CHAPTER24FOLLOWUP

TheGalpagosfinchescollectedbyDarwinarethoughttohavedescendedfromaverysmallparent
population.Differentspeciesoffinchesthatareconfinedtoonlyoneortwoislandsmostlikelyaroseby
__________.

allopatric speciation
WhichofthefollowingevolutionarymechanismsdoesNOTcontributetotheprocessofallopatric
speciation?

gene flow
InthecaseoftheLakeVictoriacichlids,sympatricspeciationhasbeenshowntobedrivenby__________.

sexual selection
Inwhichofthefollowingpairsofpopulationsisallopatricspeciationmostlikelytooccur?

pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar

Ifanewspeciesofplantistobeproducedbymeansofallopolyploidyfromtwoparentalspeciesthatare
2n=4and2n=8,howmanychromosomeswouldyouexpectinthesomaticcellsofthenewspecies?

12
Whengeneflowbetweentwopopulationsceases,thepotentialfor__________exists.

Speciation
Anewspeciescanariseinasinglegeneration__________.

if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier

Whichofthefollowingfactorswouldnotcontributetoallopatricspeciation?

Gene flow between the two populations is extensive.

Selectthecorrectstatementdescribingsympatricspeciation.

Sympatric speciation can occur in a single generation.

PlantspeciesAhasadiploidnumberof12.PlantspeciesBhasadiploidnumberof16.Anewspecies,C,
arisesasanallopolyploidfromAandB.ThediploidnumberforspeciesCwouldprobablybe

28

Whichofthefollowinghasbeenshowntocausespeciationmostrapidly?

Autopolyploidy
TheoriginalhabitatoftheNorthAmericanmaggotfly,Rhagoletispomonella,wasnativehawthorntrees.
About200yearsago,somepopulationscolonizednewlyintroducedappletrees.Thetwopopulationsare
stillclassifiedassubspecies,butsympatricspeciationisunderway.Whathascontributedtoincipient
speciationinthemaggotfly?

Because apples mature more quickly than hawthorn fruit, the applefeeding flies have been selected for more rapid development.
AbiologistspendshersummerbreakcollectingfrogsfromaremotejungleinPeru.Shediscoverstwo
distinctcolorformsthatcouldbevariantsofasinglespeciesortwodifferentspecies.Whatwouldbethe
mostdirecttestoftheirspeciesstatusunderthebiologicalspeciesconcept?

Observe mating in the natural environment of the two groups. If the

two forms do not mate with each other, they are different species.
In_____isolation,itisphysicallyimpossiblefortwospeciestomatewitheachother,oftenbecausetheir
genitaliadonotfittogetherproperly.

Mechanical
Easternandwesternspottedskunksbreedatdifferenttimesoftheyear.Therefore,theyarepreventedfrom
interbreedingby_____isolation.

Temporal
Theprocessofspeciationstartswithasinglespecies.Itofteninvolvesthefollowingsteps:(1)two
populationsbecomephysicallyseparatedfromoneanotherbyabarriertodispersalandstopexchanging
genes;(2)thepopulationsexperienceindependentevolutionarychanges;(3)changesinoneorboth
populationsresultindevelopmentofreproductiveisolatingmechanismsthatpreventinterbreeding;further
changesingeographymaybringthegroupsbackintocontact.Whendoyouofficiallyhavetwoseparate
species?

step 3
Darwinthoughtthatsignificantevolutionwasmuchtooslowtobewitnessedinahumanlifetime.Recent
experimentsbybiologistshave_____.

shown that some populations can evolve quite rapidly, with

important changes occurring over several generations in the laboratory
Whichspeciesconceptdefinesaspeciesasasetoforganismswithauniquegenetichistory?

phylogenetic species concept

Sometimestwophenotypicallydifferentpopulationsinterbreedtoalimitedextent,sothatitisdifficultto
determinewhethertheyareclearlyseparatespecies.Thisisnotaconcerntoscientistsbecausethis
__________.

may indicate that the formation of a new species is in progress

Adaptiveradiationsonarchipelagos(islandchains)representsomeofthebestunderstoodspeciation
events.Whyisanancestralspeciesmorelikelytogiverisetomultipledescendentspeciesonan
archipelagothanonanequalsizedareaofmainland?

Populations on nearby islands are more likely to be genetically

isolated than populations that are equally close to one another on the
mainland.
Twospeciesofwaterliliesinthesameponddonotinterbreedbecauseonebloomsatnightandtheother
duringtheday.Thereproductivebarrierbetweenthemisanexampleof__________.

temporal isolation
Thephylogeneticspeciesconceptemphasizes__________.

common ancestry