01 What Is Sound

What is Sound?
Tuesday, September 3, 13
What is Sound?
Rapid compression and rarefaction of molecules.
What is Not Sound?

1
-1
Squiggly Lines
Other Ways to Describe Sound
Acoustical
Energy
Elastic
Molecules
Vibrating
body
in
contact
with
air.
Periodic
variations
in
atmospheric
pressure
Physical kinetic energy
Terms and Characteristics
Sine Wave
Wavelength
Amplitude
Phase
Frequency
Transient
Sine Wave
A curve representing periodic oscillations of constant amplitude as given by a sine
function
What is a Sine Wave?

A plot of the compressions and refractions over time.
1
-1
Amplitude
Amount of compression and rarefaction of air. Loudness.
1
-1
10
What is Frequency?
RATE
11
What is Frequency?
Cycles
Second
12
Frequency
Rate of oscillation.
Measured in hertz or Hz
Hz = Metric
(NOT PITCH!)
1000 Hz = 1 kHz*
13
Frequency
1
-1
One Cycle
14
Example
1
-1
1 Second
15
Human Frequency Perception:

20hz - 20khz
16
Wavelength
Distance of Peaks
17
Wavelength
distance between peaks
1.5
300 Hz
-1.5
1.14 meters
1.5
30 Hz
-1.5
11.46 meters
18
Speed of Sound
Wavelength =
Freq Hz
30 Hz waveform:
A 1000 Hz waveform (1 kHz):

344/1000 = 0.34 meters long (34cm)
A 10,000 Hz waveform (10 kHz):

344/10,000 = 0.034 meters long (3cm)
344/30 = 11.46 meters long
19
Phase
Interaction of multiple waves.
1
-1
1
-1
-1
-2
20
Transient
A short pop, click, spike in sound.
Usually measured in only a few milliseconds.
Clap, percussion, initial sound in some wind instruments, pluck of a string.
21
1130 feet / second

344 meters / second
Speed of Sound
22
Sound changes with
temperature
23
Speed of Sound
Increase
by
1.1
ft/sec
for
each
F
degree
increase
in
temp.*
Travels faster in denser material.

68 F (20C) is 1130 ft/sec or 344 m/sec.
(the book says 340)
Facts:
Fun
- 330 m/s at freezing
- 5100 m/s in steel
24
Term Check
Sine Wave
Wavelength
Amplitude
Phase
Frequency
Transient
25
Sine Wave is Artificial Sound.

Does not occur in Nature
Some other types:
26
White
Pink
27
White
28
Pink
29
Complex Real Sounds
30
+ Several Frequencies
31
32
F0
Low
f1
f2
Frequency
f3
f4
High
33
F0
Fundamental
f1
f2
f3
f4
Harmonics
34
Fundamental
the perceived pitch we hear
Harmonics / Modes
whole-number multiples of the fundamental
Inharmonic / Overtones
NOT whole-number multiples
35
200
400
600
800
1000
Hz
36
37
Timbre
Quality of a sound. Tone

What makes a violin sound different than a cello.
Many harmonics with varying amplitude.
38
Bright
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600

Hz
39
Dark, Warm
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600

Hz
40
Measurement of Complex Sounds
Fourier Transformation:
Frequency vs time graph.
Frequency plotted on a logarithmic scale.
Computer processor intensive.
Spectrum Analysis
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)

41
Pitch
.... has repeating pattern.
.... Loudest frequency is Fundamental.
42
Complex Sounds
With Pitch
Violin
Cello
Voice
With OUT Pitch

Cymbals
Percussion*
Glass Breaking
Machinery
43
The Decibel (dB)
44
1. Our hearing perception is logarithmic.

2. The range of audible sound is too big to
represent in another scale.
45
dB = Loudness
46
Why?
Easier.
47
#1
Our Loudness Perception
More next week.

48
#2
A bit of numbers
49
Softest = 20*10
-5
pascals (pressure)
Loudest = 2,000,000,000*10
-5
50
-5
2000000000*10
-5
20*10
51
dB Background
Bell Labs decided to represent the same scale with smaller numbers.
Unit of measurement Bel (after Alexander Graham Bell)
Bel
=
measure
of
power
difference.
Logarithm
dB is metric.
52
Power in dB = 10 log
Power 1
Power 2
53
dB Types
dB SPL
In Air
dBV
1 volt
dBu / dBv
.775 volts
dB FS
Full Scale
54
What....? = 0 dB SPL
Cover your Ears = 118 dB SPL
Pain! = 140 dB SPL
55
SPL Examples
240
160
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Instant deafness
Cannon Fire
.45 ACP Colt Pistol (25 feet)
50 HP Siren (100 ft)
Threshold of Pain
Rock Music
Film Scoring | electric furnace area
Loud Classical Music
Cabin of Jet Aircraft
Average Conversation
Average Conversation
Average Suburban Home
Quiet Recording Studio \ Quiet Auditorium
Quiet Whisper (5 ft)
Rustling Leaves | Extremely Quiet Recording Studio
Anechoic Chamber
Threshold of hearing (for Youths 1khz - 4khz)
Typical Studio Monitors
* A weighted - See Fact File 1.4, pg 19

56
-6dB for every x2 distance
Inverse Square law

57
58
Doubling Power =
3dB
59
Said another way
Doubling Power Twice as Loud =
3dB
60
Think about this...
20 watts of acoustical energy =

140 dB
61
But Amplifiers are in

hundreds of watts
62
Speakers are 1% efficient.

The remainder is heat.
63
END
64

01 What Is Sound

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01 What Is Sound

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What is Sound?

What is Not Sound?

Other Ways to Describe Sound

Physical kinetic energy

Terms and Characteristics

What is a Sine Wave?

Human Frequency Perception:

A 1000 Hz waveform (1 kHz):

A 10,000 Hz waveform (10 kHz):

344/30 = 11.46 meters long

1130 feet / second

Sound changes with

Travels faster in denser material.

(the book says 340)

Sine Wave is Artificial Sound.

Complex Real Sounds

Quality of a sound. Tone

1000 1200 1400 1600

1000 1200 1400 1600

Measurement of Complex Sounds

Frequency vs time graph.

Frequency plotted on a logarithmic scale.

Computer processor intensive.

FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)

With OUT Pitch

The Decibel (dB)

1. Our hearing perception is logarithmic.

More next week.

Typical Studio Monitors

* A weighted - See Fact File 1.4, pg 19

-6dB for every x2 distance

Inverse Square law

Said another way

Doubling Power Twice as Loud =

Think about this...

20 watts of acoustical energy =

But Amplifiers are in

Speakers are 1% efficient.

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