Design Controls and Criteria

To know the characteristics of:

1. vehicles,
2. pedestrians, and
3. traffic
The Criteria is to optimize or improve design of
the various highway and street functional
classes.

Highway Engineering - S2 PTT

Design Controls and Criteria

General Characteristics of vehicle
general class groupings:
representative weight, dimensions, and
operating characteristics
For purposes of geometric design, each design
vehicle has larger physical dimensions and a
larger minimum turning radius than most
vehicles in its class.
Highway Engineering - S2 PTT

Design Controls and Criteria

General Characteristics of vehicle
Four general classes of design vehicles:
1. passenger cars,
2. buses,
3. trucks,
4. recreational vehicles.

Highway Engineering - S2 PTT

Design Controls and Criteria

General Characteristics of vehicle
The passenger-car class includes:
1. passenger cars of all sizes,
2. sport/utility vehicles,
3. minivans, vans,
4. pick-up trucks.

Highway Engineering - S2 PTT

Design Controls and Criteria

General Characteristics of vehicle
Buses include:
1. intercity (motor coaches),
2. city transit,
3. school,
4. articulated buses

Highway Engineering - S2 PTT

Design Controls and Criteria

General Characteristics of vehicle
The truck class includes:
1. Single-unit trucks,
2. Truck tractor-semitrailer combinations,
3. Truck tractors with semitrailers in
combination with full trailers

Highway Engineering - S2 PTT

Design Controls and Criteria

General Characteristics of vehicle
Recreational vehicles include :
1. motor homes,
2. cars with camper trailers,
3. cars with boat trailers,
4. motor homes with boat trailers,
5. motor homes pulling cars

Highway Engineering - S2 PTT

Design Controls and Criteria

General Characteristics of vehicle
Note:
Bicycle should also be considered as a
design vehicle where bicycle use is
allowed on a highway.

Highway Engineering - S2 PTT

Design Controls and Criteria

Design Vehicle Dimensions

Highway Engineering - S2 PTT

Design Controls and Criteria

Minimum Turning Radii of Design Vehicles

Highway Engineering - S2 PTT

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Turning Path

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PTT FTSP UII

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Turning Path

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Turning Path

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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering
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Turning Path

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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering
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Turning Path

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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering
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Turning Path

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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering
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Turning Path

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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering
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PTT FTSP UII

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Highway Engineering
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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering
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PTT FTSP UII

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PTT FTSP UII

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PTT FTSP UII

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PTT FTSP UII

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PTT FTSP UII

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PTT FTSP UII

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PTT FTSP UII

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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering

Turning Path

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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering

Turning Path

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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering
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TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

Volume
Directional Distribution
Composition of Traffic
Projection of Future Traffic Demands
Speed
Traffic Flow Relationships

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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering
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TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

Volume
1. Average Daily Traffic : the total volume during a given
time period (more than 1 day - 365 days) divided by the
number of days in that time period. Possibly used only for
local and collector roads with relatively low volumes,
2. Peak-Hour Traffic : traffic volumes for an interval of time
shorter than a day more appropriately reflect the
operating conditions that should be used for design.
3. Hourly Traffic Volume for Design is the volume that
should generally be used in design is the 30th highest
hourly volume of the year, abbreviated as 30 HV.

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TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

Volume

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Volume Harian dalam Setahun

40000

Volume (smp/hari)

35000
30000
25000
20000

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10000
5000
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25

50

75

100

125

150

Hari dalam Setahun (365 hari)

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

350

375

Vol harian

LHR = 27.755 (smp/hari)

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TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

Volume

Volume/Jam Dalam Setahun

5000

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4500

Volume (smp/jam)

4000
3500
3000

11% LHR
10% LHR

2500
2000
1500
1000

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0

260
250
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jam Tertinggi ke

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TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

Volume

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PTT FTSP UII

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Speed
1. Operating Speed
2. Running Speed
3. Design Speed

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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering

Operating Speed
Operating speed is the speed at which drivers are
observed operating their vehicles during free-flow
conditions.
The 85th percentile of the distribution of observed
speeds is the most frequently used measure of the
operating speed associated with a particular location
or geometric feature.

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PTT FTSP UII

Highway Engineering

Running Speed
The speed at which an individual vehicle travels over a
highway section.
The running speed is the length of the highway section
divided by the running time for the vehicle to travel
through the section.
The average running speed of all vehicles is the most
appropriate speed measure for evaluating level of service
and road user costs.
The average running speed is the sum of the distances
traveled by vehicles on a highway section during a
specified time period divided by the sum of their running
times.
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Highway Engineering

Design Speed
Design speed is a selected speed used to determine
the various geometric design features of the
roadway.
The selected design speed should be a logical one
with respect to:
1. anticipated operating speed,
2. topography,
3. the adjacent land use, and
4. the functional classification of the highway.
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Highway Engineering

Design Speed
In selection of design speed, every effort should be made
to attain a desired combination of :
a) safety,
b) mobility, and
c) efficiency
within the constraints of:
a) environmental quality,
b) economics,
c) aesthetics,
d) social or political impacts
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Traffic Flow Relationships

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PTT FTSP UII

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HIGHWAY CAPACITY

Highway capacity analysis serves three general purposes,

including:
1.

Transportation planning studies to assess the adequacy or

sufficiency of existing highway networks to service current
trafficetry.

2.

Highway design to properly fit a planned highway to traffic

demands.
Traffic operational analyses :
a) To identify bottleneck locations (either existing or potential).
b) To estimate operational improvements that may result from
prospective traffic control measures or from spot alterations in
the highway geometric design

3.

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