Bscsupportgi Ethernet 4up

Ethernet Table of Contents
Part 1: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Part 2: IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet

Part 3: IEEE 802.3z Gbit/s Ethernet
Floor 4
Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch
Part 4: IEEE 802.ae 10 Gbit/s Ethernet
Floor 3
Hub Stack
Fast
Ethernet Switch
Bridge / Router
Floor 1
Broadband Network Technologies
WAN
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
Ethernet History
Ethernet Technological Overview
Developed by Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre
First published by Digital Equipment, Intel, and Xerox as DIX (DEC, Intel,
Xerox) standard
Strongly changed and standardised by IEEE in the IEEE 802.3
Therefore, two different versions are existing:

Ethernet version 2 (DIX)
IEEE 802.3
differences are mainly in the Media Access frame
Topology of an Ethernet is logically (mostly physically, too) a bus
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
A lot of standards exist for different Ethernet versions:

1Base5 (Starlan), 10Base5 (Ethernet), 10Base2 (Cheapernet)
10BaseT, 10BaseF, 10Broad36
100BaseTX, 100BaseFX, 100BaseT2, 100BaseT4
1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-CX, 1000Base-T
10GBase-SR, 10GBase-SW,, 10GBase-LX4
100BaseVG, 100VG-AnyLAN
First number identifies transfer rate (1=1MBit/s, 10=10MBit/s, ...)
Base = baseband transmission, Broad = broadband transmission
Last digit, number, or character identifies characteristics of the

transmission medium:
T = twisted pair, FX/LX/SX = fibre optics, CX = shielded balanced
copper, T4 = 4 pair twisted pair, T2 = 2 pair twisted pair
length of a segment - 2=185m, 5=500m

3
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
Part 1: Survey
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Introduction

Applications

Physical Layer
Medium Access
Configuration Rules
Management
CSMA/CD MAC
AUI Interface
Part 3: IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet
thick coax
segment
(500m max)
MAU
coax
tap
(MDI)
10Base5
(Thick Coax)
15-pin AUI
connector
AUI cable
(50m max)
Ethernet interface
with external MAU
transceiver
10Base2
(Thin Coax)
10Base-T
(UTP cat 3,4,5)
10Base-F
(Fibre)
Ethernet Physical Layer (PHY) Options
male "N" connector

50 Ohm terminator
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Physical Layer
Higher Protocol Layer
Tasks of the physical layer defined as:
Logical Link Control (LLC)
send and receive bit streams
Medium Access Control (MAC)
collision detection
encoding and decoding of signals
generation of the preamble
generation of clocks for synchronisation
PMA
MDI
testing of the transmission of data from the station up to the Medium

Access Unit (MAU)
transmission medium
PLS
AUI
PMA
standardised
in IEEE 802.3
AUI
Physical Layer
PLS
MAU
Physical Layer (cont.) Architectural Model
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Physical Signalling Sub-layer

Attachment Unit Interface
Physical Medium Attachment

7
MDI
MAU
Medium Dependent Interface

Medium Attachment Interface
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

8
Medium Access CSMA/CD
Medium Access (cont.) CSMA/CD Flow Chart
Shared medium access is realised with Carrier Sense Multiple Access

with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
each station is listening to the carrier (carrier sense)
if no transmission takes place, stations can send data to any other
station (multiple access)
if two or more stations send data at the same time, each station has
to stop further transmission (collision detection)
after a certain time (random for each station), stations can try to send
data again
station is
ready to send
wait according to
backoff strategy
sense
channel
transmit data and

sense channel
CSMA/CD needs
multiple stations connected to a segment (multiple access)
sense of the carrier before data is sent (carrier sense)
sense of the carrier during data transmission (collision detection)
transmit JAM
signal
transmit
complete
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
1
0
Medium Access (cont.) CSMA/CD Functions
Medium Access (cont.) Domains
LLC Layer
transmit data encapsulation
receive data encapsulation

MAC Layer
transmit link management
Bridge /
Switch
Router
Ethernet
Ethernet
Repeater /
Hub
Ethernet
Ethernet
receive link management
Collision Domain
transmit data encoding
Physical Layer
receive data decoding
Broadcast Domain
signals from physical medium
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
1
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
2
Medium Access (cont.) IEEE 802.3 Frames
Configuration Rules
Ethernet V.2 MAC frames:
PA
DA
SA
Type
Data
FCS
46-1500
1. A model employing conservative calculations

2. A model employing IEEE standardised configuration aids with two
phase calculation (first the correct round trip signal propagation,
than the amount of Interframe Gap shrinkage)
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet MAC frames:

PA
SFD
DA
SA
LEN
LLC
3/4
PA
DA
SA
SFD
preamble
destination address
source address
start frame delimiter
LLC
PAD
FCS
LEN
Data
PAD
variable
FCS
4
logical link control

padding
frame check sequence (CRC-32)
length
Basically two models exist for the configuration of multi-segment

Ethernet networks:
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
System not built with these guidelines can work, but usually not for a
long time
Especially a growing network (by size or traffic load) should not violate
this recommendations (IEEE 802.3)
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
1
3
1
4
Configuration Rules (cont.) Model 1
10Base-FL link
500m
500m
10Base-5
mixing
500m
10Base-5
mixing
10Base-FL link
500m
DTE 1
Configuration Rules (cont.) Model 2
DTE 2
10Base-T link
100m
Defines two sets of methods, which have to be performed both
First set ensures that the round trip signal propagation is within the limits
Second set verifies the amount of Interframe Gap shrinkage
A simplified network topology (Generalised Transmission Path Model) is

used to for the path delay calculation
DTE 3
185m
DTE
1
10Base-2 mixing
MAU
MAU
Repeater
left segment
R
MAU
MAU
middle segment
Repeater
MAU
MAU
DTE
2
right segment
Repeater
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
5
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
6
Fast Ethernet Technological Overview I

Introduction
100Base-T Overview
100Base-TX
100Base-FX
100Base-T4
Two different technologies exist for 100MBit/s Ethernet

IEEE 802.3u 100Base-T (100Base-TX, 100Base-FX, 100Base-T4,
100Base-T2)
IEEE 802.12 100VG-AnyLAN
100Base-T
supports the common Ethernet mechanisms (CSMA/CD)
100VG-AnyLAN
creates an entirely new medium access control mechanism
is based on hubs that control access to the medium using a demand
priority
further extended to allow to transport token ring frames

Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch
Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch
Fast Ethernet Hub
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
1
7
1
8
Fast Ethernet Technological Overview II
IEEE 802.u Fast Ethernet
100 MBit/s Ethernet
100VG-AnyLAN
100Base-T2
Aims of the IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet working group

support of CSMA/CD with bit rate of 100 MBit/s
identical MAC frame format
support of twisted pair and fibre optics as physical medium
interoperability between 10Base-T and 100Base-TX components
Fast Ethernet Consortium developed technology and was accepted by

the IEEE 802.3u working group
The Fast Ethernet Consortium was formed in December of 1993 and

was one of the consortiums at the University of New Hampshire Inter
Operability Lab (IOL). The Consortium was formed through the cooperative agreement of vendors interested in testing Fast Ethernet
products.
100Base-T
100Base-X
100Base-TX
100Base-4
100Base-FX
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
9
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
0
IEEE 802.u Fast Ethernet (cont.) Overview
Physical Layer 100Base-X
Applications
Scheme of the 100Base-X standard

LLC
Management
MAC
Reconciliation
CSMA/CD MAC
100Base-X repeater
MII
MII Interface
100Base-FX
(Fibre)
100Base-TX
(UTP cat 5)
PCS
PCS
Physical
Layer
PMA
PMD
100Base-T4
(UTP cat 3,4,5)
MDI
Fast Ethernet Physical Layer (PHY) Options

PCS
PMA
PMA
PMD
PMD
MDI
MDI
Medium
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Medium
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
2
1
2
2
Physical Layer (cont.) 100Base-T4
Physical Layer (cont.) 10/100 MBit Hub
Scheme of the 100Base-T4 standard
Scheme of a Fast Ethernet hub supporting different media

10Base-T / 100Base-TX repeater
LLC
MAC
Reconciliation
Reconciliation
MII
MII
Reconciliation
MII
PCS
Physical
Layer
PCS
PMD
AUI
PMD
PMA
MDI
Medium
PCS
PMA
MDI
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
AUI
PMA (= MAU)
MDI
Medium
Medium
100 MBit/s
10 MBit/s

2
3
PLS
MDI
Medium
10 MBit/s
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
2
4
Media System
Data Terminal
Equipment
(DTE)
port
Medium Independent
Interface (MII)
40-pin connector
Physical
Layer
Device (PHY)
Medium
Dependent
Interface (MDI)
PHY
PHY
eight pin
plugs
twisted pair segment

(100m max of data graded
UTP cat 5 cable)
Physical
Medium
PHY
Ethernet interface
(100Base-TX)
Optional (max 0.5m)
II
R
PHY
class II four port

100Base-TX repeater hub
100Base-T is ten times faster than 10Base-T

Common 10Base-T aspects are unchanged
frame format and the amount of data of a frame
media access control
Mechanisms for Auto-Negotiation of media speed added
enables support of dual-speed Ethernet interfaces (10 and 100
MBit/s)
Block diagram of 100Base-T components:
PHY
100Base-TX Components I
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
eight pin
jack MDI
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
2
5
2
6
100Base-TX (cont.) Components II
100Base-T (cont.) Repeater I
100Base-TX segments are link segments

A link segment is defined as a point-to-point medium
connects two and only two MDIs
smallest network would consist of two computers
Data Circuit Equipment (repeater, hub)
Typical installation uses multiport repeater hubs or packet switching hubs

provides a connection between a larger number of link segments
NIC on one end, hub on the other end of the segment
hubs can connect as many segments as ports available
computers all communicate via the hub
Segment up to 100m
Two 100m segments segments can be connected through a single
Class I or Class II repeater
System with a total diameter of 200 meters between DTEs
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Ethernet ports on repeaters do not use an Ethernet interface

A repeater port connects to the Fast Ethernet media system with the
same PHY and MDI equipment
moving the signals directly from segment to segment, therefore, do
not contain Ethernet interfaces (since they do not operate at the level
of Ethernet frames)
a repeater hub may be equipped with an Ethernet interface to
provide a way to communicate with the hub over the network (allows
a vendor to provide a management interface in the hub)
Two kinds of repeaters in the 100Base-T system (labelled with the

Roman number "I" or "II" centred within a circle)
Class I
Class II

2
7
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
8
100Base-T (cont.) Repeater II
100Base-TX (cont.) Link Integrity Test
Class I repeater have larger timing delays

operates by translating line signals on an incoming port to digital
form
then retranslating them to line signals when sending them out on the
other ports
repeats signals between media segments that use different signalling
techniques (e.g. 100Base-TX/FX and 100Base-T4 segments)
only one Class I repeater can be used in a given collision domain
when maximum cable lengths are used
Class II repeater is restricted to smaller timing delays

immediately repeats the incoming signal to all other ports
connected only to segment types that use the same signalling
technique a maximum of two Class II repeaters can be used within a
given collision domain when maximum cable lengths are used
Segment types with different signalling techniques cannot be mixed
together in a Class II repeater hub
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
PHY continually monitors the receive data path for activity

checks that the link is working correctly (also in idle periods)
signalling system is based on the ANSI FDDI signalling
Twisted-pair transceivers that use 8-pin MDI connectors also send and
receive link pulses
called Fast Link Pulses (FLP)
used in the Auto-Negotiation mechanism
allows a multi-speed hub to detect the speed of operation of an
Ethernet device
hub can adjust the speed of its ports accordingly
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
2
9
3
0
100Base-FX Components
100Base-T4 Components
class II four port
100Base-T4 repeater hub
II
II
TX RX TXRX TXRX
PHY
PHY
R
PHY
PHY
class II 100Base-FX
fibre optic repeater hub
eight pin
plugs
FO link
to another
FO station or
repeater hub
TX
RX
Ethernet interface
(100Base-FX)
twisted pair segment

(100m max of four pair
UTP cat 3,4,5 cable)
PHY
Ethernet interface
(100Base-T4)
SC, ST, or
FDDI fibre optic connector
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
1
eight pin
jack MDI
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
2
100Base-T4 - Components
Migration From Ethernet to Fast Ethernet
Old voice-grade twisted pair (Cat3) has high attenuation and

electromagnetic radiation
UTP Cat3 is only defined up to 16 Mbit/s
Radiation is limited by the authorities (e.g., FCC in North America)
No radiation above 30 MHz (licensed spectrum)
also because of electromagnetic immission)
Therefore 4 pairs working in parallel at 25 Mbit/s

Special attention s paid to signal encoding
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Fast Ethernet is compatible with Ethernet

shared medium, too
CSMA/CD is the same
old cabling can be used, if UTP cat 5
10Base-T network cards can be connected to 100Base-T equipment
Differences
new network cards needed (dual cards available)
coax cable no longer supported
integration can be accomplished with switches rather then routers
maximum hop count between stations (repeater, hub) is 2 (Ethernet:
4), larger networks have to employ bridges, switches, or routers
maximum network diameter between two stations in the same
segment is 205 m (twisted pair)
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
3
3
3
4
Migration (cont.) Cable Pinout
Migration (cont.) Switched vs. Fast Ethernet

Fast Ethernet
100Base-TX Cable Pinout

Desktop
Hub
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Transmit (1&2)
Receive (3&6)
100 Base-T4 Cable Pinout

Desktop
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Hub
Transmit (1&2)
Receive (3&6)
Bi-directional (4&5)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Sw itched Ethernet
Existing
Workgroups
Seldom ma kes s ense to the desktop;

use for servers only:
Most existing PCs c ann ot take
advantage of 100 M Bit/s
Costs of chan ging adapters
Obvious upgr ade p ath:

Low cost; no adapter change
Leverag es existing PCs
No cable change
Multimed ia capa ble
New
Workgroups
For power u sers and peak bandw idth

needs
100MBit/s peak bandwidth for
CAD /CAM, gr aphics, 3D Mo delling,
etc.
Only s lightly higher costs than
switched 10M Bit/S
Ideal for PCs and PCI PCs and
UNIX workstations
Or standar d business applications

and aggr egate bandw idth needs
Lower costs
Standard Ethern et cabling
Ideal for ISA , PC-Card
(PCM CIA) PCs
Summ ary
Peak performan ce new

PCs/workstations with l arge file
tran sfers
Continuous network use ISA

PCs and in stalled b ase
Bi-directional (7&8)
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
5
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
6
Migration (cont.) Small Fast Ethernet Collapsed Backbone
Migration (cont.) Switched Ethernet with Fast Ethernet
Ethernet Hub
Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch
Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch
shared 10MBit/s
switched 10MBit/s
switched 100MBit/s
Ethernet Hub
shared 100 MBit/s
switched 10MBit/s
switched 100MBit/s
shared 100 MBit/s
Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch
Fast Ethernet Hub
Fast Ethernet Hub
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
3
7
Migration (cont.) High Performance Workgroups
3
8
Migration (cont.) Comprehensive Fast Ethernet Integration
Floor 4
Floor 4
Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch
Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch
Floor 3
Floor 3
Hub Stack
shared 10MBit/s
Ethernet Hub
switched 10MBit/s
switched 10MBit/s
switched 100MBit/s
switched 100MBit/s
shared 100 MBit/s

Floor 2
shared 100 MBit/s
Floor 2
Hub Stack
Fast
Ethernet Switch
FDDI
Fast
Ethernet Switch
Bridge / Router
Floor 1
Fast
Ethernet Switch
WAN
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
9
LAN Switch
FDDI
Bridge / Router
WAN
Floor 1
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
0
Migration (cont.) Scale Fast Ethernet and an FDDI Backbone

Floor 2
Topology Rules
Floor 2
Hub with 100 MBit/s

downlink
Hub with 100 MBit/s

downlink
Floor 1
Floor 1
Hub Stack
Maximum Network Diameter

Repeate r
Class
I
Qty.
II
II
Hub Stack
Fast
Ethernet Switch
Fast
Ethernet Switch
LAN Switch with

support for bridging,
FDDI concentration,
and IP routing
FDDI
backbone
Fibre
100B ase- FX
272 m
892.2 ft.
320 m
1,049.6 ft.
228 m
747.8 ft.
Twisted Pair /Fibre

TX /FX
T4/FX
260.8 m
231 m
855.4 ft.
57.7 ft .
308.8 m
304 m
1,012.9 ft. 997.1 ft.
216.2 m
236.3 m
709.1 ft.
775.1 ft.
Maximum Cable Distances

Cable T ype
Con necting
Twisted Pair
Any t wo de vic es
Bridge / Router
Switch t o S witch ,
Serve r or PC
Fibre
switched 10MBit/s
Twisted Pair
TX /T4
200 m
656 f t.
200 m
656 f t.
205 m
672.4 ft.
switched 100MBit/s
Lengt h
100m
328 f t.
Half
Duplex
Full
Duplex
142 m
1,351.4 ft.
2 km
1.24 m i.
shared 100 MBit/s
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
4
1
Topology Rules (cont.)

MAC - MAC
412m fibre
Floor 100
100Base-T
Switch or Bridge
one repeater: 261m

(161m fibre + 100m UTP)
Floor 50
100Base-T
Class I hub
100m UTP
100Base-T
Class II hub
5m UTP
100m UTP
100Base-T
Class II hub
Switch
shared 100 MBit/s

R
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
3
R
T
HYBRID
Bridge / Router
HYBRID
switched 100MBit/s
HYBRID
HYBRID
HYBRID
100m UTP
R
T
HYBRID
Floor 25
HYBRID

The need for speed
Functional Elements
Architectural Model
1000Base-T
Migration
HYBRID
two repeaters: 205m

(typically 100m + 5m + 100m)
4
2
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
4
Gigabit Ethernet The Need for Speed
IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Protocol Stack

IEEE 802.2 LLC
Not-compressed
1.4 MBit/s
Compressed
192 kBit/s
Jitter
100 ms
Speech
64 kBit/s
4 32 kBit/s
400 ms
Video HDTV
2 GBit/s
25 34 MBit/s
(MPEG-2)
3 6 MBit/s
(MPEG-2)
2 4 MBit/s
(MPEG-2)
112 kBit/s
(H.261)
50 ms
Audio (CD quality)
Video studio quality
270 MBit/s
(SDI)
Video TV quality
Video video
conference quality
IEEE 802.3
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
CSMA/CD
IEEE 802.2 LLC
IEEE 802.3
Physical Layer
CSMA/CD or Full
Duplex MAC
8B/10B
Encode/Decode
100 ms
FC-4 Upper Layer

Mapping
100 ms
FC-3 Common
Services
Serializer/
Deserializer
FC-2 Signalling
Connector
ANSI X3T11
Fibre Channel
400 ms
FC-1
Encode/Decode
FC-0 Interface
and Media
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
4
5
Standardisation Timeline
1995
4
6
IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Overview

1996
Applications
Management
HSSG
Formed
PAR
Drafted
PAR
Approved
802.3z
Approved
CSMA/CD MAC
1997
First Draft
Working
Group
Ballot
1998
LMSC
Ballot
Standard
HSSG
PAR
LSMC
GMII Interface
1000Base-CX
(Twinax)
Higher Speed Study Group

Project Authorisation Request
LAN MAN Standards Committee
1000Base-SX
(Short WL Fibre)
1000Base-LX
(Long LW Fibre)
1000Base-T
(Twisted Pair)
Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer (PHY) Options
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
7
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
8
IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Overview (cont.)
GbE is still Ethernet, only faster
New functional capabilities:

Full-duplex operation
IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Functional Elements

Media Access Control (MAC)
full duplex and/or half duplex
Gigabit Media Independent Interface (GMII), optional
Allows simultaneous two-way transmission

The possibility of collisions is eliminated and the effective bandwidth is
doubled
8B / 10 B
encoding / decoding
Flow Control
1000Base-T
encoder / decoder
Optional flow control allows to avoid receiver buffer overflows
802.1Q VLAN Tagging

Allows the creation of virtual networks based on logical identification
rather than physical addresses
Reduces the number of addresses that must be maintained in switch
tabels
Allows to assign user priorities within an Ethernet
Requires to change the frame format (if used, we are no longer
compatible to the other Ethernets)
1000Base-LX
LWL
Fibre Optic
1000Base-SX
SWL
Fibre Optic
1000Base-CX
Shielded Balance
Copper
1000Base-T
UTP
Category 5
SMF - 5 km
50 MMF - 550 m
62,5 MMF - 550 m
50 MMF - 550 m
62,5 MMF - 275 m
25 m
100 m
802.3ab
physical layer
802.3z physical layer

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
4
9
IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Distance Specifications
5
0
IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Architectural Model

Upper Layers
9 MMF
1000Base-LX
1300nm
50 MMF
Data Link
Layer
62.5 MMF
50 MMF
1000Base-SX
850nm
Reconciliation
Reconciliation
GMII
MII
Physical
Layer
1000Base-CX
Copper(twinax)
Media Access Control (MAC)
62.5 MMF
1000Base-T
Copper(UTP)
25m
Machine Room
Logical Link Control (LLC)
100m
275m
>500m
Building Backbone
PCS
PCS
PMA
PMA
PMD
PMD
MDI
5km
Campus Backbone
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
1
MDI
Medium
Medium
100 MBit/s
1000 MBit/s
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
5
2
IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Frame Transmission
IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Frame Transmission
Half-Duplex mode:
Basically like classical Ethernet (Carrier sense, collision detection)
But: the data frame is much shorter now!
Two possible solutions:
Increase the minimum frame length or
Add non-data carrier-extension bits after the frame transmission
The latter does not violate the standard, so it was chosen
1
PA SFD
DA
SA
3/4
variable
LEN LLC
Data
PAD
MAC frame w. extension Interframe MAC frame
Interframe MAC frame
Burst limit
Carrier duration
4
FCS
Another possibility to extend the carrier is Frame bursting

Allow a user to send a series of (small) packets without relinquishing
the control of the medium
When the burst limit is reached, the last frame may be continued
without interruption
Extension
minFrameSize
slotTime
Late collision threshold (slot time)
Carrier duration
PA
DA
SA
SFD
preamble
destination address
source address
start frame delimiter
LLC
PAD
FCS
LEN
logical link control

padding
frame check sequence (CRC-32)
length
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
5
3
IEEE 802.3ab (1000Base-T) The Challenge
1000Base-T (cont.) The Design Approach

T
250 MBit/s
HYBRID
FEXT_21
R
T
HYBRID
FEXT_31
HYBRID
NEXT_31
250 MBit/s
R
T
HYBRID

5
5
FEXT_41
HYBRID
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
NEXT_41
250 MBit/s
Pair 3
250 MBit/s
250 MBit/s
Pair 2
Transmission systems operating on UTP cable must be capable of

withstanding radiated energy from other sources (AM, CD, short wave
radio)
Additional objective is to maximise the tolerance to background and
impulse noise (power line transients, electrical fast transients, Electrostatic discharge - ESD)
NEXT_21
250 MBit/s
250 MBit/s
Pair 1
R
HYBRID
NEXT - Near-end Crosstalk

FEXT - Far-end Crosstalk
ELFEXT - Equal Level Far-end Crosstalk
echo
Insertion_Loss (f)
HYBRID
Transmitting 1000 MBit/s data stream over four pairs of UTP cat 5 cable
presents several design challenges due to:
signal attenuation
echo
return loss
crosstalk characteristics
HYBRID
5
4
250 MBit/s
Pair 4
R
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
6
1000Base-T (cont.) Transceiver
1000Base-T (cont.) 5-level PAM Coding
TX Magnetics
Auto
Negotiation
GMII
Pulse
Shaping
Resistive
Hybrid
DAC
Binary signalling
1
0
PCS
Transmit
Synch
Tuning
Control
Symbol
Encoder
GMII
+2
A/D
Baseband
Pulse
Shaping
+1
PLL
0
NC
NC
Delay Adj.
PCS
Receive
NC
NC
FFE
Viterbi
Decoder/
DFE
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
-1
125 MHz
-2
1000Base-T 5-level PAM
125 MHz, 5 levels
Four symbols transmitted simultaneously on the four pairs make up

an 8-bit octet (4D-PAM5 Trellis FEC code)
One octet is transmitted in only one baud, making up 125 Mbaud per
twisted pair
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
5
7
5
8
3 Steps From 100Base-TX to 1000BASE-T
100 MBit/s
100 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
100 M
Repeater
100 M
Repeater
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100 MBit/s
End User Connection
Start with a 100Base-TX DSP Based PHY

Use all four channels full duplex
400 MBps in both directions
Requires ECHO and NEXT canceling
Requires Master/Slave Clocking
Remove 4B/5B Encoding
5 Level Signaling - 2 Bits/Symbol
Requires FEC to get back the 6dB SNR
The major task was adding FEC
Fast Ethernet Switch
Server Farm
End User Connection

100 MBit/s
100 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
100 M
Repeater
100 M
Repeater
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
Gigabit Ethernet Switch or Repeater
Gigabit
Ethernet NICs
1000 MBit/s
Migration Switch to Server Links
Server Farm
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
9
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
0
Migration (cont.) Switch to Switch Links

100 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
100 M
Repeater
100 M
Repeater
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100 MBit/s
End User Connection
10 M
Switch
100
MBit/s
10 M
Switch
100
MBit/s
10 M
Switch
100 M
Repeater
100
MBit/s
100 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
100 M
Repeater
100 M
Repeater
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100
MBit/s
100 MBit/s Backbone
Server Farm
100 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s
100 M
Repeater
100
MBit/s
100 MBit/s
End User Connection
10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 100 MBit/s
100 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
100 MBit/s
100 MBit/s
100
MBit/s
1000 MBit/s
10 M
Switch
100
MBit/s
10 M
Switch
100
MBit/s
End User Connection
10 M
Switch
Server Farm
100
MBit/s
100 MBit/s
100 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
End User Connection
End User Connection
End User Connection

10 MBit/s
Migration (cont.) Upgrading a Switched Backbone
Gigabit Ethernet
Modules
100 MBit/s
100 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
10 MBit/s
100 M
Repeater
100 M
Repeater
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
10 M
Switch
1000
MBit/s
1000
MBit/s
1000
MBit/s
1000
MBit/s
1000
MBit/s
1000
MBit/s
Gigabit Ethernet Switch or Repeater
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
1000 MBit/s Backbone
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
6
1
6
2
Part 4: IEEE 802.3ae 10 Gigabit Ethernet (XGE)
IEEE 802.3ae - 10 Gbit/s Ethernet - Overview
Newest Ethernet standard, approved mid-2002
10 Gigabit-Ethernet Alliance founded in 1999 (http://www.10gea.org)
IEEE 802.3ae is aiming at:

10-fold speed (again!) compared to the predecessor
Expanding Ethernet application space to WAN links
Full-duplex only, fiber-only technology, no CSMA/CD anymore
7 different PHY layers, but almost the same equipment is used for LAN
and WAN PHY layers
Only the WIS (WAN Interface Sublayer) is introduced

Tx
L2
Tx
L3
Tx
MUX
Tx
L1
4x 3.125Gbit/s
MMF
DEMUX

Overview
Layers
SONET/SDH (WAN) mapping
LAN PHY layers
10GBase-LX4
L0
Rx
L0
Rx
L1
Rx
L2
Rx
L3
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
3
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
4
IEEE 802.3ae supported PHY layers
IEEE 802.3ae Layers

LLC
MAC Control (optional)
MAC
Name
What is it?
Target Distance (m)
Type of fiber
10GBase-SR
Serial 850 nm w/o WAN

mapping
65
MMF
10GBase-SW
Serial 850 nm w/ WAN

mapping
65
MMF
XGXS
10GBase-LR

mapping
10000
SMF
XGXS
10GBase-LW

mapping
10000
SMF
10GBase-ER

mapping
40000 (up to 80 km)
SMF
10GBase-EW

mapping
40000 (up to 80 km)
SMF
10GBase-LX4
1310 nm WWDM LAN
300 (MMF)/10000 (SMF)
MMF/SMF
Reconciliation
XGMII
XAUI
Physical Layer
XGMII
PCS
WIS(optional)
PMA
PMD
MDI
optional
XGMII = 10 Gigabit Media

Independent Interface
XGXS= XAUI Extender Sublayer
XAUI = 10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface
PCS =
Physical Coding Sublayer
WIS =
WAN Interface Sublayer
PMA = Physical Medium Attachment
PMD = Physical Medium Dependent
MDI =
Medium Dependent Interface
Medium
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
6
5
6
6
IEEE 802.3ae Layers (cont.)
10GBase-SW/LW/EW WAN Interface
XGMII is a 74 bit wide (32 bit in each direction plus clock and control)
interface between MAC and PHY
Only 7 cm inter-chip distance between MAC and PHY possible
Standard CMOS/TTL logic should be used for MAC and PHY
WIS performs mapping of Ethernet frames into simplified SONET/SDH

frames
Not as strict timing and jitter control as in SONET/SDH (low cost)
Most of the SONET/SDH management information
Performance monitoring and fault isolation in the link possible
To extend the interface up to 50 cm, the XAUI can be used

4 serial differential links in each direction (16 pins)
8B/10B coding just as 1000Base-X, but at 2.5 Gbit (3.125 Gbaud) to
achieve 10 Gbit/s
No separate clock transmission necessary, self clocking system
The XAUI makes easier board and switch design

Connection to the XGMII using the XGXS
PCS employs 64B/66B coding

10.3 Gbit/s for the serial (LAN) PMDs
Stretching necessary to limit data rate to 9.58 Gbit/s

MAC introduces 104 additional IDLE symbols between the frames
WIS removes and inserts the symbols, resp.
SONET/SDH
P
Section and
O
Line
H
overhead
Packet
acket
Packet
Packet
16440 bytes
POH = SONET/SDH Path overhead (64 rows)
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
7
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
8
IEEE 802.3ae LAN PHYs
Problem: increasing dispersion (chromatic and modal) with higher data

rates
Reduced transmission range for MMF
2000m for 100Base-FX
550m for 1000Base-X
Only 55 m would be possible without countermeasures
Another solution: use WDM and signal on 4 channels with lower data
rate
WWDM (Wide Wavelength Division Multiplexing) used in the
1300 nm band
8B/10B coding leads to 3.125Gbit/s per channel
Using conventional MMF, 300m distance can be bridged
VCSELs (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers) are employed

New Fiber Cable (very clean gradient index MMF) increases
distance up to 300 m for 10GBase-SR
L0
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
L1
Tx
L2
Tx
L3
Tx
4x3.125Gbit/s
MMF
DEMUX
Tx
MUX
10GBase-LX4
Rx
L0
Rx
L1
Rx
L2
Rx
L3
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
6
9
7
0
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Summary
Carrier Class Ethernet
Ethernet showed the fastest growth over the last 5-7 years
In speed (3 orders of magnitude!)
In range (LAN towards WAN)
The different IEEE 802.3 standards have in common:

Frame format
Addressing
Ease of deployment
Cost effectivity
They differ in
Medium access control
CSMA/CD was gradually replaced by full duplex operation
Supported physical media
From coaxial cable towards Single Mode Fiber (SMF)
98% of all LANs are Ethernet

95% of all traffic has at least one Ethernet endpoint
Traffic measurements in the Internet show virtually no payload longer
than 1500 byte
The next logical step is the extension of Ethernet into the Metro and
Wide area
Towards an end-to-end Ethernet
Some problems occur:
Can we really do everything on layer 2?
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Routing
Subnets
Security
QoS and SERVICES
Management
If all these problems can be solved equivalent to existing networks, we

can call the technology Carrier Grade or Carrier Class Ethernet
Metro Ethernet Forum tries to exactly specify what this means

7
1
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

7
2
802.1Q Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks
VLAN types
VLAN:
Group of nodes in an autonomous, secure domain
No multicast- or broadcast to or from the VLAN
Does not depend on the geographic location of the nodes
Only determined by software, potentially quickly changeable
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Layer 1 VLAN
Tunnel between ports of the switch, no reading of any frame
information necessary, the packet belongs to the VLAN the port is
configured to.
Layer 2 VLAN
MAC is looked up to define the VLAN assignment. The switch has a
table of MAC and VLAN mappings
Layer 3 VLAN
Network Management system can configure all ports such that any
MAC belonging to a VLAN can be re-mapped.
No cut-through, but instead store-and-forward needed
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
7
3
7
4
The Standards Whos Who (Summary)
VLAN packet format
Introduce an additional address per VLAN

12 bit VLAN ID= 4096 different addresses
Original Length (or type in case of V.2) field carries 0x8100
This means that it is a VLAN tagged frame
Tag Control Information (2 Byte)

User Priority Field (3 Bit) 802.1P
Canonical Format Indicator (1 Bit) (Big Endian vs. Little Endian)
VLAN ID Identifier (12 Bit)
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE
Ethernet Operations Administration and Management (OAM)
Various new MAN/WAN technologies
ITU-T SG15
The transport network standards used by the carriers
Adaptation into the transport network, including encapsulation
NNI specifications
ITU-T SG13
OAM and protection switching standards used by the carriers
Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)
Service models, architectures, and service definitions
UNI and NNI definitions
Traffic management and OAM flows
IETF
Ethernet transport using IETF protocols

7
5
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

7
6
Standards activities - IEEE

Organization Activities
Standards activities ITU-T SG15

Status
ITU-T SG15 (International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications

Standardization Sector, Study Group 15) [With input from ANSI/ATIS T1X1]
G.8011.1
(Q12)
Ethernet Private line service
Approved
2004.
G.8012
(Q11)
Ethernet UNI and Ethernet Transport NNI
Approved
2004.
G.8010
(Q12)
Ethernet Layer Network Architecture, which is largely to

translate the IEEE 802 network material into ITU-T transport
network terminology and models
Approved
2003
G.8011
(Q12)
Ethernet over Transport Ethernet Service

Characteristics
Approved
2004
G.esm
(Q12)
Ethernet over Transport Ethernet Service Multiplexing,

which will cover the multiplexing protocol(s) required to
implement EVPL and EVPLAN
Approval
targeted for
2004
G.8021
(Q9)
Characteristics of Ethernet transport network equipment

functional blocks
Approved
2004 (focus
on EPL part)
Q2
Studying Ethernet OAM aspects relating to access
In progress
802.3ae
10 Gbit Ethernet, which included a WAN PHY

interface to simplify interfacing to a SONET/SDH or
G.709 OTN network
Approved
802.17
(RPR)
Resilient Packet Rings: Working on a ring-based

network for access and metro applications
Approval
802.3ah
(EFM)
Ethernet in the First Mile, where work includes

OAM aspects for Ethernet Links, specially access
links
Approved
802.1 ad
Provider Bridge specification This is the Q-in-Q

standard.
In Progress
802.1ag
Connectivity Fault Management , or Ethernet

Service OAM
In Progress
802.1ae
MAC Security (MacSec), including authentication,

authorization and encryption
In progress
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
7
7
7
8
Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
MEF1
Ethernet Services Model, Phase 1
Approved
MEF2
Requirements and Framework for Ethernet Service

Protection in Metro Ethernet Networks
Approved
MEF3
Circuit Emulation Service Definitions, Framework and

Requirements in Metro Ethernet Networks
Approved
MEF4
Metro Ethernet Network Architecture Framework Part 1:

Generic Framework
Approved
MEF5
Traffic Management Specification: Phase I
Approved
UNI Type 1
Specification of UNI, data-plane aspects
In progress
UNI Type 2
Specification of UNI, control-plane aspects (ELMI)
In progress
EMS-NMS
MIBS for Ethernet and network management
In progress
MEF Architecture
part 2
Specifies functional elements of Ethernet trail, such as

adaptation, conditioning, etc.
In progress
CES PDH
Implementation agreement of PDH CES over Ethernet.

Includes both AAL1 and Raw method
In progress
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
PWE3 WG
Working on defining an Ethernet transport over

IP/MPLS
using Martini drafts. This is mainly EVPL service using
UDP, L2TP or MPLS as multiplexing layer
In progress
PPVPN WG
Requirements for Virtual Private LAN Services (VPLS)
In progress
L2VPN WG
Working on framework and service requirements of

Ethernet-based VPN, and defining EVPLAN service
using IP/MPLS.
In progress

7
9
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

8
0
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet References
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet References (cont.)
Generic Framing Procedure and Data over SONET/SDH, feature topic in

IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2002
Ethernet WAN Transport, feature topic in IEEE Communications
Magazine, March 2004
David G. Cunningham, William G. Lane: Gigabit Ethernet Networking
Macmillan Technical Publishing, USA, 1999 ISBN: 1-57870-062-0
Switched Ethernet
http://jmazza.shillsdata.com/tech/ethernet/switched
Ethernet and Fast Ethernet Guide
http://www.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet
100Base-T Migration Guide
http://www.3com.com/nsc/100208.html
Metro Ethernet Forum
http://www.metroethernetforum.org
Desktop ATM vs. Fast Ethernet

http://www.networking.ibm.com/atm/atm25fe.html
Gigabit Ethernet Information (PAR, Drafts)
http://www.ots.utexas.edu:8080/ethernet/descript-gigabit-ieee.html
Gigabit Ethernet Technical Overview
http://www.nbase.com/notes/gigabit.html
Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
http://www.gigabit-ethernet.org
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

8
1
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

8
2

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Ethernet Table of Contents

Part 1: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Part 2: IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet

Part 4: IEEE 802.ae 10 Gbit/s Ethernet

Broadband Network Technologies

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Ethernet Technological Overview

Developed by Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre

Strongly changed and standardised by IEEE in the IEEE 802.3

Therefore, two different versions are existing:

Topology of an Ethernet is logically (mostly physically, too) a bus

Broadband Network Technologies

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

A lot of standards exist for different Ethernet versions:

Base = baseband transmission, Broad = broadband transmission

Last digit, number, or character identifies characteristics of the

Broadband Network Technologies

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Introduction

Part 1: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Part 2: IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet

Part 3: IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet

Part 4: IEEE 802.ae 10 Gbit/s Ethernet

Broadband Network Technologies

Ethernet Physical Layer (PHY) Options

male "N" connector

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Broadband Network Technologies

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Higher Protocol Layer

Tasks of the physical layer defined as:

Logical Link Control (LLC)

send and receive bit streams

Medium Access Control (MAC)

testing of the transmission of data from the station up to the Medium

Broadband Network Technologies

Physical Layer (cont.) Architectural Model

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Physical Signalling Sub-layer

Broadband Network Technologies

Medium Dependent Interface

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Medium Access CSMA/CD

Medium Access (cont.) CSMA/CD Flow Chart

Shared medium access is realised with Carrier Sense Multiple Access

transmit data and

Broadband Network Technologies

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Broadband Network Technologies

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Medium Access (cont.) CSMA/CD Functions

Medium Access (cont.) Domains

transmit data encapsulation

receive data encapsulation

transmit link management

receive link management

receive data decoding

Broadband Network Technologies

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Broadband Network Technologies

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Medium Access (cont.) IEEE 802.3 Frames

Ethernet V.2 MAC frames:

1. A model employing conservative calculations