5471 kJ. Calculate the standard
enthalpy of formation of liquid octane (Hf(CO2(g)) = -393.5 kJ/mol and
Hf(H2O(l)) = -285.8 kJ/mol).
6. Calculate the heat of reaction, Hrxn, for the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen to form
nitrogen dioxide using the reactions provided below.
2 NH3(g) N2(g) + 3 H2(g) H = 92.4 kJ
2 NO2(g) + 7 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) + 4 H2O(l) H = -1302.6 kJ
H2O(l) H2(g) + O2(g)

H = 285.8 kJ

7. Determine the amount of energy released when 93.6 g of liquid butane, C4H10(l), is combusted.
(Hf(CO2(g)) = -393.5 kJ/mol; Hf(H2O(l)) = -285.8 kJ/mol; Hf(C4H10(l)) = -147.6 kJ/mol).

Pair Exercise #47

Convert the following:
A pressure of 789 mmHg to units of atm, bar, kPa, torr, and psi.

A temperature of 298 K to C.

Give a particulate-level explanation for the following observations of the properties of gases.
a.) gases expand to fill the container

b.) gases are easily compressed

Pair Exercise #48

What is the relationship between temperature and volume of a gas?

How are the volume-temperature relationships similar for the gases?

How are the volume-temperature relationships different?

What is the significance of the point on the graph where volume is equal to zero?

Pair Exercise #49

A container has an initial volume of 4.3 mL at 325 K. The temperature of the container is
increased to 455 K (at constant pressure). Calculate the final volume of the container.

A balloon is left in a car on a sunny day. Initially, the balloon has a volume of 442 mL and a
temperature of 22C. What is the final temperature of the gas inside the balloon if it expands to
a volume of 552 mL?

Pair Exercise #50

A container of gas has an initial volume of 42.5 mL and an initial pressure of 765 mm Hg. The
volume of the container is increased to 80.4 mL (at constant temperature). Calculate the final
pressure of the gas in the container.

A syringe has an initial volume of 12.3 mL and an initial pressure of 1.24 atm. What is the
final volume of the syringe if the pressure is increased to 1.53 atm?

Group Exercise #16

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Convert 1.33 atm to mm Hg, psi, bar, torr, and kPa.

2. Express -54.0 C in Kelvins. Express 243 K in C.

3. A gas at 45 C has a volume of 2.4 L. What is the volume of the gas when the temperature
is increased to 64 C at constant pressure?
4. What is the initial to final temperature ratio of a gas that decreases from a volume of 745
mL to 658 mL at constant pressure?
5. A gas has a volume of 2.31 L and a pressure of 734 torr. What is the final pressure if the
volume is decreased at constant temperature to 1.88 L?

6. Calculate the initial to final volume ratio of a gas that increases from a pressure of 0.88 atm
to 1.15 atm at a constant temperature.
7. How is the volume-temperature law (Charles Law) different from the volume-pressure law
(Boyles Law)?
8. A gas has a volume of 557 mL at a temperature of 32C. What is the temperature of the gas
when the volume decreases to 382 mL at constant pressure?
9. Shown below is a typical laboratory set-up of a mercury manometer for measuring pressure
of a gas. Atmospheric pressure, Pa, is pressing down on the mercury in the manometer. The
pressure from the gas, Pg, is pressuring out from the flask on the mercury.
Pa
Calculate the pressure of the gas in the flask if PHg = 122
mm Hg and Pa is 756 mm Hg.
Pg

PHg

Pair Exercise #51

A container of gas has a volume of 40.0 mL, an initial temperature of 75.2C, and an initial
pressure of 698 mm Hg. The temperature of the container is decreased to 23C (at constant
volume). Calculate the final pressure of the gas in the container.

Pair Exercise #52

A container of with 25 g of oxygen gas has an initial volume of 40.0 mL, a temperature of
75.2C, and a pressure of 698 mm Hg. The amount of gas in the container is increased to 65 g
(at constant temperature and pressure). Calculate the final volume of the gas in the container.

Pair Exercise #53

Derive the combined gas law expression. Draw a graph that qualitatively illustrates the
relationship between the variables in the expression.

Pair Exercise #54

Derive an expression for a gas law that includes all four variables (n, P, T, V).

A 0.2000 mol sample of hydrogen is placed in a 4.600 L container. When the gas is heated to
25.00C the pressure adjusts to 1.0637 atm. Calculate the value of the proportionality constant
(gas constant) from these data.

Pair Exercise #55

Calculate the molar volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Standard
temperature is 0C and standard pressure is 1.00 atm.

Group Exercise #17

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. A balloon containing 3.45 x 1026 molecules of hydrogen gas has a volume of 1.55 L. How
many molecules of hydrogen gas escaped if the volume decreased at constant temperature and
pressure to 0.98 L?
2. A gas in a closed container with a volume of 422 mL and a temperature of 52.3C is heated
under constant pressure. The final volume is 0.520 L. What is the final temperature of the gas?
3. What is the density of nitrogen gas at 44.8C and 141 kPa?

4. A block of solid carbon dioxide is put into a plastic bottle which is placed in a heated room.
Solid carbon dioxide will sublime to gaseous carbon dioxide when heated. Explain why the
plastic bottle will eventually burst using an appropriate gas law as evidence.
5. A gas inside a 20.0 L cylinder has a pressure of 2068 torr at 35C. How many moles of gas
are in the cylinder?
6. What is the molar volume of fluorine gas at 18.2C and 578 mm Hg?

7. A 3.4 L closed container filled with helium gas at 80.4C and 1.32 atm is cooled to 34.0C.
The container contracts to a final volume of 2.7 L. What is the final pressure of the gas?
8. An unknown element that exists as a diatomic gas has a density of 1.595 g/L at a
temperature of 25.0C and a pressure of 780.5 torr. Identify the gas.
9. Determine whether pressure will increase, decrease, or stay the same in the following
experiments. Explain your reasoning.
i. A gas in a rigid closed container is heated.
ii. A gas in a movable piston is cooled.
10. 64.5 grams of fluorine gas inside a 45.0 L cylinder has a pressure of 105 kPa. Calculate the
temperature of gas (in C) in the cylinder.

Pair Exercise #56

Solid magnesium is reacted with hydrochloric acid and the resulting hydrogen gas is collected
by displacing water from a test tube.

The trapped gas is a mixture of hydrogen gas from the

reaction and water gas.

Patm

The water levels are adjusted so that the gas pressure inside the test tube is equal to
atmospheric pressure which was 782 torr. The temperature was 20C. What is the partial
pressure of hydrogen in the test tube?

T(C)
0
5
10
15
20
25

PH2O (torr)
4.579
6.543
9.209
12.788
17.535
23.756

Pair Exercise #57

Solid magnesium is reacted with hydrochloric acid. What volume of hydrogen gas is produced
at 22C and 1.24 atm when 0.250 g of magnesium is reacted with excess hydrochloric acid?

Group Exercise #18

Work in your group to answer the following questions.

1. A 4.50 mole sample of oxygen gas is placed in the same container with 8.41 mole of
nitrogen gas.
a. What is the mole fraction of oxygen, XO , and nitrogen, XN , inside the container?
2

b. What is the total pressure inside the 425 mL container if the temperature is 32.0C?
2. A sample of 20.3 g of propane, C3H8, is completely oxidized. How many moles of carbon
dioxide are formed? What is the STP volume of carbon dioxide formed?
3. A 25.00 mL sample of 1.5 M hydrobromic acid is reacted with a 45.0 g sample of calcium.
a. How many moles of hydrogen gas are produced in the reaction?
b. What volume of hydrogen gas (in mL) is produced at 28.6C and 786.5 mm Hg?

4. All gases display non-ideal behavior (i.e., they are real gases) in two general situations: at
high pressure or at low temperature. What component(s) of the ideal gas model is (are) no
longer valid when a gas is at a high pressure or at a low temperature? Explain your reasoning
using a particulate-level model of a gas.

5. A sample of ammonia gas in a 200.0 mL container has a temperature of 16C and a pressure
of 0.93 atm. What volumes of nitrogen and hydrogen gas are required to produce this much
ammonia if all gas have the same temperature and pressure?
6. A sample of 0.030 grams of magnesium is reacted with excess HCl at 25C and 1.00 atm.
The resulting gas is collected over water using an inverted buret. Will the student need to use a
25.00 mL or a 50.00 mL buret in this experiment?
7. A sample of helium and neon gas occupy 1.50 L container at 45.0C. Calculate the partial
pressure of each gas if the total pressure is 1.55 atm and the mole fraction of neon is 0.75.
8. A 65.0 g sample of solid sodium is reacted with water to produce sodium hydroxide and
hydrogen gas. What volume (in mL) of hydrogen gas is produced at 25.5C and 1.20 atm?

Pair Exercise #58

A radio station broadcasts at 880 AM, which is 880. kHz. What is the wavelength (in km) of the
radio signal?

Pair Exercise #59

Calculate the energy of an electron in the n=3 and n=2 state in a hydrogen atom.

Calculate the energy released when an electron jumps from the n=3 state to the n=2 state in a
hydrogen atom.

Calculate the energy required to completely remove an electron from the n=4 in a hydrogen
atom. (Hint: the electron is jumping to an infinite energy level).

Pair Exercise #60

Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of your car while you are traveling down the freeway.
(Note that 1 J = 1 kgm2/s2)

Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a hydrogen atom traveling at 1.00 x 104 m/s.
(1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg)

Calculate the de Broglie wavelength to length of the object ratio for the car and the electron.
Estimate the length of your car to be 12 ft. The radius of a hydrogen atom is approximately
0.040 nm.

Pair Exercise #61

Calculate the uncertainty in the position of a hydrogen atom when its velocity is known to
within 50.0 m/s (v). How does the uncertainty in position compare to the radius of the
hydrogen atom at approximately 0.040 nm? (1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg)

Group Exercise #19

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. a. Calculate the energy and wavelength of a photon with a frequency of 7.02 x 1014 Hz.
b. Calculate the frequency of a photon that has a wavelength of 365 nm.
2. Which of the following have quantized values?
a) temperature b) miles driven in a car c) number of eggs in a carton d) volume of water in a
beaker e) milk cartons in a crate
3. A hydrogen atom goes from the n=3 state to the n=7 state. Was a photon absorbed or
emitted? Draw an energy level diagram to illustrate the transition.
4. Calculate the wavelength of a photon that is required to eject an electron from the n=6
state of a hydrogen atom.
5. An emission spectrum shows the wavelengths of the photons released when an atom in an
excited state goes back to the ground state. Draw an illustration of an emission spectrum for
an atom. Use the Bohr model to explain the characteristics of the spectrum.
6. Can an atom in the ground state emit light? Can an atom in an excited state absorb light?
Explain.
7. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron traveling at 9.98 x 106 m/s. What is the
ratio of the de Broglie wavelength of the electron to the size of a hydrogen atom? Draw an
illustration to represent the length of one wavelength of the electron as compared to the radius of
the hydrogen atom.
8. Describe the trend in energy differences between two consecutive energy levels as the
principal quantum number increases.
9. Calculate the uncertainty in the position of a 175 lb person traveling at 2 mph when his/her
velocity is known to within 0.01%. Can we precisely know both the position and velocity of the
person? Explain.
10. Calculate the wavelength of a photon that is released when an electron falls the n=12
state to the n = 4 state of a hydrogen atom.

Pair Exercise #62

Calculate the wavelength of a photon that has an energy of 3.95 x 10-19 J.

Calculate the wavelength of light emitted when a hydrogen atom goes from the n=8 state to
the n=2 state.

Pair Exercise #63

How many energy sublevels exist for n=4?

How many principal energy levels have p sublevels?

How many orbitals are in the d-sublevel?

How many electrons are in the 3s orbital?

Write the complete set of four quantum numbers for the electron(s) in the 2p sublevel.

Pair Exercise #64

The structure of the periodic table is directly related to the quantum numbers. Use the quantum
numbers n, l, and ml to answer the following questions.

Locate the s-block on the periodic table. How many elements are in each row of the s-block?
How does this relate to the quantum numbers l and ml?

Locate the p-block on the periodic table. How many elements are in each row of the pblock? How does this relate to the quantum numbers l and ml?

How many elements should be in each row of the d-block and f-block? Explain.

What does the principal quantum number refer to on the periodic table?

Group Exercise #20

Work in your group to answer the following questions.

1. How many electrons can occupy the 4p sublevel?

2. How many electron can occupy the 2s orbital?

3. How many electron can occupy the 4d sublevel? The 4dxy orbital?

4. How many sublevels exist for n = 6?

5. How many electrons can occupy the n = 3 principal energy level?

6. What is the highest occupied principal energy level for the following atoms: sodium, zinc,
boron

7. Why are the gases in Group 18 called the noble gases? (How is this related to the occupation
of the energy sublevels?)

8. Why do Group 1 metals lose only one electron when they are oxidized? Why do Group 2
metals lose two electrons? How is this related to the energy sublevels and orbitals?

9. Why do many of the elements in the d-block form M2+ cations? (e.g., Fe2+, Mn2+, Co2+, etc.)

10. How many electron can occupy the 3p sublevel? The 3px orbital?

Pair Exercise #65

Write the electronic configuration of the following elements:
oxygen
magnesium
phosphorus
(use a noble gas core)
Draw an energy level diagram showing the electronic configuration for the following
elements:
nitrogen

neon

vanadium

Pair Exercise #66

Write the electronic configuration using a noble gas core of the following elements:
potassium
copper

Draw an orbital box diagram showing the electronic configuration for the following elements:
zinc

selenium

Group Exercise #21

Work in your group to answer the following questions.

1. Write the electronic configuration of silicon, bromine, and sodium.

2. Write the electronic configuration, using a noble gas core, of lithium, nickel, krypton, and
calcium.

3. Write the electronic configuration, using an orbital energy diagram, of fluorine, iron, and
chromium.

4. Write the electronic configuration of the following ions: fluoride ion, sodium ion, and nitride
ion. Which element has the same electronic configuration (i.e., is isoelectronic) as these
elements?

5. Write the electronic configuration of two ions that are isoelectronic with argon.

6. Write the electronic configuration, using an orbital energy diagram with a noble gas core, of
silver (Z=47), barium (Z=56), and lead (Z=82).

7. Use the electronic configuration of zinc to explain why it forms only a +2 cation (a +II
oxidation state). From which orbital(s) are the electrons removed?
8. What oxidation states are possible for cobalt? Use the electronic configuration of cobalt to
explain which ions are formed.
9. Use the periodic table to write an energy level diagram including the sub-levels from 1s to 6s.
10. Write the electronic configuration of two ions that are isoelectronic with krypton.

Pair Exercise #67

Write the electronic configuration using a noble gas core for the following species:
Fluorine
Calcium ion
Draw an orbital box diagram showing the electronic configuration for the following species:
Chromium
Bromide ion

Pair Exercise #68

Complete the following table for all elements in the second period.

Element

Group Number

Li

Be

14

15

16

17

Ne

18

Electron Configuration
(use noble gas core)

Pair Exercise #69

How many valence electrons are there for elements in Group 15? Write a general electron
configuration (using a noble gas core) for elements in this group.

Why are certain elements grouped together in chemical families on the periodic table?

Pair Exercise #70

Draw an illustration of a 3s-orbital on the set of axes provided below. How many nodes exist
in this orbital?

Group Exercise #22

Work in your group to answer the following questions.

1. Write the electronic configuration of aluminum, potassium ion, and boron.

2. Write the electronic configuration using a noble gas core and determine the number of
valence electrons for barium (Z=56), bromine, titanium, and zinc.
3. Use an energy level diagram to illustrate the ground state and two potential excited states for
potassium.

4. Write the electronic configuration using an orbital box diagram and a noble gas core for
strontium (Z=38), iodine (Z=53), and arsenic (Z=33). Determine the number of valence
electrons for each element.

5. Write the electronic configuration of the following ions: fluoride ion, sodium ion, and nitride
ion. Which element has the same electronic configuration (i.e., is isoelectronic) as these
elements?

6. Use the periodic table to predict the order of the following energy sublevels from most stable
(lowest energy) to least stable (highest energy): 3s, 2p, 4s, 3d, 5s, 6p, 4d.

7. Draw an illustration of the 4s-orbital. How many nodes exist in this orbital?

8. Draw an illustration of the 4p-orbital. How many nodes exist in this orbital?

9. Determine the number of valence electrons for the elements potassium and carbon. Write the
complete set of quantum numbers for each valence electron in the elements.
10. Use an energy level diagram to illustrate the ground state and two potential excited states
for silicon.

Pair Exercise #71

How does the relative magnitude of the effective nuclear charge felt by the valence electrons
vary across a row on the periodic table?

Group 17

Group 1
Li:

[He]2s1

F: [He]2s22p5

Na:

[Ne]3s1

Cl: [Ne]3s23p5

Pair Exercise #72

Compare the valence electron orbitals for nitrogen and phosphorus. What is the trend in stability
(i.e., their relative energy) for these valence orbitals down a group? Explain your reasoning.

Pair Exercise #73

What is the expected trend in the size of an atom (atomic radii) going from left to right across
the periodic table for elements in the same row? Explain.

Pair Exercise #74

What is the expected trend in the size of an atom (atomic radii) going from top to bottom
across the periodic table for elements in the same group? Explain.

Group Exercise #23

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Is an electron in the 2p energy sublevel of a sulfur atom more stable, less stable, or equal in
energy to an electron in the 2p sublevel of a phosphorus atom? Explain.
2. Is an electron in the 3s energy sublevel of a magnesium atom more stable, less stable, or
equal in energy to an electron in the 4s sublevel of a calcium atom? Explain.
3. Orbitals are less stable (have a higher energy) as n increases. However, it is found that the
4s energy sub-level is more stable than the 3d energy sub-level. Explain this anomaly in the
ordering of the energy of the electron orbitals.
4. Order the following 2s-orbitals on separate atoms from most stable to least stable: nitrogen,
fluorine, lithium.
5. What is the change in atomic radius when an element forms a cation? When an element
forms an anion? Explain.
6. Write the electronic configuration and order the following from largest to smallest atomic
radius: fluoride ion, neon, and sodium ion.
7. Write the electronic configurations of the following: calcium, sulfide ion, chromium,
cobalt(II) ion. Which of these is the most paramagnetic?
8. Write the electronic configuration and order the following from the most stable to least stable
highest occupied orbital: lithium, potassium, sodium
9. Shown below is an illustration of the probability density (square of wavefunction) of a 3s and
3p orbital and the probability density of the core electron orbitals (1s and 2s combined). Why
are 3p valence electrons more shielded by the core electrons from the nuclear charge than 3s
valence electrons?
core
core
2
2

3s orbital
3p orbital
r (distance from nucleus)
r (distance from nucleus)

Pair Exercise #75

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.
What is the trend in ionization energy (increases, decreases, or no change) for removing a
valence electron from elements in the same period going from left to right across the periodic
table? Explain your reasoning in terms of stability of the valence orbitals (i.e., the energy of
the electrons in valence orbitals).

Pair Exercise #76

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.
What is the trend in ionization energy (increases, decreases, or no change) for removing a
valence electron from elements in the same group if the trend is determined by the principal
quantum number of the valence orbital?

What is the trend in ionization energy (increases, decreases, or no change) for removing a
valence electron from elements in the same column if the trend is determined by the effective
nuclear charge felt by the valence electrons?

Pair Exercise #77

Electron affinity is a measure of the change in energy that occurs when an electron is added
to an atom.
What is the trend in electron affinity (more exothermic, more endothermic, no change) going
from left to right across the periodic table for adding an electron to elements in the same row?
Explain.

Group Exercise #24

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Write the electronic configuration and order the following from largest to smallest atomic
radius: lithium ion, helium, lithium, hydrogen ion. Explain your reasoning.
2. The energy required to remove the first electron from an atom is termed the first ionization
energy. The energy required to remove the second electron is termed the second ionization
energy. Does the second ionization energy have a larger, smaller, or the same value as the first
ionization energy for an element? Explain your reasoning (Hint: write a chemical equation that
illustrates these reactions for an element, M).
3. Order the following 3p-orbitals on separate atoms from most stable to least stable:
phosphorus, chlorine, aluminum, argon.
4. Order the following in terms of increasing ionization energy: boron, silicon, sodium,
carbon, sulfur, chlorine.
5. Order the following in terms of decreasing (more endothermic) electron affinity: oxygen,
lithium, fluorine, boron.
6. Order the following from most stable (lowest energy) to least stable (highest energy) valence
orbitals: nitrogen, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, argon.
7. Order the following from least stable to most stable highest occupied orbital: boron, fluorine,
lithium, magnesium, sulfur
8. Order the following in terms of decreasing ionization energy: sodium, phosphorus,
aluminum, beryllium, calcium
9. In general, ionization energy increases as you move left to right across the periodic table.
Why then, is the ionization energy of boron lower than the ionization energy of beryllium? Use
an energy level diagram of the electron configuration of each element to explain your reasoning.
10. Order the following in terms of decreasing atomic size: lithium, magnesium, sulfur, and
silicon. Explain your reasoning.

Pair Exercise #78

Write the Lewis symbols for each of the 3rd row elements

Pair Exercise #79

Show how electrons are shared between the following Lewis symbols to form the indicated
compounds. Draw the Lewis structure of the compounds and draw a circle around the pair of
electrons that are shared to form the covalent bonds.

Compound: Hydrogen

Compound: Hydrogen sulfide

H
H

S
Compound: Ammonia

H
H

N
H

Pair Exercise #80

Show how electrons are transferred between the following Lewis symbols to form the indicated
compounds. Draw the Lewis structure of the compounds.
Compound: Lithium iodide

Li

I
Compound: Potassium sulfide

K
Compound: Aluminum oxide

Al

Al
Pair Exercise #81

Draw the Lewis structures of the following compounds.

Carbon tetrafluoride
Nitrate ion

CH3OH

Group Exercise #25

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Write lewis symbols for the following: potassium, nitride ion, iodine, sodium ion, carbon,
chloride ion.
2. Show how electrons are transferred between the Lewis symbols when the ionic compounds
magnesium chloride and calcium oxide are formed. Write the Lewis structure of each
compound.
3. Show how electrons are shared between the Lewis symbols when the covalently-bonded
compounds bromine and oxygen are formed. Write the Lewis structure of each compound.
4. Show how a bond is formed when the compounds calcium chloride, sulfur dioxide, and
boron trihydride are formed. Write the Lewis structure of each compound.
5. Draw the Lewis structure of lithium oxide and tellurium dihydride (Te, Z = 52). Describe the
type of bond formed between the elements in the compounds.
6. Draw the Lewis structure of magnesium sulfide and dinitrogen oxide. Describe the type of
bond formed between the elements in the compounds.
7. Draw the Lewis structures for the following compounds.
sulfate ion
C3H4
HCN
PF6perchlorate ion
NO2+
C2H2Cl4
Sulfur dichloride
CH3OH

Pair Exercise #82

Draw the Lewis structures of the following compounds.
Methane (CH4)

Carbonate ion

POCl3

Pair Exercise #83

Write the Lewis symbol and draw the set of atomic orbitals for the element fluorine.

Which two orbitals overlap when two fluorine atoms overlap to form a covalent bond? Draw an
illustration of the orbital overlap.

Pair Exercise #84

Write the Lewis structures for the following compounds. Illustrate the electron density
distribution for the bonding electrons and indicate whether the bond is polar or nonpolar.
Chlorine

Iodine chloride

Hydrogen chloride

Pair Exercise #85

Draw the Lewis structure of the following compounds. Describe the type of bond formed
between the elements in the compound. Order the bonds in terms of increasing polarity.

Magnesium oxide

Carbon diselenide

Water

Potassium sulfide

Group Exercise #26

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Draw the Lewis structures for the following compounds.
Phosphate ion
NO2
BCl3
SF6
BeH2
Ammonium ion
2. Draw the Lewis structure of sulfur dioxide and lithium nitride. Identify the type of bond
formed between the elements in the compounds.
3. Illustrate the orbital overlap between the bonding electrons in the covalently-bonded
compounds iodine and nitrogen. How many pairs of bonding electrons exist for each molecule?
How many lone pairs exist for each molecule?
4. Illustrate the orbital overlap between the bonding electrons in the compound nitrogen
trichloride.
5. Write the Lewis structures for dichlorine monoxide and phosphorus trihydride. Illustrate the
electron density distribution for the bonding electrons and indicate the type of bond formed
between the elements in the compound.
6. Order the bonds between the following elements, C-H, S-O, P-Cl, K-I, N-H, in terms of
increasing polarity.
7. Illustrate the orbital overlap between the bonding electrons in water.

8. Which two orbitals overlap when a chlorine atom and an iodine atom overlap to form a
covalent bond? Draw an illustration of the orbital overlap. Are the bonding electrons shared
equally between the two atoms? Explain your reasoning.

Pair Exercise #86

Order the following bond lengths from longest to shortest length.
C=C, F-H, N-N, CN, I-I
_____ > _____ > _____ > _____ > _____

Pair Exercise #87

Write the molecular orbital occupation (MO-configuration) of oxygen and nitrogen.

Pair Exercise #88

Calculate the wavelength of a photon that will break (dissociate) a hydrogen molecule into
separate hydrogen atoms.

Energy (J)

r (nuclei separation)

H-H bond energy = 7.17 x 10-19 J

Bond Energy

Pair Exercise #89

Determine the net energy change (in kJ/mole) when methane is combusted.
CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
Bond

Energy kJ/mole

C-H
O=O
O-H
C=O

415
495
460
800

Group Exercise #27

Work in your group to answer the following questions.

1. What is the wavelength of a photon that will break (dissociate) a iodine, oxygen, and
nitrogen molecule into separate atoms? The bond energies are 2.49 x 10-19 J for iodine, 8.22 x
10-19 J for oxygen, and 1.57 x 10-18 J for nitrogen.

2. What is the relationship between number of bonding electrons and bond energy? Use the date
from the previous questions for iodine, oxygen, and nitrogen.

3. Calculate Ereaction for the following:

Formation of ammonia from its elements

Combustion of propane, C3H8

Decomposition of water into its elements.

Bond
C-H
O=O
O-H
C=O
C-C
H-N
NN
H-H
H-Cl
Cl-Cl

Energy (kJ/mole)
415
495
460
800
345
390
945
435
430
240

4. Draw a molecular orbital diagram for Ne2. Is this molecule stable according to the diagram?

5. Write the MO occupation (MO-configuration) of chlorine.

6. Draw a molecular orbital diagram for oxygen. What is the bond order?

7. Draw a molecular orbital diagram for carbon monoxide. What is the bond order? Is the
molecule paramagnetic or diamagnetic?
8. Draw a molecular orbital diagram for nitrogen and for nitrogen monoxide. What is the bond
order of each molecule? Why is the first ionization energy (i.e., the energy required to remove
the first electron) for nitrogen monoxide much lower than for nitrogen?

Pair Exercise #90

For beryllium dihydride, the two sp-hybrid orbitals are arranged such that each lobe points in
the opposite direction. Why is the linear structure the most stable arrangement for the set of two
hybrid orbitals?

1s

1s

Be

Molecular geometry: Linear

For methane, the four sp3-hybrid orbitals on carbon are arranged such that each lobe points
towards the vertex of a tetrahedron. Why is the tetrahedral structure the most stable arrangement
for the set of four hybrid orbitals?

1s

1s

1s

1s

Molecular geometry: Tetrahedral

Pair Exercise #91

Determine the type of spn-hybrid orbitals formed from the valence atomic orbitals on boron in
the compound boron trihydride, BH3. Illustrate the orbital overlap between the hybrid orbital(s)
and the hydrogen atomic orbitals and draw a ball-and-stick representation of the molecular
geometry of the compound.

Pair Exercise #92

Draw the Lewis structure for water. Draw the electron pair geometry and the molecular
geometry. What hybrid orbitals on oxygen were used to overlap with the hydrogen atomic
orbitals?

Group Exercise #28

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Draw the Lewis structure, electron pair geometry, and the molecular geometry of the
following compounds.
phosphorus trichloride
dichlorine oxide
boron trichloride
sulfite ion
ammonium ion
germanium dihydride
2. Draw the Lewis structure, electron pair geometry, and the molecular geometry for each
central (inner) atom of the following compounds.
CH3CH2OH
CH3CH2NH2
O
||
CH3CCH3
3. The bond angle between the hydrogen atoms in methane, <H-C-H, is 109.5, as shown in the
drawing below. Draw the electron pair geometry and molecular geometry of nitrogen trichloride
and hydrogen sulfide. Compare the relative sizes of the bond angles <Cl-N-Cl and <H-S-H to
the bond angle <H-C-H.
H

109.5
C
H

H
H

109.5

Pair Exercise #93

Draw the Lewis structure for carbon dioxide. Determine the steric and coordination number.
Draw the electron pair geometry and the molecular geometry.

Draw the Lewis structure for the bromate ion. Determine the steric and coordination number.
Draw the electron pair geometry and the molecular geometry.

Pair Exercise #94

Draw the Lewis structure for sulfur tetrachloride. Determine the steric and coordination number.
Draw the electron pair geometry and the molecular geometry.

Pair Exercise #95

Draw the shape and predict the geometry of a molecule with SN = 5 and CN = 2.
Regions of electron pair
density

SN = 5

Hybrid orbitals on central

atom
Regions of bonding electron
pair density

CN = 2

Electron pair geometry

Molecular geometry

Pair Exercise #96

Draw the shape and predict the geometry of a molecule with SN = 6 and CN = 4.
Regions of electron pair
density

SN = 6

Hybrid orbitals on central

atom
Regions of bonding electron
pair density

Electron pair geometry

Molecular geometry

CN = 4

Group Exercise #29

Work in your group to answer the following questions.

1. Draw the Lewis structure and identify by name the electron-pair and molecular geometry of
the following compounds. Draw a ball-and-stick representation of the electron-pair and
molecular geometry for each compound.
Iodite ion
bromine trichloride
phosphate ion
PH4+
I3NH2BH3
ClF3
CS2
2. A trigonal bipyramidal and see-saw shaped molecule are shown below. In the trigonal
bipyramidal molecule, the bond angle between atoms in the equitorial plane is 120, and the
bond angle between atoms in equitorial and axial plane is 90. What are the bond angles
between the corresponding atoms in the see-saw shaped molecule? Explain your reasoning.
H
H
90
H
120
H

H
120
H

Trigonal bipyamidal

See-saw

Pair Exercise #97

Draw the Lewis structure and state the steric and coordination number of ICl4-.

Identify and draw a ball-and-stick representation of the electron-pair and molecular geometry of
ICl4-.

Pair Exercise #98

Draw the Lewis structure for carbon disulfide and sulfur dioxide. Determine the steric and
coordination number and the type of hybrid orbitals on each central atom. State the electron pair
geometry and the molecular geometry for each compound. Determine whether each molecule
has a net dipole moment.

Pair Exercise #99

Draw the bonding and anti-bonding molecular orbital framework for ethene.

Pair Exercise #100

Draw illustrations of the bonding, anti-bonding, bonding, and anti-bonding MOs for
formaldehyde, CH2O.

Group Exercise #30

Work in your group to answer the following questions.

1. For each molecule:

draw the Lewis structure
determine the steric and coordination number
state the hybrid orbitals on the central atom
state the electron pair and molecular geometry
draw a ball-and-stick representation of the molecular geometry
determine whether the molecule has a net dipole moment
IF4PF3
BrO2HCN
SiH4
SF5SeF6
SO3
XeF2
2. Draw illustrations of the -bonding, -antibonding, -bonding, and -antibonding MOs for
cyclobutene, C4H4.

C
H

Pair Exercise #101

Draw the Lewis structure of HI, CO2, and CH3OH. What is the principal intermolecular force in
each of these molecules?

Pair Exercise #102

Describe the relationship between strength of intermolecular force between molecules in a
liquid and its boiling point, viscosity, and surface tension.

Group Exercise #31

Work in your group to answer the following questions.
1. Motor oil consists primarily of nonpolar molecules. Compare motor oil and water. What is
the principal intermolecular force in each substance? Why is the viscosity of motor oil greater
than that for water?

2. Draw an particulate-level illustration of hydrogen bonding between five molecules of

ammonia.

3. Predict which compound will have a higher boiling point, H2S or PH3. Explain your reasoning.

4. Predict which compound will have a higher vapour pressure, H2O or Br2. Explain your reasoning.
5. Identify the principal intermolecular force in the following:
HCN, SO2, NH3, HF, BH3, CHCl3
6. Predict which compound will have a higher boiling point, CH4 or NH3 Explain your reasoning.
7. Identify the principal intermolecular forces in the following compounds:
HF, C4H8, NCl3, Br2, HI
8. Order the following in terms of increasing boiling point, CH3F, HOCl, CH3I, I2. Explain your
reasoning.

9. The graph below qualitatively illustrates the relationship between pressure and inverse volume
for an ideal gas. Draw a line that represents the relationship between the same variables for a real
gas. Is pressure for a real gas (greater than, less than, equal to) pressure for an ideal gas over all
possible volumes? Explain your reasoning.

1/V

Pair Exercise #103

Classify each crystalline solid as molecular, ionic, network, or metallic. Which solid will have
the highest melting point? The lowest melting point? Explain your reasoning.
Potassium chloride, copper, iodine, carbon (diamond-form)

Pair Exercise #104

Which of the four types of crystalline solids are likely to dissolve in a polar solvent (e.g.,
water)? In a nonpolar solvent?

Group Exercise #32

Work in your group to answer the following questions.

1. In which solvent, water or cyclohexane (a nonpolar solvent), will the following compounds
be more soluble? Explain your reasoning.
HCl, CCl4
2. Is glass a crystalline or an amorphous solid? On what physical property of glass is your
conclusion based?
3. Determine the freezing point depression when 12.8 g of sodium chloride is added to 16.0 kg
of water (Kf = 1.858 C kg/mol for water)

4. A solution containing 2.00 g of sugar in 0.100 L of solution was found to have an osmotic
pressure of 2.72 atm at 25C. What is the molar mass of the sugar?
5. Determine the boiling point elevation when 10.8 g of potassium nitrate is added to 145.0 g of
water (Kb = 0.512 C kg/mol for water)
6. Draw a particulate-level illustration of the bonding in a molecular, ionic, network, and
metallic crystalline solid.

7. Which combinations of the following solvents will be miscible? Explain your reasoning.
H2O(l), C6H12(l), CH3OH(aq), NaCl(aq)
8. Determine the mass of magnesium chloride that must be added to 100.0 mL of water to
lower the freezing point by 5.0C (Kf = 1.858 C kg/mol for water).

9. Identify the type of bonding and order the following solids in terms of increasing melting
point. I2(s), KCl(s), C(s, diamond form)
10. Determine the osmotic pressure across a membrane when 1.65 g of sodium chloride is
dissolved in 250.0 mL of water at 30C.