Learners Module
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Mathematics Grade 8
Learners Module
First Edition, 2013
ISBN: 978-971-9990-70-3
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC
Undersecretary: Yolanda S. Quijano, Ph.D.
Table of Contents
Unit 1
Module Map..................................................................................... 2
Pre-Assessment................................................................................. 3
Learning Goals................................................................................. 7
Lesson 1: Special Products................................................................. 8
Activity 1.............................................................................. 9
Activity 2.............................................................................. 9
Activity 3.............................................................................. 10
Activity 4.............................................................................. 11
Activity 5.............................................................................. 13
Activity 6.............................................................................. 15
Activity 7.............................................................................. 16
Activity 8..............................................................................
17
Activity 9.............................................................................. 18
Activity 10............................................................................. 19
Activity 11............................................................................. 21
Activity 12............................................................................. 22
Activity 13............................................................................. 22
Activity 14............................................................................. 23
Activity 15............................................................................. 24
Activity 16............................................................................. 24
Activity 17............................................................................. 25
Lesson 2: Factoring............................................................................ 27
Activity 1.............................................................................. 27
Activity 2.............................................................................. 28
Activity 3.............................................................................. 29
Activity 4.............................................................................. 30
Activity 5.............................................................................. 32
Activity 6.............................................................................. 32
Activity 7.............................................................................. 34
Activity 8.............................................................................. 35
Activity 9.............................................................................. 36
Activity 10............................................................................. 37
Activity 11............................................................................. 39
Activity 12............................................................................. 41
Activity 13............................................................................. 44
Activity 14............................................................................. 45
Activity 15............................................................................. 45
Activity 16............................................................................. 46
iii
Activity 17.............................................................................
Activity 18.............................................................................
Activity 19.............................................................................
Activity 20.............................................................................
Activity 21.............................................................................
Activity 22.............................................................................
Activity 23.............................................................................
Activity 24.............................................................................
Activity 25.............................................................................
Activity 26.............................................................................
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION..................................................
GLOSSARY OF TERMS..............................................................................
REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS MODULE.......................
46
47
49
50
50
51
51
52
53
53
56
56
57
Module Map..................................................................................... 60
Pre-Assessment................................................................................. 61
Learning Goals................................................................................. 65
Lesson 1: Rational Algebraic Expressions.......................................... 66
Activity 1.............................................................................. 66
Activity 2.............................................................................. 67
Activity 3.............................................................................. 68
Activity 4.............................................................................. 68
Activity 5.............................................................................. 69
Activity 6.............................................................................. 70
Activity 7.............................................................................. 70
Activity 8..............................................................................
71
Activity 9.............................................................................. 72
Activity 10............................................................................. 73
Activity 11............................................................................. 74
Activity 12............................................................................. 74
Activity 13............................................................................. 75
Activity 14............................................................................. 76
Activity 15............................................................................. 76
Activity 16............................................................................. 77
Activity 17............................................................................. 79
Activity 18............................................................................. 79
Activity 19............................................................................. 82
Activity 20............................................................................. 84
iv
Lesson 2: Operations on Rational Algebraic Expressions....................
Activity 1..............................................................................
Activity 2..............................................................................
Activity 3..............................................................................
Activity 4..............................................................................
Activity 5..............................................................................
Activity 6..............................................................................
Activity 7..............................................................................
Activity 8..............................................................................
Activity 9..............................................................................
Activity 10.............................................................................
Activity 11.............................................................................
Activity 12.............................................................................
Activity 13.............................................................................
Activity 14.............................................................................
Activity 15.............................................................................
Activity 16.............................................................................
Activity 17.............................................................................
Activity 18.............................................................................
Activity 19.............................................................................
Activity 20.............................................................................
Activity 21.............................................................................
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION..................................................
GLOSSARY OF TERMS..............................................................................
REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS MODULE.......................
86
86
87
87
88
90
90
91
92
93
93
95
97
98
99
102
103
103
106
106
107
108
111
111
112
Unit 2
Lesson 2: Representations of Relations and Functions....................... 138
Activity 1.............................................................................. 138
Activity 2.............................................................................. 139
Activity 3.............................................................................. 140
Activity 4.............................................................................. 141
Activity 5.............................................................................. 150
Activity 6.............................................................................. 153
Activity 7.............................................................................. 155
Activity 8..............................................................................
156
Activity 9.............................................................................. 157
Activity 10............................................................................. 160
Activity 11............................................................................. 162
Activity 12............................................................................. 164
Activity 13............................................................................. 165
Activity 14............................................................................. 166
Lesson 3: Linear Function and Its Applications................................. 168
Activity 1.............................................................................. 168
Activity 2.............................................................................. 169
Activity 3.............................................................................. 170
Activity 4.............................................................................. 171
Activity 5.............................................................................. 172
Activity 6.............................................................................. 175
Activity 7.............................................................................. 177
Activity 8..............................................................................
177
Activity 9.............................................................................. 186
Activity 10............................................................................. 190
Activity 11............................................................................. 191
Activity 12............................................................................. 191
Activity 13............................................................................. 192
Activity 14............................................................................. 193
Activity 15............................................................................. 193
Activity 16............................................................................. 194
Activity 17............................................................................. 195
Activity 18............................................................................. 197
Activity 19............................................................................. 198
Activity 20............................................................................. 199
Activity 21............................................................................. 199
Activity 22............................................................................. 200
Activity 23............................................................................. 201
Activity 24............................................................................. 202
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION.................................................. 204
GLOSSARY OF TERMS.............................................................................. 206
REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS MODULE....................... 207
vi
253
253
254
258
259
260
263
264
267
Lesson 2: Solving Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables....
Activity 1..............................................................................
Activity 2..............................................................................
Activity 3..............................................................................
Activity 4..............................................................................
268
268
270
271
272
vii
Unit 3
321
321
322
325
327
Lesson 2: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning..................................
Activity 1..............................................................................
Activity 2..............................................................................
Activity 3..............................................................................
329
329
330
331
viii
Lesson 3: Writing Proofs.................................................................... 333
Activity ............................................................................... 339
349
350
351
354
355
356
358
361
363
364
368
369
372
ix
381
381
382
382
390
393
395
400
402
403
405
409
411
412
413
415
416
Unit 4
Module 10: MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY..................................485
Module Map.................................................................................. 487
Pre-Assessment............................................................................. 488
Lesson 1: Measures of Central Tendency of Ungrouped Data............
Activity 1..............................................................................
Activity 2..............................................................................
Activity 3..............................................................................
Activity 4..............................................................................
Activity 5..............................................................................
Activity 6..............................................................................
Activity 7..............................................................................
Activity 8..............................................................................
Activity 9..............................................................................
Activity 10............................................................................
Activity 11............................................................................
Activity 12............................................................................
Lesson 2: Measures of Variability.......................................................
Activity 1..............................................................................
Activity 2..............................................................................
Activity 3..............................................................................
Activity 4..............................................................................
Activity 5..............................................................................
Activity 6..............................................................................
Activity 7..............................................................................
Activity 8..............................................................................
Activity 9..............................................................................
Lesson 3: Measures of Central Tendency of Grouped Data................
Activity 1..............................................................................
Activity 2..............................................................................
Activity 3..............................................................................
Activity 4..............................................................................
Activity 5..............................................................................
Activity 6..............................................................................
Activity 7..............................................................................
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION..................................................
491
491
492
494
496
497
497
499
501
501
502
505
506
507
507
509
510
512
513
517
517
519
521
522
522
524
525
534
535
537
538
541
Lesson 4: Measures of Variability of Grouped Data............................ 542
Activity 1.............................................................................. 542
Activity 2.............................................................................. 543
xi
Activity 3..............................................................................
Activity 4..............................................................................
Activity 5..............................................................................
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION..................................................
GLOSSARY OF TERMS..............................................................................
REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS MODULE.......................
547
548
550
553
553
554
Module Map.................................................................................. 556
Pre-Assessment............................................................................. 557
Learning Goals.............................................................................. 561
Lesson 1: Basic Concepts of Probability............................................
Activity 1..............................................................................
Activity 2..............................................................................
Activity 3..............................................................................
Activity 4..............................................................................
Activity 5..............................................................................
Activity 6..............................................................................
Activity 7..............................................................................
Activity 8..............................................................................
Activity 9..............................................................................
Activity 10............................................................................
Activity 11............................................................................
Activity 12............................................................................
Activity 13............................................................................
Activity 14............................................................................
Activity 15............................................................................
Activity 16............................................................................
Activity 17............................................................................
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION..................................................
GLOSSARY OF TERMS..............................................................................
REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS MODULE.......................
xii
562
562
563
564
566
567
570
570
572
573
576
577
577
578
579
580
581
583
585
585
586
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
AND FACTORS
I.
http://frontiernerds.com/metal-box
http://dmciresidences.com/home/2011/01/
cedar-crest-condominiums/
http://mazharalticonstruction.blogspot.
com/2010/04/architectural-drawing.html
Have you at a certain time asked yourself how a basketball court was painted
using the least number of paint? Or how the architect was able to maximize the space
of a building and was able to place all amenities the owners want? Or how a carpenter
was able to create a utility box using minimal materials? Or how some students were
able to multiply polynomial expressions in a least number of time?
This module will help you recognize patterns and techniques in finding products,
and factors, and mathematical as well as real-life problems.
After finishing the module, you should be able to answer the following questions:
a. How can polynomials be used to solve geometric problems?
b. How are products obtained through patterns?
c.
How are factors related to products?
Lesson 2
Factoring
Module Map
Map
Module
Here is a simple map of the lessons that will be covered in this module:
Special Products
Factoring
Square of a Binomial
Square of a Trinomial
General Trinomial
Cube of a Binomial
Applications
Find out how much you already know about this module. Write the letter that
corresponds to the best answer on your answer sheet.
III. PRE-ASSESSMENT
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
1 4
x 1
4
x2 0.0001y4
8(x 1)3 27
(x + 1)4 4x6
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
A polynomial expression is evaluated for the x- and y-values shown in the table
below. Which expression gives the values shown in the third column?
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
(x + 1)(x + 4)
(x + 2)(x + 2)
(x + 5)(x 1)
(x + 2)2
0
-1
1
1
0
-1
1
-1
x2 y2
x2 + 2xy + y2
x2 2xy + y2
x3 y3
6, 4
4, 6
8, 3
12, 2
Value of the
Expression
0
0
0
4
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
7.
2a 3
2a + 3
c.
d.
2a 8
2a + 8
The area of a square is 4x2 +12x + 9 square units. Which expression represents
the length of the side?
a.
b.
9.
8.
The length of a box is five meters less than twice the width. The height is 4 meters
more than three times the width. The box has a volume of 520 cubic meters.
Which of the following equations can be used to find the height of the box?
(3x + 2) units
(2x + 3) units
c.
d.
(4x + 9) units
(4x + 3) units
The area of the square is greater than the area of the rectangle.
The area of the square is less than the area of the rectangle.
The area of the square is equal to the area of the rectangle.
Any relationship cannot be determined from the given information.
10. A square piece of land was rewarded by a landlord to his tenant. They agreed that
a portion of it represented by the rectangle inside should be used to construct a
grotto. How large is the area of the land that is available for the other purposes?
5 2x
2x 1
a.
b.
c.
d.
4x2 9
4x2 + x + 9
4x2 8x 9
4x2 + 9
2x 1
11. Which value for x will make the largest area of the square with a side of 3x + 2?
3
a.
4 c.
b. 0.4
d.
1
3
0.15
12. Which procedure could not be used to solve for the area of the figure below?
2x + 6
2x
a.
A = 5x2 + 20x
A = 5x2 + 20x
c.
A = [2x(2x + 6) + (x + 8)(2x)] 2(
A = 2x(3x + 14) 2(
1
)(x)(x + 8)
2
A = [4x2 + 12x) + (2x2 + 16x) (x2 + 8x)
A = 6x2 + 28x x2 8x
A = 5x2 + 20x
d.
1
(2x)(x + 8)
2
A = 4x2 + 12x + x2 + 8x
b.
x + 8
A = 2x (2x + 6) +
1
)(x)(x + 8)
2
A = 6x2 + 28x x2 8x
1
)(2 + x)(x + 8)
2
A = 4x2 + 12x + x2 + 8x
A = 2x(2x + 6) + (
A = 5x2 + 20x
13. Your classmate was asked to square (2x 3), he answered 4x2 9. Is his answer
correct?
.
a.
b.
c.
d.
14. Let A: 4x2 81, and let B: (2x 9)(2x + 9). If x = 2, which statement is true about
A and B?
a.
A > B
b.
A < B
c.
A = B
d.
AB
15. Your sister plans to remodel her closet. She hired a carpenter to do the task. What
should your sister do so that the carpenter can accomplish the task according to
what she wants?
a.
b.
c.
d.
16. Which of the following standards would best apply in checking the carpenters
work in item number 15?
a.
b.
c.
d.
17. The city mayor asked you to prepare a floor plan of the proposed day care center
in your barangay. The center must have a small recreational corner. As head of
the city engineering office, what will you consider in preparing the plan?
a.
b.
c.
d.
18. Suppose there is a harvest shortage in your farm because of malnourished soil.
What will you do to ensure a bountiful harvest in your farmland?
a.
b.
c.
d.
19. The Punong Barangay in your place noticed that garbage is not properly disposed
because the garbage bins available are too small. As the chairman of the health
committee, you were tasked to prepare garbage bins which can hold 24 ft3 of
garbage. However, the location where the garbage bins will be placed is limited.
H ow will you maximize the area?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Find the dimensions of the planned bin according to the capacity given.
Make trial and error bins until the desired volume is achieved.
Solve for the volume and use it in creating bins.
Find the area of the location of the bins.
6
20. As head of the marketing department of a certain construction firm, you are
tasked to create a new packaging box for the soap products. What criteria will you
consider in creating the box?
a.
b.
c.
d.
How was your performance in the pre-assessment? Were you able to answer all the
problems? Did you find difficulties in answering them? Are there questions familiar to you?
Lesson
Special
Products
What to
to Know
Know
What
Let us start our study of this module by reviewing first the concepts on multiplying
polynomials, which is one of the skills needed in the study of this module. Discuss the
questions below with a partner.
PATTERNS WHERE ARE YOU?
Have you ever looked around and recognized different patterns? Have you asked
yourself what the worlds environment would look like if there were no patterns? Why do you
think there are patterns around us?
Identify the different patterns in each picture. Discuss your observations with a partner.
http://meganvanderpoel.blogspot.
com/2012/09/pattern-precedents.html
http://gointothestory.blcklst.com/2012/02/
doodling-in-math-spirals-fibonacci-and-being-aplant-1-of-3.html
Have you ever used patterns in simplifying mathematical expressions? What advantages
have you gained in doing such? Let us see how patterns are used to simplify mathematical
expressions by doing the activity below. Try to multiply the following numerical expressions.
Can you solve the following numerical expressions mentally?
97 103 =
25 25 =
99 99 99 =
1.
2.
3.
Are your solutions different from your classmates? What did you use in order to find the
products easily?
The problems you have answered are examples of the many situations where we can
apply knowledge of special products. In this lesson, you will do varied activities which will
help you answer the question, How can unknown quantities in geometric problems
be solved?
Lets begin by answering the I portion of the IRF Worksheet shown below. Fill it up by
writing your initial answer to the topical focus question:
Below is the IRF worksheet which will determine your prior knowledge about
the topical question.
Answer the topical questions: (1) What makes a product special? and (2)
What patterns are involved in multiplying algebraic expressions? Write
your answer in the initial part of the IRF worksheet.
IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer
Revised Answer
Final Answer
A ctivity 2
COMPLETE ME!
Description:
Directions:
This activity will help you review multiplication of polynomials, the pre-requisite
skill to complete this module.
Complete the crossword polynomial by finding the indicated products below.
After completing the puzzle, discuss with a partner the questions that follow.
1
Across Down
1.
4.
5.
6.
9.
11.
12.
(a + 3)(a + 3)
(b + 4a)2
2a(-8a + 3a)
(b 2)(b 4)
-2a(b + 3 2a)
(5b2 + 7a2)(-5b2 + 7a2)
(a 6b)(a + 6b)
1.
2.
3.
5.
7.
8.
10.
(a + 9)(a 9)
(3 + a + b)2
(3b 4a)(3b 4a)
(-4a + b)(4a + b)
(2 a)(4 a)
(4a3 5b2)(4a3 + 5b2)
(2a + 6b)(2a 6b)
4
5
6
8
11
7
9
10
12
1.
2.
3.
NS
QU
ES TIO
A ctivity 3
GALLERY WALK
Description:
Direction:
Remember:
To multiply polynomials:
a(b + c)
= ab + ac
(a + b)(c + d)
= ac + ad + bc + bd
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
CASE 1:
CASE 2:
(x + 5)(x 5) =
(a b)(a + b) =
(x + y)(x y) =
(x 8)(x + 8) =
(2x + 5)(2x 5) =
(x + 5)(x + 5) =
(a b)2 =
(x + y)(x + y) =
(x 8)2 =
(2x + 5)(2x + 5) =
CASE 3:
CASE 4:
(x + 5)3 =
(a b)(a b)(a b) =
(x + y)3 =
(x + 4)(x + 4)(x + 4) =
(x + 2y)3 =
(a + b + c)(a + b + c) =
(x + y + z)(x + y + z) =
(m + 2n 3f)2 =
10
You just tried finding the indicated products through the use of patterns. Are the
techniques applicable to all multiplication problems? When is it applicable and when is it not?
Let us now find the answers by going over the following section. What you will learn in
the next sections will enable you to do the final project. This involves making a packaging box
using the concepts of special products and factoring.
What to
to Process
Process
What
Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts related to finding
special products. There are special forms of algebraic expressions whose products are
readily seen. These are called special products. There are certain conditions which
would make a polynomial special. Discovering these conditions will help you find the
product of algebraic expressions easily. Let us start in squaring a binomial
Directions:
In this activity, you will model the square of a binomial through paper folding.
Investigate the pattern that can be produced in this activity. This pattern will
help you find the square of a binomial easily. You can do this individually or
with a partner.
Get a square paper measuring 8 8.
1. Fold the square paper 1 wide from an edge and make a crease.
2. Fold the upper right corner by 1 and make a crease.
3. Unfold the paper.
4. Continue the activity by creating another model for squaring a binomial
by changing the measures of the folds to 2 in. and 3 in. Then answer
the questions below.
7
Remember:
7
Area of square = s2
Area of rectangle = lw
11
1.
NS
QU
ES TIO
2.
3.
4.
5.
How many different regions are formed? What geometric figures are
formed? Give the dimensions of each region?
What is the area of each region?
What will be the area if the longer part is replaced by x? by x and 1?
What is the sum of the areas? Write the sum of areas in the box
below.
If 1 is replaced by y, what will be the area?
FIRST TERM
SECOND TERM
LAST TERM
(x + 1)
(x + 2)2
(x + 3)2
(x + y)2
2
How is the first term of the product related to the first term of the given binomial?
How is the last term of the product related to the last term of the given binomial?
What observation do you have about the middle term of the product and the
product of the first and last terms of the binomial?
Remember:
Product rule
(am)(an) = am+n
12
The square of a binomial consists of:
a. the square of the first term;
b. twice the product of the first and last terms; and
c.
the square of the last term.
LETS PRACTICE!
Square the following binomials using the pattern you have just learned.
1.
(s + 4)2
5.
(3z + 2k)2
9.
2.
(w 5)2
6.
(5d 7d2t)2
10.
4
kj 6)2
5
[(x + 3) 5]2
(
(7q2w2 4w2)2
2
4. (2q 4)2
8. ( e 6)2
2
The square of a binomial is just one example of special products. Do the next activity to
discover another type of special product, that is squaring a trinomial.
3.
(e 7)2
A ctivity 5
Description:
Directions:
7.
DISCOVER ME AFTER!
(PAPER FOLDING AND CUTTING)
In this activity you will model and discover the pattern on how a trinomial is
squared, that is (a + b + c)2. Investigate and observe the figure that will be
formed.
Get a 10 10 square paper. Fold the sides 7, 3 and 1 vertically and make
creases. Using the same measures, fold horizontally and make creases.
The resulting figure should be the same as the figure below.
1
a
13
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
How many regions are formed? What are the dimensions of each
region in the figure?
What are the areas of each region?
If the side of the biggest square is replaced by a, how will you
represent its area?
If one of the dimensions of the biggest rectangle is replaced by b,
how will you represent its area?
If the side of the smaller square is replaced by c, how will you
represent its area?
What is the sum of the areas of all regions? Do you observe any
pattern in the sum of their areas?
a.
b.
c.
LETS PRACTICE!
Square the following trinomials using the pattern you have learned.
1.
(r t + n)2
6.
(15a 4n 6)2
2.
(e + 2a + q)2
7.
(4a + 4b + 4c)2
3.
(m + a y) (m + a y)
8.
4.
(2s + o 4n)2
9.
5.
(2i2 + 3a 5n)2
10.
14
A ctivity 6
TRANSFORMERS
Description:
Directions:
This activity will help us model the product of the sum and difference of two
terms (x y) (x + y) and observe patterns to solve it easily.
Prepare a square of any measure; label its side as x. Cut a small square of
side y from any of its corner (as shown below). Answer the questions that
follow.
B
A
x
G
D
(x + y)(x y) = x2 y2
(a b)(a + b) = a2 b2
(m + 3)(m 3) = m2 9
d.
e.
(w 5)(w + 5) = w2 25
(2x 5)(2x +5) = 4x2 25
The product of the sum and difference of two terms is the difference of the squares
of the terms. In symbols, (x + y)(x y) = x2 y2. Notice that the product is always a
binomial.
LETS PRACTICE!
Multiply the following binomials using the patterns you have learned.
1.
2.
(w 6)(w + 6)
(a + 4c)(a 4c)
3.
4.
15
5.
(12x 3)(12x + 3)
7.
5 2 2 2 2 5 2 2
2 2
ga
d )(
ga +
d)
6
3
6
3
9. (2snqm + 3d3k) (2snqm 3d3k)
8. (
The previous activity taught you how to find the product of the sum and difference of
two terms using patterns. Perform the next activity to discover another pattern in simplifying
expressions of polynomials.
A ctivity 7
CUBRA CUBE
Description:
A cubra cube is a set of cubes and prisms connected by nylon. The task is
to form a bigger cube using all the figures provided. Your teacher will help
you how to form a cubra cube. After performing the activity, answer the
questions that follow.
a
b
Remember:
Volume of a cube = s3
Volume of a rectangular
prism = lwh
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
16
This time let us go back to the Gallery Walk activity and focus on case 3, which is an
example of a cube of binomial (x + y)3 or (x + y)(x + y)(x + y) and (x y)3 or (x y)(x y)
(x y).
A ctivity 8
IRF WORKSHEET
Description:
Using the R portion of the IRF Worksheet, answer the following topical
focus questions: What makes a product special? What patterns are
involved in multiplying algebraic expression?
IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer
Revised Answer
Final Answer
17
A ctivity 9
QUESTIONS:
1. What special products did you use in the activity?
2. Name some techniques which you used to make the work
easier.
3. What generalizations can you draw from the examples
shown?
4. Given the time constraint, how could you do the task quickly
and accurately?
3-2-1 CHART
Description:
In this activity, you will be asked to complete the 3-2-1 Chart regarding the
special products that you have discovered.
3-2-1 Chart
Three things I found out:
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
Two interesting things:
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
One question I still have:
1. ________________________________________________________
18
A ctivity 10
Description:
Directions:
Video Watching:
SPECIAL
PRODUCTS
SPECIAL
PRODUCTS
______________
______________
______________
______________
Now that you know the important ideas about how patterns on special products
were used to find the product of a algebraic expressions, lets go deeper by moving on to
the next section.
19
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
_
_
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ar...__ ___________ _______
f
o
s
d
rne
___
____
a
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
e
_
_
v
_
_
____
a
_
_
_
h
_
_
_
_
I
_
_
_
_
t
_
_
_
a
_
Wh
______ __________ __________ _______
_
_
_
_
_
_____
______ __________ __________ _____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ _________.
_
__
__
______ __________ ___________
__
__
______ __________
__
______
20
What to
to Understand
Understand
What
You have already learned and identified the different polynomials and their special products. You will now take a closer look at some aspects of the topic and check if
you still have misconceptions about special products.
A ctivity 11
Directions:
Jem Boy wants to make his 8-meter square pool into a rectangular one
by increasing its length by 2 m and decreasing its width by 2 m. Jem
Boy asked your expertise to help him decide on certain matters.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
Emmanuel wants to tile his rectangular floor. He has two kinds of tiles
to choose from, one of which is larger than the other. Emmanuel hired
your services to help him decide which tile to use.
a.
b.
c.
d.
21
A ctivity 12
Description:
Directions:
AM I STILL IN DISTRESS?
This activity will help you reflect about things that may still confuse you in
this lesson.
Complete the phrase below and write it on your journal.
A ctivity 13
BEAUTY IN MY TILE!
Description:
See different tile patterns on the flooring of a building and calculate the area
of the region bounded by the broken lines, then answer the questions below.
1.
http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/tile-vault-midcentury-recroom-39808
a.
b.
c.
d.
22
2.
a.
b.
c.
QU
NS
ES TIO
A ctivity 14
1.
2.
3.
4.
Descriptions: Take a picture/sketch of a figure that makes use of special products. Paste
it on a piece of paper.
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
Did you find difficulty in looking for patterns where the concept of
special products was applied?
What special products were applied in your illustration?
What realization do you have in this activity?
23
A ctivity 15
Description:
A ctivity 16
Description:
LETS DEBATE!
Form a team of four members and debate on the two questions below. The
team that can convince the other teams wins the game.
Which is better to use in finding products, patterns or long
multiplication?
Which will give us more benefit in life, taking the shortcuts or going
the long way?
IRF WORKSHEET
Now that you have learned the different special products, using the F
portion of the IRF Worksheet, answer the topical focus question: What
makes a product special? What patterns are involved in multiplying
algebraic expressions?
Initial Answer
Revised Answer
Final Answer
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the
tasks in the next section.
What to
to Transfer
Transfer
What
Let us now apply your learning to reallife situations. You will be given a practical
task which will demonstrate your understanding.
24
A ctivity 17
Description:
Direction:
MAKE A WISH
The concept of squaring binomials is used in the field of Genetics through
PUNNETT squares. PUNNETT SQUARES are used in genetics to model
the possible combinations of parents genes in offspring. In this activity you
will discover how it will be used.
Investigate how squaring trinomials are applied in PUNNETT squares and
answer the following questions.
S
One cat carries heterozygous, long-haired
S
traits (Ss), and its mate carries heterozygous,
long-haired traits (Ss). To determine the chances
of one of their offsprings having short hair, we
can use PUNNETT squares.
s
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
SS
Ss
Ss
ss
Now that you have seen the different
patterns that can be used in simplifying polynomial
expressions, you are now ready to move to the next
lesson which is factoring. Observe the different
patterns in factoring that are related to special
products so that you can do your final project, the
making of a packaging box.
25
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
t
a
____
_
h
t
_
_
d
_
o
_
dersto __________ _______
n
u
e
v
___
I ha
_
,
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ ______
n
_
_
o
_
s
_
s
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
In this ___________ __________ ___________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
______ ___________ __________ __________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
______ ___.
__
______
26
Lesson
2
2
Factoring
What to
toKnow
Know
What
Your goal in this section is to see the association of products to factors by doing the
activities that follow.
Before you start doing the activities in this lesson, do this challenge first.
The figure below is a square made up of 36 tiles. Rearrange the tiles to create a rectangle,
having the same area as the original square. How many such rectangles can you create? What
do you consider in looking for the other dimensions? What mathematical concepts would you
consider in forming different dimensions? Why? Suppose the length of one side is increased
by unknown quantities (e.g. x) how could you possibly represent the dimensions?
This module will help you break an expression into different factors and answer the
topical questions, What algebraic expressions can be factored? How are patterns
used in finding the factors of algebraic expressions? How can unknown quantities in
geometric problems be solved?
To start with this lesson, perform the activities that follow:
A ctivity 1
LIKE! UNLIKE!
Description:
Directions:
This activity will help gauge how ready you are for this lesson through your
responses.
Answer all the questions below honestly by pasting the like or unlike thumb
that your teacher will provide you. Like means that you are the one being
referred to and unlike thumb means that you have no or little idea about
what is being asked.
27
SKILLS ACQUIRED
1. Can factor numerical expressions easily
2. Can divide polynomials
3. Can apply the quotient rule of exponents
4. Can add and subtract polynomials
5. Can work with special products
6. Can multiply polynomials
RESPONSES
Before you proceed to the next topic, answer first the IRF form to
determine how much you know in this topic and see your progress.
A ctivity 2
IRF WORKSHEETS
Description:
Complete the table by filling up first the initial column of the chart with your
answer to each item. This activity will determine how much you know about
this topic and your progress.
Initial
Express the following as
product of factors.
1. 4x2 12x =
_________________
2. 9m2 16n2 =
_________________
3. 4a2 + 12a + 9 =
_________________
4. 2x2 + 9x 5 =
_________________
5. 27x3 8y3 =
_________________
6. a3 + 125b3 =
_________________
7. xm + hm xn hn =
_________________
28
Revise
Final
A ctivity 3
Description:
4x (3x 5)
3xy2(2x + y 1)
(x + y)(x y)
(2x + 3)(2x 3)
(x 5y)(x + 5y)
(x + y)2
2
(2x + 3)
(x 5y)2
(x + 4)(x 3)
(2x 1)(3x +2)
(x + 2)(2x 5)
(x 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)
(x + 3)(x2 3x + 9)
(a + b)(c d)
(m n)(r + s)
(3x + 4)(3x 4)
(3x 4)2
12 2 3 14 8 7 11 9 4
A.
F.
G.
R.
U.
E.
T.
S.
C.
I.
O.
N.
H.
M.
L.
P.
V.
11 15
7 10 17 10 7 15 10
14 13 10
8 12
6 1 5 14 11 16 5 11 3 2 14 11 8 9
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
29
What did you discover between the relationship of products and its factors? You
have just tried finding out the relationship between factors and their product. You can use
this idea to do the next activities.
What you will learn in the next session will also enable you to do the final
project which involves model and layout making of a packaging box.
What to
to Process
Process
What
The activity that you did in the previous section will help you understand the different lessons and activities you will encounter here.
The process of finding the factors of an expression is called factoring, which is
the reverse process of multiplication. A prime number is a number greater than 1 which
has only two positive factors: 1 and itself. Can you give examples of prime numbers? Is
it possible to have a prime that is a polynomial? If so, give examples.
The first type of factoring that you will encounter is Factoring the Greatest Common Monomial Factor. To understand this let us do some picture analysis.
A ctivity 4
FINDING COMMON
Description:
Your task in this activity is to identify common things that are present in the
three pictures.
http://blog.ningin.com/2011/09/04/10-idols-and-groups-pigging-out/
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
http://k-pop-love.tumblr.com/post/31067024715/
eating-sushi
The previous activity gave us the idea about the Greatest Common Monomial Factor
that appears in every term of the polynomial. Study the illustrative examples on how factoring
the Greatest Common Monomial Factor is being done.
Find the variable with the least exponent that appears in each term of the
polynomial.
x and y are both common to all terms and 3 is the smallest exponent for x
and 2 is the smallest exponent of y, thus, x3y2 is the GCF of the variables.
The product of the greatest common factor in (a) and (b) is the GCF of the
polynomial.
Hence, 4x3y2 is the GCF of 12x3y5 20x5y2z.
c.
d.
To completely factor the given polynomial, divide the polynomial by its GCF, the
resulting quotient is the other factor.
b.
a.
12x5y4 16x3y4 + 28x6 4x3 is the greatest monomial factor. Divide the given
expression by the greatest monomial factor to get the other factor.
Thus, 4x3 (3x2y4 4y4 + 7x3) is the factored form of the given expression.
Complete the table to practice this type of factoring.
Polynomial
6m + 8
Greatest Common
Monomial Factor
(CMF)
Quotient of
Polynomial and
CMF
Factored
Form
3m + 4
2 (3m + 4)
4mo
4mo2 (3m + o)
31
Now that you have learned how to factor polynomials using their greatest common
factor we can move to the next type of factoring, which is the difference of two squares.
Why do you think it was given such name? To model it, lets try doing the activity that
follows.
A ctivity 5
Description:
This activity will help you understand the concepts of difference of two
squares and how this pattern is used to solve numerical expressions.
Investigate the number pattern by comparing the products, then write your
generalizations afterwards.
NUMBER PATTERN:
a. (11)(9) = (10 + 1)(10 1) = 100 1 =
b. (5)(3) = (4 + 1)(4 1) = 16 1 =
c.
(101)(99) = (100 + 1)(100 1) = 10000 1 =
d. (95)(85) = (90 + 5)(90 5) = 8100 25 =
e. (n 5)(n + 5) =
How do you think the products are obtained? What are the different techniques used to
solve for the products?
What is the relationship of the product to its factor? Have you seen any pattern in this activity?
For you to have a clearer view of this type of factoring, let us have a paper folding
activity again.
A ctivity 6
Description: This activity will help you visualize the pattern of difference of two
squares.
Directions:
A
B
1. Get a square paper and label the sides as a.
2. Cut out a small square in any of its corner
and label the side of the small square as b.
G
F
3. Cut the remaining figure in half.
4. Form a rectangle
C
32
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
For you to have a better understanding about this lesson, observe how the expressions
below are factored. Observe how each term relates with each other.
a.
x2 y2 = (x + y)(x y)
d.
b.
e.
c.
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Remember the factored form of a polynomial that is a difference of two squares
is the sum and difference of the square roots of the first and last terms.
4x2 36y2 the square root of 4x2 is 2x and the square root of 36y2 is 6y. To
write their factors, write the product of the sum and difference of the square roots
of 4x2 36y2, that is (2x + 6y)(2x 6y).
33
A ctivity 7
PAIR MO KO NYAN!
Description:
This game will help you develop your factoring skills by formulating your
problem based on the given expressions. You can integrate other factoring
techniques in creating expressions. Create as many factors as you can.
Directions:
You have learned from the previous activity how factoring the difference of two
squares is done and what expression is considered as the difference of two squares. You
are now ready to find the factors of the sum or difference of two cubes. To answer this
question, find the indicated product and observe what pattern is evident.
a. (a + b)(a2 ab + b2)
b. (a b)(a2 + ab + b2)
What are the resulting products? How are the terms of the products related to the terms
of the factors? What if the process was reversed and you were asked to find the factors of the
products? How are you going to get the factor? Do you see any common pattern?
34
A ctivity 8
If No
If
Yes
2.
If Difference
3.
If
Sum
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
4.
35
x
y
A ctivity 9
Directions:
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
QU
NS
ES TIO
36
A ctivity 10
PERFECT HUNT
Directions:
Look for the different perfect square trinomials found in the box. Answers
might be written diagonally, horizontally, or vertically.
25x2
10x
81
18x
x2
15x
16x2
-24x
10x
28x
4x2
-16x
16
15x
25
49x2
16x2
49
8x
16
24x2
25
14x
8x
40x
30x
10x
7x
x2
12x
25x2
40
12x2
You can use the following relationships to factor perfect square trinomials:
(First term)2 + 2(First term)(Last term) + (Last term)2 = (First term + Last term)2
(First term)2 2(First term)(Last term) + (Last term)2 = (First term Last term)2
1.
2.
Remember to factor out first the greatest common monomial factor before
factoring the perfect square trinomial.
Ex. 1.
Factor n2 + 16n + 64
Solution:
a. Since n2 = (n)2 and 64 = (8)2, then both the first and last terms are
perfect squares. And 2(n)(8) = 16n, then the given expression is a
perfect square polynomial.
b. The square root of the first term is n and the square root of the last
term is 8. The polynomial is factored as (n + 8)2.
37
Ex. 2.
Ex. 3.
Explain why in Example 3, (5t + 1)2 is not the only factor. What is the effect
of removing 3t?
Exercises
Supply the missing term to make a true statement.
a.
m2 + 12m + 36
(m + ___ )2
b.
16d2 24d + 9
( 4d ___)2
c.
d.
(___ __ 5d)2
e.
49g2 84g + 36
(___ __ ___)2
f.
121c4 + 66c2 + 9
(___ __ ___)2
g.
(___ __ ___)2
h.
(__ __ __)2
i.
2 (___ __ ___)2
j.
A ctivity 11
Description:
Directions:
QU
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Based on the previous activity, how can the unknown quantities in geometric
problems be solved?
If you have noticed, there were two trinomials formed in the preceding activity. The
term with the highest degree has a numerical coefficient greater than 1 or equal to 1 in these
trinomials.
Let us study first how trinomials whose leading coefficient is 1 are being factored.
Ex. Factor p2 + 5p + 6
Solution: a. List all the possible factors of 6.
Factors of 6
2
6
-2
-6
3
1
-3
-1
39
b.
c.
Ex. Factor v2 + 4v 21
Solution: a. List all the factors of 21
Factors of - 21
-3
-7
-21
-1
7
3
1
21
b.
Find factors of -21 whose sum is 4.
-3 + 7 = 4
-7 + 3 = -4
-21 + 1 = -20
-1 + 20 = 19
c.
Factor 2q3 6q2 36q. Since there is a common monomial factor, begin by
factoring out 2q first. Rewriting it, you have 2q (q2 3q 18).
a.
b.
c.
18
9
6
1
2
3
Since 6 and 3 are the factors of 18 whose sum is 3, then the binomial factors
of q2 3q 18 are (q 6)(q + 3).
Therefore, the factors of 2q3 6q 36q are 2q(q 6)(q + 3).
40
Remember:
NOTE:
A ctivity 12
Description:
Instruction:
(n + 4)(n 5)
(n + 2)(n + 9)
(n 8)(n 9)
(n + 2)(n + 3)
(n + 4)(n 5)
(n + 2)(n + 9)
(n 8)(n 9)
(n + 9)(n + 8)
(n + 1)(n + 8)
(n 8)(n + 4)
(n 7)(n 5)
(n + 2)(n + 3)
(n + 9)(n + 8)
(n + 1)(n + 8)
(n + 6)(n + 4)
(n 7)(n + 6)
(n 12)(n + 4) (n 8)(n + 6)
(n 8)(n + 4)
(n 7)(n 5)
(n + 6)(n + 4)
(n + 3)(n + 6)
(n 2)(n + 16) (n + 3)(n + 8)
(n + 3)(n + 6)
(n 2)(n + 16)
(n + 3)(n + 8)
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
41
What if the numerical coefficient of the leading term of the trinomial is not 1, can you still
factor it? Are trinomials of that form factorable? Why?
Trinomials of this form are written on the form ax2 + bx + c, where a and b are the numerical coefficients of the variables and c is the constant term. There are many ways of factoring
these types of polynomials, one of which is by inspection.
Trial and error is utilized in factoring this type of trinomials. Here is an example:
Factors of:
6z
(3z)(2z)
(6z)(z)
2
-6
(3)(-2)
(-3)(2)
(1)(-6)
( -1)(6)
Write all possible factors using the values above and determine the middle term by
multiplying the factors.
(3z 2)(2z + 3)
(3z + 3)(2z 2)
(3z 3)(2z + 2)
(3z + 2)(2z 3)
(3z + 1)(2z 6)
(3z 6)(2z + 1)
(6z + 3)(z 2)
(6z 2)(z +3)
(6z 3)(z + 2)
(6z + 2)(z 3)
(6z + 1)(z 6)
(6z 6)(z + 1)
-6z + 6z = 0
6z 6z = 0
-9z + 4z = -5z
-18z + 2z = -16z
3z 12z = -9z
-12z + 3z = -9z
18z 2z = 16z
12z 3z = 9z
-18z + 2z = -16z
-36z + z = -35z
6z 6z = 0
Possible Factors
In the given factors, (3z + 2)(2z 3) gives the sum of -5z, thus, making it as the factors
of the trinomial 6z2 5z 36.
it?
How was inspection used in factoring? What do you think is the disadvantage of using
42
Factoring through inspection is a tedious and long process; thus, knowing another way
of factoring trinomials would be very beneficial in studying this module.
Another way of factoring is through grouping or AC method. Closely look at the given
steps and compare them with trial and error.
Factor 6z2 5z 6
1.
Find the product of the leading term and the last term.
6z2 5z 6
(6z2)(-6) = -36z2
2. Find the factors of 36z2 whose sum is 5z.
-9z + 4z = -5z
3. Rewrite the trinomial as a four-term expression by replacing the middle term
with the sum of the factors.
6z2 9z + 4z 6
4. Group terms with common factors.
(6z2 9z) + (4z 6)
5. Factor the groups using greatest common monomial factor.
3z (2z 3) + 2(2z 3)
6. Factor out the common binomial factor and write the remaining factor as a
sum or difference of the common monomial factors.
(2z 3)(3z + 2)
43
Factor 6h2 h 2
1.
2.
3.
A ctivity 13
WE HAVE!
Description:
Instruction:
QU
NS
ES TIO
This game will help you practice your factoring skills through a game.
Form a group with 5 members. Your task as a group is to factor the trinomial
that the other group will give. Raise a flaglet and shout We have it! If you
have already factored the trinomial. The first group to get 10 correct answers
wins the game.
1.
2.
3.
Lets extend!!
We can use factoring by grouping technique in finding the factors of a polynomial with
more than three terms.
Lets try factoring 8mt 12at 10mh 15ah
Solution: 1. Group the terms with a common factor.
(8mt 12at) + ( -10mh 15ah)
2. Factor out the greatest common monomial factor in each group.
4t(2m 3a) 5h(2m 3a) Why?
3. Factor out the common binomial factor and write the remaining factor
as a sum or difference of the common monomial factors.
(2m 3a)(4t 5h)
44
Factor out the common binomial factor and write the remaining factor
as a sum or difference of the common monomial factors.
(3v + e)(6l + 8o)
A ctivity 14
Description:
Instruction:
This activity is intended to clear your queries about factoring with the help of
your groupmates.
Together with your groupmates, discuss your thoughts and queries regarding
factoring. Figure out the solution to each others questions. You may ask
other groups or your teacher for help.
45
QU
NS
ES TIO
A ctivity 16
Description:
Instruction:
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
WITH A BLINK!
This is a flash card drill activity to help you practice your factoring technique
with speed and accuracy.
As a group, you will factor the expressions that your teacher will show you.
Each correct answer is given a point. The group with the most number of
points wins the game.
1.
2.
3.
Now that we have already discussed the different
types of factoring, let us summarize our learning by
completing the graphic organizer below.
A ctivity 17
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
example
example
example
example
example
example
example
46
A ctivity 18
IRF REVISIT
Revisit your IRF sheet and revise your answer by filling in column 2.
Initial
Revised
Express the following as products
of factors.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Final
Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, lets go deeper by moving on to
the next section.
A ctivity 19
SPOTTING ERRORS
Description:
This activity will check how well you can associate between product and its
factors.
Instructions: Do as directed.
1. Your classmate asserted that x2 4x 12 and 12 4x x2 has the same
factors. Is your classmate correct? Prove by showing your solution.
2. Can the difference of two squares be applicable to 3x3 12x? If yes, how?
If no, why?
3. Your classmate factored x2 + 36 using the difference of two squares. How
will you make him realize that his answer is not correct?
4. Make a generalization for the errors found in the following polynomials.
a.
x2 + 4 = (x + 2)(x + 2)
b. 1.6x2 9 = (0.4x 3)(0.4x + 3)
47
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
_
_
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ar... __ __________ ________
f
o
s
d
learne __________ __________ ______
e
v
a
h
I
____
_
_
______ __________ ____
What
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
__
__
___
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ _________.
_
__
__
______ __________ ___________
__
__
______ __________
__
______
48
What to
to Understand
Understand
What
Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the topic and
to correct some misconceptions that might have developed.
The following activities will check your mastery in factoring polynomials.
A ctivity 19
SPOTTING ERRORS
Description:
This activity will check how well you can associate the product and with its
factors.
Instructions: Do as directed.
1. Your classmate asserted that x2 4x 12 and 12 4x x2 has the same
factors. Is your classmate correct? Prove by showing your solution.
2.
Can the difference of two squares be applicable to 3x3 12x? If yes, how?
If no, why?
3.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
x2 + 4 = (x + 2)(x + 2)
1.6x2 9 = (0.4x 3)(0.4x + 3)
4x2y5 12x3y6 + 2y2 = 2y2 (2x2y3 6x3y4)
3x2 27 is not factorable or prime
49
A ctivity 20
IRF REVISIT
Revisit your IRF sheet and revise your answer by filling in column 3 under FINAL column.
Initial
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
A ctivity 21
Description:
Instruction:
Revised
Final
Express the following as
products of factors.
1. 4x2 12x = ___
2. 9m2 16n2 = ___
3. 4a2 + 12a + 9 = ___
4. 2x2 + 9x 5 = ___
5. 27x3 8y3 = ___
6. a3 + 125b3 = ___
7. xm + hm xn hn = ___
What have you observed from your answers in the first column? Is
there a big difference?
What realization have you made with regard to the relationship
between special products and factors?
MATHEMAGIC! 2 = 1 POSSIBLE TO ME
This activity will enable you to apply factoring to prove whether 2 = 1.
Prove that 2 = 1 by applying your knowledge of factoring. You will need the
guidance of your teacher in doing such.
If a = b, is 2 = 1?
a. Were you able to prove that 2 = 1?
b.
c.
d.
50
A ctivity 22
Description:
Instruction:
JOURNAL WRITING
This activity will enable you to reflect about the topic and activities you
underwent.
Reflect on the activities you have done in this lesson by completing the
following statements. Write your answers on your journal notebook.
Reflect on your participation in doing all the activities in this lesson and
complete the following statements:
I learned that I...
I was surprised that I...
I noticed that I...
I discovered that I...
I was pleased that I...
A ctivity 23
Description:
Directions:
1.
2.
3.
51
QU
NS
ES TIO
This activity involves the creation of a solid figure out of a given plane figure
and expressing it in terms of factors of a polynomial.
Create a solid figure from the rectangular figure that was provided by
following the steps given.
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new connections have you
made for yourself?
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the tasks in
the next section.
What to
to Transfer
Transfer
What
Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real-life situations. You will be
given a practical task which will demonstrate your understanding in special products and
factoring.
52
Perform the activity in preparation for your final output in this module.
In response to the schools environmental advocacy, you are required
to make cylindrical containers for your trash. This is in support of the I
BRING MY TRASH HOME! project of your school. You will present your
output to your teacher and it will be graded according to the following
criteria: explanation of the proposal, accuracy of computations, utilization of
the resources, and appropriateness of the models.
This activity will showcase your learning in this module. You will assume the
role of a member of a designing team that will present your proposal to a
packaging company.
The RER packaging company is in search for the
best packaging for a new dairy product that they will
introduce to the market. You are a member of the design
department of RER Packaging Company. Your company is
tapped to create the best packaging box that will contain
two identical cylindrical containers with the boxs volume
set at 100 in3. The box has an open top. The cover will just
be designed in reference to the boxs dimensions. You are
to present the design proposal for the box and cylinder to
the Chief Executive Officer of the dairy company and head
of the RER Packaging department. The design proposal
is evaluated according to the following: explanation of
the proposal, accuracy of computations, utilization of the
resources, and appropriateness of the models.
53
The first
commercial
paperboard
(not
corrugated)
box was
produced in
England in
1817
How did you find the performance task? How did the task help you see the real
world application of the topic?
CRITERIA
Outstanding
4
Satisfactory
3
Developing
2
Beginning
1
Explanation of
the Proposal
(20%)
Explanations
and presentation
of the layout is
detailed and clear.
Explanations
and
presentation
of the layout is
clear.
Explanations
and
presentation
of the layout is
a little difficult
to understand
but includes
critical
components.
Explanations
and presentation
of the layout
is difficult to
understand and
is missing several
components.
Accuracy of
Computations
(30%)
The computations
done are accurate
and show
understanding of
the concepts of
special products
and factoring.
There is an
explanation for
every computation
made.
The
computations
done are
accurate
and show a
wise use of
the concepts
of special
products and
factoring.
The
computations
done are
erroneous
and show
some use of
the concepts
of special
products and
factoring.
The
computations
done are
erroneous and
do not show
wise use of the
concepts of
special products
and factoring.
Resources are
efficiently utilized
with less than
10% excess.
Resources are
fully utilized
with less than
10%-25%
excess.
Resources are
utilized but
with a lot of
excess.
Resources
are not utilized
properly.
The models
are well-crafted
and useful for
understanding the
design proposal.
They showcase
the desired
product and are
artistically done.
The models
are wellcrafted and
useful for
understanding
the design
proposal. They
showcase
the desired
product.
The diagrams
and models
are less
useful in
understanding
the design
proposal
The diagrams
and models are
not useful in
understanding
the design
proposal.
Utilization of
Resources
(20%)
Appropriateness
of the Model
(30%)
OVERALL
RATING
54
RATING
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
t
a
____
_
h
t
_
_
d
_
o
_
dersto __________ _______
n
u
e
v
___
I ha
_
,
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ ______
n
_
_
o
_
s
_
s
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
In this ___________ __________ ___________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
______ ___________ __________ __________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
______ ___.
__
______
55
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION:
Now you have already completed this module, lets summarize what you have just
learned. You have learned that product of some polynomials can be obtained using the
different patterns, and these products are called special products. You also learned the
different examples of special products, such as, perfect square trinomials, the difference of
two squares, and the product when you raise a binomial to the third power.
This module also taught you to factor different products through the use of different
patterns and rules. Factoring that you have learned are: (1) Factoring by greatest common
monomial factor, (2) Factoring difference of two squares, (3) Factoring perfect square
trinomials, (4) Factoring general trinomials, (5) Factoring the sum or difference of two cubes,
and (6) Factoring by grouping.
You have learned that the special products and factoring can be applied to solve some
real-life problems, as in the case of Punnet squares, packaging box-making, and even on tiles
that can be found around us.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS:
AREA the amount of surface contained in a figure expressed in square units
COMPOSITE FIGURE a figure that is made from two or more geometric figures
FACTOR an exact divisor of a number
GENETICS the area of biological study concerned with heredity and with the variations
between organisms that result from it
GEOMETRY the branch of mathematics that deals with the nature of space and the size,
shape, and other properties of figures as well as the transformations that preserve these
properties
GREATEST COMMON MONOMIAL FACTOR the greatest factor contained in every term
of an algebraic expression
HETEROZYGOUS refers to having two different alleles (group of genes) for a single trait
HOMOZYGOUS refers to having identical alleles (group of genes) for a single trait
PATTERN constitutes a set of numbers or objects in which all the members are related with
each other by a specific rule
PERFECT SQUARE TRINOMIAL result of squaring a binomial
56
http://www.mathman.biz/html/sheripyrtocb.html
http://blog.ningin.com/2011/09/04/10-idols-and-groups-pigging-out/
http://k-pop-love.tumblr.com/post/31067024715/eating-sushi
http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/tile-vault-midcentury-rec-room-39808
http://onehouseonecouple.blogzam.com/2012/03/ master-shower-tile-progress/
http://www.oyster.com/las-vegas/hotels/luxor-hotel-and-casino/photos/square-pool-northluxor-hotel-casino-v169561/#
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcwXRHHnV8Y
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFtjG45-Udk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWu0tH5RC2M
http://math123xyz.com/Nav/Algebra/Polynomials_Products_Practice.php
http://worksheets.tutorvista.com/special-products-of-polynomials-worksheet.html#
http://www.media.pearson.com.au/schools/cw/au_sch_bull_gm12_1/dnd/2_spec.html.
http://www.wikisori.org/index.php/Binomial_cube
http://www.kickgasclub.org/?attachment_id949
http://dmciresidences.com/home/2011/01/cedar-crest-condominiums/
http://frontiernerds.com/metal-box
http://mazharalticonstruction.blogspot.com/2010/04/architectural-drawing.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard_box
58
RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS AND
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
WITH INTEGRAL
EXPONENTS
I.
Have your ever asked yourself how many people are needed to complete a job?
What are the bases for their wages? And how long can they finish the job? These
questions may be answered using rational algebraic expressions which you will learn in
this module.
After you finished the module, you should be able to answer the following questions:
a. What is a rational algebraic expression?
b. How will you simplify rational algebraic expressions?
c.
How will you perform operations on rational algebraic expressions?
d. How will you model rate-related problems?
Lesson 2
Module Map
Map
Module
Here is a simple map of the lessons that will be covered in this module.
Evaluation
of Algebraic
Expressions
Simplification
of Algebraic
Expressions
Operations
on Algebraic
Expressions
Problem Solving
60
Complex
Fractions
III. PRE-ASSESSMENT
Find out how much you already know about this module. Write the letter that you think is
the best answer to each question on a sheet of paper. Answer all items. After taking and
checking this short test, take note of the items that you were not able to answer correctly
and look for the right answer as you go through in this module.
1.
2.
a.
b.
What will be the result when a and b are replaced by 2 and -1, respectively, in the
expression (-5a-2b)(-2a-3b2)?
3.
constant
zero
c.
d.
undefined
cannot be determined
27
3
c.
16
7
2
b.
- 5 d.
-
7
16
a.
4.
x-2 1
?
x1
a.
x + 1 c.
1
b.
x 1 d.
-1
3
5. When x 5 is subtracted from a rational algebraic expression, the result is
-x 10
. What is the other rational algebraic expression?
x2 5x
x
2
c.
4
x
x
-2
b. d.
x5
x5
a.
61
6.
a2 8a + 16
a2 9
Find the product of a2 + a 20 and
3a 9 .
a
a2 a 12
c.
a1
3a + 15
2
a 1
a2 1
b. d.
1a
a2 a + 1
a.
7.
2
b3
2
b3
2
1
c.
5b
b1
1b
b + 5 d.
b.
3
4
a.
8.
x+5
a.
6
x+1
b. 6
x2
x+2
.
3
2
c.
x-6
6
d.
-x-10
6
9.
The volume of a certain gas will increase as the pressure applied to it decreases.
This relationship can be modelled using the formula:
V1P1
V2 =
P2
where V1 is the initial volume of the gas, P1 is the initial pressure, P2 is the final
pressure, and the V2 is the final volume of the gas. If the initial volume of the gas
1
is 500 ml and the initial pressure is
atm, what is the final volume of the gas if
2
the final pressure is 5 atm?
a.
10ml
b.
50ml
c.
90ml
d.
130ml
10. Angelo can complete his school project in x hours. What part of the job can be
completed by Angelo after 3 hours?
x
3
a. x + 3
b. x 3 c.
d.
3
x
11. If Maribel (Angelo's groupmate in number 10), can do the project in three hours,
which expression below represents the rate of Angelo and Maribel working
together?
62
a2 1
12. Aaron was asked by his teacher to simplify 2
on the board. He wrote his
a a
solution on the board this way:
a2 1
(a + 1) (a 1)
=
=1
a2 a
a(a 1)
Did he arrive at the correct answer?
a.
Yes. The expressions that he crossed out are all common factors.
b.
c.
d.
x1
1+x
and
. His solution is presented below:
2x
1x
x 1 x + 1 (x 1) (x + 1) x + 1
=
=
2 x 1 x (2 x) (1 x) 2 x
a.
b.
c.
d.
14. Laiza added two rational algebraic expressions and her solution is presented
below.
4x + 3
3x 4
4x + 3 + 3x 4 7x + 1
+
=
=
2
3
2+3
5
a.
b.
c.
d.
Yes. Solve first the GCF before adding the rational algebraic expressions.
Yes. Cross multiply the numerator of the first expression to the denominator
of the second expression.
Yes. She may express first the expressions as similar fractions.
Yes. 4x 4 is equal to x
63
15. Your father, a tricycle driver, asked you regarding the best motorcycle to buy. What
will you do to help your father?
a.
b.
c.
d.
16. The manager of So-In Clothesline Corp. asked you, as the Human Resource
Officer, to hire more tailors to meet the production target of the year. What will you
consider in hiring a tailor?
a.
b.
c.
d.
17. You own 3 hectares of land and you want to mow it for farming. What will you do
to finish it at the very least time?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Do kaingin.
Use germicide.
18. Your friend asked you to make a floor plan. As an engineer, what aspects should
you consider in doing the plan?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Precision
Layout and cost
Appropriateness
Feasibility
a.
b.
c.
d.
20. As a contractor in number 19, what is the best action to do in order to complete the
project on or before the deadline but still on the budget plan?
a.
b.
c.
d.
64
As you finish this module, you will be able to demonstrate understanding of the
key concepts of rational algebraic expressions and algebraic expressions with integral
exponents. You must be able to present evidences of understanding and mastery of the
competencies of this module. Activities must be accomplished before moving to the next
topic and you must answer the questions and exercises correctly. Review the topic and
ensure that answers are correct before moving to a new topic.
Your target in this module is to formulate real-life problems involving rational
algebraic expressions with integral exponents and solve these problems with
utmost accuracy using variety of strategies. You must present how you perform,
apply, and transfer these concepts to real-life situations.
65
Lesson
Rational Algebraic
Expressions
What to
to Know
Know
What
Lets begin the lesson by reviewing some of the previous lessons and focusing your
thoughts on the lesson.
A ctivity 1
MATCH IT TO ME
There are verbal phrases below. Look for the mathematical expression in the figures
that corresponds to each verbal phrase.
1. The ratio of a number x and four added to two
2. The product of the square root of three and the number y
3. The square of a added to twice the a
4. The sum of b and two less than the square of b
5. The product of p and q divided by three
6. One-third of the square of c
7. Ten times a number y increased by six
8. The cube of the number z decreased by nine
9. The cube root of nine less than a number w
10. A number h raised to the fourth power
x
+2
4
3
c2
2
2
2
x
x
x2 1
x2 2x + 1
10x + 6
pq
3
b2
(b + 2)
b2 (b + 2)
10
+4
y
a2 + 2a
z3 9
66
3y
y
3y
h4
c2
3
2
z3
1
w2
w 9
1
n3
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
The previous activity deals with translating verbal phrases to polynomials. You also
encountered some examples of non-polynomials. Such activity in translating verbal phrases
to polynomials is one of the key concepts in answering word problems.
All polynomials are expressions but not all expressions are polynomials. In this lesson
you will encounter some of these expressions that are not polynomials.
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
Can you answer the first question? If yes, how will you answer it? If
no, what must you do to answer the question?
How will you describe the second and third questions?
How will you model the above problem?
Before moving to the lesson, you have to fill in the table on the next page regarding your
ideas on rational algebraic expressions and algebraic expressions with integral exponents.
67
A ctivity 3 KWLH
Write your ideas on the rational algebraic expressions and algebraic expressions with
integral exponents. Answer the unshaded portion of the table and submit it to your teacher.
What I Know
What I Learned
You were engaged in some of the concepts in the lesson but there are questions in
your mind. The next section will answer your queries and clarify your thoughts regarding
the lesson.
What to
to Process
Process
What
Your goal in this section is to learn and understand the key concepts on rational
algebraic expressions and algebraic expressions with integral exponents.
As the concepts on rational algebraic expressions and algebraic expressions with
integral exponents become clear to you through the succeeding activities, do not forget
to apply these concepts in real-life problems especially to rate-related problems.
A ctivity 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MATCH IT TO ME REVISITED
(REFER TO ACTIVITY 1)
What are the polynomials in the activity Match It to Me? List these polynomials under
set P.
Describe these polynomials.
In the activity, which are not polynomials? List these non-polynomials under set R.
How do these non-polynomials differ from the polynomials?
Describe these non-polynomials.
68
NON-POLYNOMIALS
How Alike?
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
How Different?
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
In terms of ...
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
In the activity Match It to Me, the nonpolynomials are called rational algebraic
expressions. Your observations regarding the difference between polynomials and nonpolynomials in activities 4 and 5 are the descriptions of rational expressions. Now, can you
define rational algebraic expressions? Write your own definition about rational algebraic
expressions in the chart on the next page.
69
A ctivity 6
MY DEFINITION CHART
Write your initial definition of rational algebraic expressions in the appropriate box. Your
final definition will be written after some activities.
___________________________
______________________________
My Initial
_______________________________
Definition
______________________________
___________________________
______________________________
My Final
______________________________
Definition
______________________________
Try to firm up your own definition regarding the rational algebraic expressions by doing
the next activity.
A ctivity 7
CLASSIFY ME
m+2
0
y+2
y2
a
y2 x9
QU
NS
ES TIO
k
3k 6k
2
1
a6
c
a2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rational Algebraic
Expressions
Not Rational
Algebraic
Expressions
1m
m3
c4
m m
70
In the first few activities, you might have some confusions regarding rational algebraic
expressions. However, this section firmed up your idea regarding rational algebraic
expressions. Now, put into words your final definition of a rational algebraic expression.
A ctivity 8
MY DEFINITION CHART
Write your final definition of rational algebraic expressions in the appropriate box.
_____________________________
______________________________
My Initial
_______________________________
Definition
_______________________________
_____________________________
______________________________
My Final
______________________________
Definition
______________________________
Compare your initial definition with your final definition of rational algebraic
expressions. Are you clarified with your conclusion by the final definition. How? Give at
least three rational algebraic expressions different from those given by your classmate.
MATH DETECTIVE
Remember:
Rational
algebraic
ex-
where
the
In the activities above, you had encountered rational algebraic expressions. You might
encounter some algebraic expressions with negative or zero exponents. In the next activities,
you will define the meaning of algebraic expressions with integral exponents including negative
and zero exponents .
71
RECALL
LAWS OF
EXPONENTS
I Product of Powers
For any real number x, and
any positive integers a and b:
xaxb = xa+b
A ctivity 9
LET THE PATTERN ANSWER IT
II Power of a Power
For any real number x, and
any positive integers a and b:
(xa)b = xab
III Power of a Product
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
B C
22222 2
32 33333
243 44444 4
1,024
xxxxx
x5
2222
3333
4444
xxxx
222
333
444
xxx
22
33
44
xx
Use your observations in the activity above to complete the table below.
A
25
24
23
22
2
20
2-1
2-2
2-3
B
32
A
35
34
33
32
3
30
3-1
3-2
3-3
B
243
A
45
44
43
42
4
40
4-1
4-2
4-3
72
B
1,024
A
x5
x4
x3
x2
x
x0
x-1
x-2
x-3
B
xxxxx
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Exercises
Rewrite each item to expressions with positive exponents.
l0
1.
b-4 5.
de-5f 9. 0
p
x+y
2
c-3
2.
10. (a b+c)0
0
-8 6.
(x
y)
d
0
a6b8c10
3. w-3z-2
7.
a5b2e8
2 -2
4.
n m o 8.
14t0
A ctivity 10
3 2 1 CHART
2 interesting
things
______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________________________
____________________________________
_________________________
________________________
____________________
________________
_____________
_________
_____
__
73
1 question
you still
have
3 things
you found
out
A ctivity 11
WHO IS RIGHT?
n3
Allan and Gina were asked to simplify -4 . Their solutions are shown below together with
n
their explanation.
Allans Solution
Ginas Solution
n3
= n3(-4) = n3+4 = n7
n-4
n3 n3
n4
3
=
n
= n7
-4 =
1
n
1
n-4
You have learned some concepts of rational algebraic expressions as you performed
the previous activities. Now, let us try to use these concepts in a different context.
A ctivity 12
SPEEDY MARS
Mars finished the 15-meter dash within three seconds. Answer the questions below.
1. How fast did Mars run?
RECALL
2. At this rate, how far can Mars run after four seconds? five
Speed is the rate of
moving object as it
seconds? six seconds?
transfers from one point to
another. The speed is the
3. How many minutes can Mars run for 50 meters? 55 meters? 60
ratio between the distance
and time travelled by the
meters?
object.
QU
NS
ES TIO
How did you come up with your answer? Justify your answer.
What you just did was evaluating the speed that Mars run. Substituting the value of
the time to your speed, you come up with distance. When you substitute your distance to the
formula of the speed, you get the time. This concept of evaluation is the same with evaluating
algebraic expressions. Try to evaluate the following algebraic expressions in the next activity.
74
A ctivity 13
MY VALUE
Value of a
Value of b
My solution
My
Value
Example:
2
a +b
2
a2 + b3 = 22 + 33
= 4 + 27
= 31
31
Example:
a
b-3
-2
a-2
b-3
a-1b0
QU
NS
ES TIO
-2
27
4
1.
2.
3.
a-2 (-2)-2
= -3
b-3
3
33
=
(-2)2
27
=
4
75
Exercises
Evaluate the following algebraic expressions.
1.
2.
40y-1, y = 5
1
m-2(m + 4) , m = -8
(p2 3)-2, p = 1
(x 1)-2
4.
(x + 1)-2 , x = 2
3.
5. y-3 y-2, y =2
A ctivity 14 BIN - GO
Make a 3 by 3 bingo card. Choose numbers to be placed in your bingo card from the
numbers below. Your teacher will give an algebraic expression with integral exponents and
the value of its variable. The first student who forms a frame wins the game.
1
17
4
2
9
31
8
1
15
3
4
37
4
25
1
3
3
2
32
1
5
23
4
4
3
1
4
126
5
1
11
76
A ctivity 16
CONNECT TO MY EQUIVALENT
5
20
1
3
8
12
1
4
4
8
3
4
5
15
1
2
6
8
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
2
3
You might wonder how to answer the last question but the key concept of simplifying
rational algebraic expressions is the concept of reducing a fraction to its simplest form.
Examine and analyze the following examples.
Illustrative example: Simplify the following rational algebraic expressions.
4a + 8b
1. 12
Solution
4a + 8b
4(a + 2b)
12 =
43
a + 2b
= 3
77
15c3d4e
12c2d5w
2.
Solution
15c3d4e
35c2cd4e
12c2d5w = 34c2d4dw
5ce
= 4dw
x2 + 3x + 2
x2 1
3.
Solution
2
x +23x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2)
x 1
(x + 1)(x 1)
= x+2
x1
QU
NS
ES TIO
Web
Based Booster
2
y2 + 5x + 4
4. m 2+ 6m + 5
2
y 3x 4
m m2
2 2
-21a b 5.
x2 5x 14
3 3
28a b
x2 + 4x + 4
x2 9
2
x 7x + 12
78
D.
3a
D.
a
3
a2 + 6a + 5
a+1
a3 + 2a2 + a
3a2 + 6a + 3
3a2 6a
a2
a1
1a
(3a + 2)(a + 1)
3a2 + 5a + 2
3a3 27a
(a + 3)(a 3)
a3 + 125
a2 25
a8
-a + 8
18a2 3a
-1+ 6a
3a 1
1 3a
3a + 1
1 + 3a
a2 + 10a + 25
a+5
A ctivity 18
CIRCLE PROCESS
In each circle write the steps in simplifying rational algebraic expressions. You can add
or delete circles if necessary.
In this section, the discussions are introduction to rational algebraic expressions.
How much of your initial ideas are found in the discussion? Which ideas are different and
need revision? Try to move a little further in this topic through the next activities.
79
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
_
_
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ar...__ ___________ _______
f
o
s
d
rne
___
____
a
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
e
_
_
v
_
_
____
a
_
_
_
h
_
_
_
_
I
_
_
_
_
t
_
_
_
a
_
Wh
______ __________ __________ _______
_
_
_
_
_
_____
______ __________ __________ _____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ _________.
_
__
__
______ __________ ___________
__
__
______ __________
__
______
80
What to
to Understand
Understand
What
Your goal in this section is to relate the operations of rational expressions to
real-life problems, especially rate problems.
Work problems are one of the rate-related problems and usually deal with persons or
machines working at different rates or speed. The first step in solving these problems involves
determining how much of the work an individual or machine can do in a given unit of time
called the rate.
Illustrative example:
A.
Nimfa can paint the wall in five hours. What part of the wall is painted in three hours?
Solution:
1
Since Nimfa can paint in five hours, then in one hour, she can paint
of the wall.
5
1
Her rate of work is
of the wall each hour. The rate of work is the part of a task that is
5
completed in 1 unit of time.
1
3
=
of the wall.
5
5
You can also solve the problem by using a table. Examine the table below.
Rate of work
(wall painted per hour)
Time worked
Work done
(Wall painted)
1
5
1 hour
1
5
1
5
next 1 hour
2
5
1
5
3
5
81
1
5
1
5
1
5
5th hour
1
5
B.
Pipe A can fill a tank in 40 minutes. Pipe B can fill the tank in x minutes. What part of the
tank is filled if either of the pipes is opened in ten minutes?
Solution:
1
1
of the tank in 1 minute. Therefore, the rate is
of the tank per
40
40
minute. So after 10 minutes,
1
1
10
=
of the tank is full.
40 4
1
1
Pipe B fills
of the tank in x minutes. Therefore, the rate is
of the tank per
x
x
minute. So after x minutes,
Pipe A fills
10
In summary, the basic equation that is used to solve work problem is:
A ctivity 19
1 10
=
of the tank is full.
x
x
HOWS FAST 2
Complete the table on the next page and answer questions that follow.
You printed your 40page reaction paper. You observed that printer A in the
internet shop finished printing in two minutes. How long will it take printer A to print 150
pages? How long will it take printer A to print p pages? If printer B can print x pages per
minute, how long will it take to print p pages? The rate of each printer is constant.
82
Printer
Pages
40 pages
45 pages
150 pages
p pages
p pages
30 pages
35 pages
40 pages
Printer A
Printer B
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
Time
2 minutes
Rate
x ppm
The concepts on rational algebraic expressions were used to answer the situation
above. The situation above gives you a picture how these were used in solving rate-related
problems.
What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new connections have
you made for yourself? What questions do you still have? Fill-in the Learned, Affirmed,
and Challenged cards given below.
Learned
Affirmed
Challenged
83
What to
to Transfer
Transfer
What
Your goal in this section is to apply your learning in real-life situations. You will be
given a practical task which will demonstrate your understanding.
A ctivity 20
The JOB Printing Press has two photocopying machines. P1 can print a box of
bookpaper in three hours while P2 can print a box of bookpaper in 3x + 20 hours.
a. How many boxes of bookpaper are printed by P1 in 10 hours? In 25 hours? in 65
hours?
b. How many boxes of bookpaper can P2 print in 10 hours? in 120x + 160 hours?
in 30x2 + 40x hours?
You will show your output to your teacher. Your work will be graded according to
mathematical reasoning and accuracy.
Rubrics for your output
Outstanding
4
Mathematical Explanation
reasoning
shows
thorough
reasoning
and insightful
justifications.
Accuracy
All
computations
are correct
and shown in
detail.
CRITERIA
Satisfactory Developing
3
2
Explanation
Explanation
shows
shows gaps
substantial
in reasoning.
reasoning.
Beginning
1
Explanation
shows
illogical
reasoning.
All
Most of the
Some the
computations computations computations
are correct.
are correct.
are correct.
OVERALL
RATING
84
RATING
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
t
a
____
_
h
t
_
_
d
_
o
_
dersto __________ _______
n
u
e
v
___
I ha
_
,
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ ______
n
_
_
o
_
s
_
s
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
In this ___________ __________ ___________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
______ ___________ __________ __________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
______ ___.
__
______
85
Lesson
2
2
Operations on
Rational Algebraic
Expressions
What to
toKnow
Know
What
In the first lesson, you learned that a rational algebraic expression is a ratio of two
polynomials where the denominator is not equal to zero. In this lesson, you will be able to
perform operations on rational algebraic expressions. Before moving to the new lesson,
lets review the concepts that you have learned that are essential to this lesson.
In the previous mathematics lesson, your teacher taught you how to add and subtract
fractions. What mathematical concept plays a vital role in adding and subtracting fractions?
You may think of LCD or least common denominator. Now, let us take another perspective in
adding or subtracting fractions. Ancient Egyptians had special rules on fractions. If they have
five loaves for eight persons, they would not divide them immediately by eight instead, they
would use the concept of unit fraction. A unit fraction is a fraction with one as numerator.
2
Egyptian fractions used unit fractions without repetition except
. To be able to divide five
3
loaves among eight persons, they had to cut the four loaves into two and the last one would
be cut into eight parts. In short:
A ctivity 1
5
1
1
=
+
8
2
8
EGYPTIAN FRACTION
Now, be like an Ancient Egyptian. Give the unit fractions in Ancient Egyptian way.
7
1.
10
8
2.
15
3
3.
4
11
4.
30
7
5.
12
13
12
11
7.
12
31
8.
30
19
9.
20
25
10.
28
6.
86
1.
2.
3.
4.
NS
QU
ES TIO
A ctivity 2
ANTICIPATION GUIDE
There are sets of rational algebraic expressions in the table below. Check the column
Agree if the entry in column I is equivalent to the entry in column II and check the column
Disagree if the entries in the two columns are not equivalent.
I
II
x2 xy
x+y
2
2
x y
x2 xy
x-1 y -1
6y 30
3y 15
2
y2 + 2y + 1
y +y
2y
y+1
5
7
+
4x2 6x
15 + 14x
12x2
a
b
ba ab
a+b
ba
a+b
b
b
a+b
1
2
+
b
a
A ctivity 3
Agree
Disagree
a2
a+b
PICTURE ANALYSIS
http://www.portlandground.com/archives/2004/05/volunteers_buil_1.php
87
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
What would happen if one of the men in the picture would not do his
job?
What will happen when there are more people working together?
How does the rate of each worker affect the entire work?
How will you model the rate-related problem?
The picture shows how the operations on rational algebraic expressions can be
applied to real-life scenario. Youll get to learn more rate-related problems and how
operations on rational algebraic expressions relate to them.
What to
to Process
Process
What
Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts on the operations
on rational algebraic expressions.
As these become clear to you through the succeeding activities, do not forget to
think about how to apply these concepts in solving real-life problems especially raterelated problems.
REVIEW
Perform the operation on the
following fractions.
1.
1 4
2 3
4.
1 3
4 2
2.
3 2
4 3
5.
1 2
6 9
3.
8 33
11 40
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
The product of two rational expressions is the product of the numerators divided by
the product of the denominators. In symbols,
c
ac
a
= , bd 0
d
bd
b
Illustrative example 1: Find the product of
5t
4
5t 22
2 = 3 2
8 3t
2
3t
(5)(t)(22)
= 2
(2 )(2)(3t)t
4
5t
and 2 .
3t
8
88
5
(2)(3t)
5
=
6t
=
4x
3x2y2
and
.
10
3y
4x 3x2y2
(22)x 3x2y2
10
(2)(5)
3y
3y
(2)(2)(x)(3)(x2)(y)(y)
=
(3)(y)(2)(5)
(2)(x3)(y)
=
(5)
2x3y
=
5
x5
4x2 + 12x + 9
and
?
2
4x 9
2x2 11x + 5
x5
(2x + 3)2
x5
4x2 + 12x + 9
=
2
4x 9 2x2 11x + 5
=
=
=
this step?
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
Exercises
Find the product of the following rational algebraic expressions.
1.
x2 + 2x + 1 y2 1
10uv2 6x2y2
4.
2
2
y2 2y + 1 x2 1
5u v
3xy2
2.
a2 b2
a2
a2 2ab + b2 a 1
5.
a b
2ab
ab
a2 1
3.
x2 3x
x2 4
x2 + 3x 10 x2 x 6
89
A ctivity 5
WHATS MY AREA?
a. b.
1.
2.
NS
QU
ES TIO
A ctivity 6
c.
Based on the steps that you made in the previous activity, make a conceptual map on the
steps in multiplying rational algebraic expressions. Write the procedure and other important
concepts in every step inside the circle. If necessary, add a new circle.
Step 1
Web based
Booster:
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
pressions-help.html
Final Step
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
90
A ctivity 7
REVIEW
2
4
5
9
2.
2
4
9
3
3.
2
4
1.
Examine and analyze the illustrative examples below. Pause once in
a while to answer the checkup questions.
10
5
16
4
1
1
5.
2
4
4.
The quotient of two rational algebraic expressions is the product of the dividend and
the reciprocal of the divisor. In symbols,
c
a
d
ad
a
, b, c, d 0
=
d
b
c
bc
b
6ab
9a b
Illustrative example 4: Find the quotient of 4cd and 8dc2 .
2
2 2
2 =
4cd
8dc
4cd
9a b
(2)(3)ab2
(23)dc2
(2)2cd
(32)a2b2
(22)(22)(3)ab2dcc
(22)(3)(3)cdaab2
(2)2c
(3)a
4c
3a
2 2
2x2 + x 6
x2 2x 8
.
by 2
2
2x + 7x + 5
2x 3x 20
2x2 + x 6
x2 2x 8
2x2 + 7x + 5 2x2 3x 20
2x2 + x 6 2x2 3x 20
2
2x2 + 7x + 5
x 2x 8
(2x 3)
(x + 1)
2x 3
x+1
91
Exercises
Find the quotient of the following rational algebraic expressions.
81xz3
27x2z2
x2 + 2x + 1
x2 1
1. 36y 12xy 4.
2
2
x + 4x + 3 x + 2x + 1
2.
2a + 2b 4
x1
1x
a2 + ab a 5.
x + 1 x2 + 2x + 1
3.
16x2 9
16x2 + 24x + 9
2
6 5x 4x
4x2 + 11x + 6
A ctivity 8
MISSING DIMENSION
2
2x + 20
The area of the rectangle is x 100 while the length is
. Find the height
20
8
of the rectangle.
2.
21
x2
The base of the triangle is
and the area is
. Find the height of the
3x 21
35
triangle.
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
92
A ctivity 9
Web
Based Booster
CHAIN REACTION
Use the Chain Reaction Chart to sequence your steps in dividing
rational algebraic expressions. Write the process or mathematical concepts
used in each step in the chamber. Add another chamber, if necessary.
Chamber
1
Chamber
2
Chamber
3
Chamber
4
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
Examine and analyze the following illustrative examples on the
next page. Answer the check-up questions.
In adding or subtracting similar rational expressions, add or
subtract the numerators and write the answer in the numerator of the
result over the common denominator. In symbols,
a
c
a+c
+
=
,b0
b
b
b
93
REVIEW
Perform the operation on the
following fractions.
1.
1
3
+
2
2
4.
10 5
13 13
2.
5
9
+
4
4
5.
5 1
4
4
3.
9
3
+
5
5
x2 2x 7
+
x2 9
x2 2x 7
and
x2 9
3x + 1
x2 9
3x + 1
x2 9
x2 2x + 3x 7 + 1
x2 9
x2 + x 6
x2 9
(x + 3)(x 2)
= (x 3)(x + 3)
(x 2)
= (x + 3)
x2
= x + 3
-10 6x 5x2
3x2 + x 2 from
x2 + 5x 20
3x2 + x 2
x2 + 5x2 20
-10 6x 5x2
x2 + 5x2 20 (-10 6x 5x2)
=
2
2
3x + x 2
3x2 + x 2
3x + x 3
x2 + 5x 20 + 10 + 6x + 5x2
3x2 + x 2
x + 5x + 5x + 6x 20 + 10
3x2 + x 2
6x2 + 11x 10
3x2 + x 2
(3x 2)(2x + 5)
= (3x 2)(x + 1)
Why do we need to
multiply the subtrahend
by 1 in the numerator?
2x + 5
= x + 1
Exercises
Perform the indicated operation. Express your answer in simplest form.
4
6
x2 + 3x + 2
3x + 3
1.
+
4. 2
2
a
5
a5
x 2x + 1
x 2x + 1
2
2
x + 3x 2
x 2x + 4
x2
x2
2.
+
5.
+
x2 4
x2 4
x1
x1
3.
7
5
4x 1 4x 1
94
2
3
4
2
2.
3
2
+
4
3
3.
3
1
+
4
8
5.
1
2
6
9
5
2
and
.
18a4b
27a3b2c
5
2
5
2
+
=
+
18a4b
27a3b2c
(32)(2)a4b
(33)a3b2c
LCD of
REVIEW
5
2
and
(32)(2)a4b
(33)a3b2c
5
3bc
2
2a
(32)(2)a4b 3bc
(33)a3b2c
2a
(5)(3)bc
(22)a
+
(33)(2)a4b2c (33)(2)a4b2c
=
=
15bc
4a
+
54a4b2c
54a4b2c
15bc + 4a
54a4b2c
95
t+3
8t 24
and 2
.
t2 6t + 9
t 9
t+3
8t 24
t+3
8t 24
2
=
t2 6t + 9
t 9
(t 3)2 (t 3)(t + 3)
LCD of
t+3
8t 24
2 and
(t 3t)
(t 3)(t + 3)
t+3
t+3
(8t 24)
t3
(t 3)2 t + 3
(t 3)2(t + 3)
t3
(t + 3)(t + 3)
(8t 24)
(t 3)2(t + 3)
(t 3)(t + 3)
t2 + 6t + 9
8t 48t + 72
3
t3 9t2 + 27t 27
t 9t2 + 27t 27
t2 + 6t + 9 8t2 + 48t 72
t3 9t2 + 27t 27
What property of
equality is illustrated
in this step?
7t2 + 54t 63
t 9t2 + 27t 27
3
2x
3x 6
and 2
.
x + 4x + 3
x + 5x + 6
2x
3x 6
2x
3x 6
+
=
+
x2 + 4x + 3 x2 + 5x + 6 (x + 3)(x + 1) (x + 3)(x + 2)
2x
3x 6
LCD of
and
(x + 3)(x + 1)
(x + 3)(x + 2)
(x + 2)
(x + 1)
2x
(3x 6)
(x + 3)(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)(x + 2) (x + 1)
(2x)(x + 2)
(3x 6)(x + 1)
+
(x + 3)(x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 3)(x + 2)(x + 1)
2x2 + 4x
x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
3x2 3x 6
x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
96
2x2 + 3x2 + 4x 3x 6
x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
5x2 + x 6
= 3
x + 6x2 + 11x + 6
=
Exercises:
Perform the indicated operation. Express your answers in simplest form.
4
3
3
2
1.
+ 4. 2
2
x+1 x
x x2
x 5x + 6
x+8
3x 2
x+2 x+2
2.
+ 2
5.
x2 4x + 4
x 4
x
2
3.
2x
3
x2 9 x 3
A ctivity 12
FLOW CHART
Now that you have learned adding and subtracting rational algebraic expressions, you
are now able to fill in the graphic organizer below. Write each step in adding or subtracting
rational algebraic expressions in each box below.
If similar rational
algebraic expressions
NS
T
ES IO
QU
STEPS
Adding or
Subtracting Rational
Algebraic
If dissimilar rational
Expressions
algebraic expressions
STEPS
97
Web based
Booster:
2
1
2
36 x2
x 6x
My Solution
2
1
(6 x) (6 x) x(x + 6)
2
1
(x 6) (x + 6) x(x + 6)
2
(x 6) (x + 6)
2x
1(x 6)
x
x
1
x(x + 6)
x6
x6
= 2x (x 6)
x(x 6) (x + 6)
2
3
a5
a
2
a5
2x x + 6
x(x 6) (x + 6)
x+6
x(x 6) (x + 6)
1
x(x 6)
1
x2 6x
a 3 a5
a
a5
2a
3(a 5)
a 5(a)
a(a 5)
2a
3a 15
a 5(a)
a(a 5)
= 2a 3a 15
a(a 5)
= -a2 15
a 5a
98
My
Explanation
3x
9
+
2x 3 3 2x
3x
2x 3
9
(-1)(2x 3)
3x
9
2x 3
2x 3
= 3x 9
2x 3
= 3(x 3)
2x 3
= x3
2x
4
b2 4b
+
b2
b2
2
= b 4b + 4
b2
= (b 2)(b + 2)
b2
=b+2
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
The previous activities deal with the fundamental operations on rational expressions.
Let us try these concepts in a different context.
A ctivity 14
Examine and analyze the following illustrative examples on the next page. Answer the
checkup questions.
A rational algebraic expression is said to be in its simplest
form when the numerator and denominator are polynomials with no
common factors other than 1. If the numerator or denominator, or
both numerator and denominator of a rational algebraic expression
is also a rational algebraic expression, it is called a complex
rational algebraic expression. Simplifying complex rational
expressions is transforming it into a simple rational expression. You
need all the concepts learned previously to simplify complex rational
expressions.
99
REVIEW
Perform the operation
following fractions.
1
4
1.
+
4.
2
3
1 2
3
2.
3.
1
4
2
3
3 2
4
3
5
4
2
3
2 +2
3
5.
on the
1
5
+
2
4
4 2
3
3
5
4
+
9
3
1+ 2
3
3
2
b
a
Illustrative example 11: Simplify
6 .
5
+ a2
b
3
2
b
a
Main fraction bar (
) is a line
6
5
+ a2
that
separates
the
main
numerator
b
and the main denominator.
3
2
b
a
? Where did b and a in the main numerator
=
6
5
b
a
+ a2
a2
b
b
and the 2 and
in the main denominator
a
b
come from?
2b 3a 5a2 + 6b
ab
a2b
2
= 2b 3a 2a b
5a + 6b
ab
(2b 3a)aab
=
(5a2 + 6b)ab
(2b 3a)a
5a2 + 6b
2ab 3a2
5a2 + 6b
c
c
c2 4 c 2
Illustrative example 12: Simplify
.
1
1+ c+2
c
c
c
c
c2
c 4 c2
(c 2)(c + 2)
=
1
1
1+ c+2
1+ c+2
2
c
(c + 2)
c
c2
(c + 2)
(c 2)(c + 2)
c+2
1
1 c+2 +
c+2
100
c(c + 2)
c
(c 2) (c + 2)
(c 2)(c + 2)
c+2
1
c + 2 + (c + 2)
c2 + 2c
c
(c 2) (c + 2)
(c 2)(c + 2)
c+2
1
+
c+2
(c + 2)
c (c2 + 2c)
(c 2)(c + 2)
=
c+2+1
c+2
-c2 2c + c
(c 2)(c + 2)
=
c+2+1
c+2
-c2 c
(c 2)(c + 2)
=
c+3
c+2
-c2 c
c+3
(c 2)(c + 2)
c+2
2
-c c
=
c+2
(c 2)(c + 2)
c+3
(-c2 c)(c + 2)
=
(c 2)(c + 2) (c + 3)
=
-c2 c
(c 2)(c + 3)
-c2 c
c +c6
2
Exercises
Simplify the following complex rational expressions.
1 1
x y
1.
1
1
2 + y2
x
xy y
x+y x
2.
x
xy
+
y
x+y
3.
b
2b
b1 b2
3b
2b
b2 b3
4.
1
3
a2 a1
2
5
+
a2 a1
101
5.
4
4 y2
2
2+
y
Find the box that contains the treasure by simplifying the rational
expressions below. Find the answer of each expression in the hub.
Each answer contains a direction. The correct direction will lead you
to the treasure. Go hunting now.
START HERE
4
x2 x2
1.
2
x+
x
x
x
2 + 3
1
2
2.
3.
3
x2 + 3x +2
x
x+2
THE HUB
5x
3
x2 2
x
1
x1
x2 + 2
x +x6
3
x2 + x
2 steps to the
right
Down 4 steps
3 steps to the
left
4 steps to the
right
Up 3 steps
QU
NS
ES TIO
Based on the above activity, what are your steps in simplifying complex
rational algebraic expressions?
102
A ctivity 16
Directions:
Web based
Booster:
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
A ctivity 17
Directions:
REACTION GUIDE
Revisit the second activity. There are sets of rational algebraic
expressions in the following table. Check agree if column I is the same
as column II and check disagree if the two columns are not the same.
I
II
x+y
x xy
2
2
x2 xy
x y
x-1 y-1
3y 15
6y 30
2
y +y
y + 2y + 1
2y
y+ 1
103
Agree
Disagree
QU
NS
ES TIO
7
5
+
6x
4x2
15 + 14x
12x2
a
b
ba
ab
a+b
ba
b
a+b
a+b
b
1
2
b + a
a2
a+b
Compare your answer in the anticipation guide to your answer in the reaction
guide. Do they differ from each other? Why?
In this section, the discussion is all about operations on rational algebraic expressions.
How much of your initial ideas were discussed? Which ideas are different and need
revision? The skills in performing the operations on rational algebraic expressions is one
of the key concepts in solving rate-related problems.
104
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
_
_
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ar...__ ___________ _______
f
o
s
d
rne
___
____
a
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
e
_
_
v
_
_
____
a
_
_
_
h
_
_
_
_
I
_
_
_
_
t
_
_
_
a
_
Wh
______ __________ __________ _______
_
_
_
_
_
_____
______ __________ __________ _____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ _________.
_
__
__
______ __________ ___________
__
__
______ __________
__
______
105
What to
to Understand
Understand
What
Your goal in this section is to relate the operations on rational expressions to
real-life problems, especially the rate problems.
A ctivity 18
WORD PROBLEM
Read the problems below and answer the questions that follow.
1.
Two vehicles travelled (x + 4) kilometers. The first vehicle travelled for (x2 16) hours
2
while the second travelled for
hours.
x4
a.
b.
2.
Distance
Time
Speed
Pancho and Bruce were asked to fill the tank with water. Pancho can fill the tank
in x minutes alone, while Bruce is slower by two minutes compared to Pancho.
a. What part of the job can Pancho finish in one minute?
b. What part of the job can Bruce finish in one minute?
c.
Pancho and Bruce can finish filling the tank together within y minutes. How
will you represent algebraically, in simplest form, the job done by the two if
they worked together?
A ctivity 19
ACCENT PROCESS
List down the concepts and principles in solving problems involving operations on
rational algebraic expressions in every step. You can add a box if necessary.
Step 1
__________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
__________________
Step 2
__________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
__________________
_
106
Step 3
__________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
__________________
_
A ctivity 20
PRESENTATION
Present and discuss to the class the process of answering the questions below. Your output
will be graded according to reasoning, accuracy, and presentation.
Alex can pour concrete on a walkway in x hours alone while Andy can pour concrete on the
same walkway in two more hours than Alex.
a. How fast can they pour concrete on the walkway if they work together?
b. If Emman can pour concrete on the same walkway in one more hour than Alex,
and Roger can pour the same walkway in one hour less than Andy, who must
work together to finish the job with the least time?
Rubrics for your output
Outstanding
4
Explanation shows
Mathematical thorough reasoning
reasoning
and insightful
justifications.
All computations are
Accuracy
correct and shown
in detail.
The presentation
is delivered in a
very convincing
Presentation manner. Appropriate
and creative visual
materials used.
CRITERIA
Satisfactory
3
Explanation
shows
substantial
reasoning
Developing
2
Explanation
shows gaps in
reasoning.
Most of the
All computations
computations
are correct.
are correct.
The
The
presentation is
presentation is
delivered in a
delivered in a
clear manner.
disorganized
Appropriate
manner. Some
visual materials visual materials
used.
used.
Beginning
1
Explanation
shows illogical
reasoning.
Some of the
computations
are correct.
The presentation is
delivered in a
clear manner.
It does not
use any visual
materials.
In this section, the discussion is about application of operations on rational algebraic
expressions. It gives you a general picture of relation between operations on rational
algebraic expressions and raterelated problems.
What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new connections have you
made for yourself? What questions do you still have? Copy the Learned, Affirmed, and
Challenged cards in your journal notebook and complete each.
Learned
Affirmed
107
Challenge
What questions do you
still have? Which areas
seem difficult for you?
Which do you want to
explore
What to
to Transfer
Transfer
What
Your goal in this section is to apply your learning in real-life situations. You will be
given a practical task which will demonstrate your understanding.
A ctivity 21
PRESENTATION
A newly-wed couple plans to construct a house. The couple has already a house plan made by their engineer friend. The plan of the house is
illustrated below:
Lavatory
2m
Bedroom
1m
Dining Room
2m
Comfort
1.5 m Room
Living Room
2.5 m
Master
Bedroom
3m
3m
3m
As a foreman of the project, you are tasked to prepare a manpower plan to be presented
to the couple. The plan includes the number of workers needed to complete the project, their
daily wage, the duration of the project, and the budget. The manpower plan will be evaluated
based on reasoning, accuracy, presentation, practicality, and efficiency.
108
Reasoning
Accuracy
Presentation
Outstanding
4
Explanation
shows thorough
reasoning
and insightful
justifications.
All computations
are correct and
shown in detail.
The
presentation is
delivered in a
very convincing
manner.
Appropriate and
creative visual
materials are
used.
Satisfactory
3
Explanation
shows
substantial
reasoning.
Developing
2
Explanation
shows gaps in
reasoning.
Beginning
1
Explanation
shows illogical
reasoning.
Most of the
All computations
computations
are correct.
are correct.
The
The
presentation is
presentation is
delivered in a
delivered in a
clear manner.
disorganized
Appropriate
manner. Some
visual materials visual materials
are used.
are used.
Some of the
computations
are correct.
The presentation is delivered
in a clear manner. It does not
use any visual
materials.
The proposed
project will be
completed with
greater number
of days.
The cost of
the plan is
expensive.
The proposed
plan will be
completed
with the most
number of days.
The cost of the
plan is very
expensive.
Practicality
The proposed
plan will be
completed at the
least time.
The proposed
plan will be
completed in
lesser time.
Efficiency
The cost of
the plan is
reasonable.
109
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
t
a
____
_
h
t
_
_
d
_
o
_
dersto __________ _______
n
u
e
v
___
I ha
_
,
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ ______
n
_
_
o
_
s
_
s
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
In this ___________ __________ ___________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
______ ___________ __________ __________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
______ ___.
__
______
110
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION:
Now that you have completed this module, let us summarize what have you learned:
1.
2.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS:
Complex rational algebraic expression an expression where the numerator or denominator or both the numerator and the denominator are rational algebraic expressions.
LCD also known as least common denominator is the least common multiple of the denominators.
Manpower plan a plan where the number of workers needed to complete the project,
wages of each worker in a day, how many days can workers finish the job and how much can
be spend on the workers for the entire project.
Rate-related problems problems involving rates (e.g., speed, percentage, ratio, work)
Rational algebraic expression a ratio of two polynomials where the denominator is not
equal to one.
111
112
RELATIONS
AND FUNCTIONS
I.
In this module, you will examine this question when you take the following lessons:
Lesson 1 Rectangular Coordinate System
Lesson 2 Representations of Relations and Functions
Lesson 3 Linear Function and Its Applications
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Module Map
Map
Module
Rectangular
Coordinate
System
Representations
of Relations and
Functions
Relations and
Functions
Mapping
Diagram
Ordered
Pairs
Dependent and
Independent Variables
Table
Equations/
Formulas
Linear Functions
Applications
Graphs
114
EXPECTED SKILLS:
To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:
1.
2.
3.
III. PRE-ASSESSMENT
Read the questions carefully. Write the letter that corresponds to your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1.
2.
3.
y
J
B
Figure 1
1
a.
3 c.
3
1
b.
-3 d.
3
6.
2
x + 2
5
2
b.
y = x + 2
5
a.
y=
2
x + 10
5
2
d. y = x + 10
5
c. y =
115
Figure 2
7. Find the equation of the line with slope -2 and passing through (5, 4).
a. y = 2x + 1
c. y = 2x + 14
b. y = -2x + 1
d. y = -2x + 14
8. Which line passes through the points (3, 4) and (8, -1)?
a.
y = -x + 7
c. y = x + 7
b.
y = -x 1
d. y = x 1
9.
10.
Jonathan has a job mowing lawns in his neighborhood, and gets paid Php 25 per
hour. Identify the independent variable in computing his total pay.
a. the job
c. the lawn mowing
b. the total pay
d. the number of hours worked
Some ordered pairs for a linear function of x are given in the table below.
x
1
3
5
7
9
y
-1
5
11
17
23
Which of the following equations was used to generate the table above?
a.
y = 3x 4
c.
y = -3x 4
b.
y = 3x + 4
d. y = -3x + 4
11. As x increases in the equation 5x + y = 7, the value of y
a. increases.
b. decreases.
c.
does not change.
Figure 3
d. cannot be determined.
12.
What is the slope of the hill illustrated in Figure 3? (Hint: Convert 5 km to m.)
y
1
a.
4 c.
4
1
b.
125 d.
250
13.
14.
Joshua resides in a certain city, but he starts a new job in the neighboring city.
Every Monday, he drives his new car 90 kilometers from his residence to the
office and spends the week in a company apartment. He drives back home every
Friday. After 4 weeks of this routinary activity, his cars odometer shows that he
has travelled 870 kilometers since he bought the car. Write a linear model which
gives the distance y covered by the car as a function of x number of weeks since
he used the car.
a. y = 180x + 150
c. y = 180x + 510
b. y = 90x + 510
d. y = 90x + 150
116
m
p
Figure 4
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
30
37
44
51
58
16.
17.
18.
If the pattern continues, can you predict the number of out-of-school youths by
year 2020?
a. Yes, the number of out-of-school youths by year 2020 is 107.
b. Yes, the number of out-of-school youths by year 2020 is 114.
c.
No, because it is not stipulated in the problem.
d. No, because the data is insufficient.
The number of out-of-school youths has continued to increase. If you are the SK
Chairman, what would be the best action to minimize the growing number of outof-school youths?
a. Conduct a job fair.
b. Create a sports project.
c.
Let them work in your barangay.
d. Encourage them to enrol in Alternative Learning System.
You are a Math teacher. You gave a task to each group of students to make a
mathematical model, a table of values, and a graph about the situation below.
A boy rents a bicycle in the park. He has to pay a fixed amount of Php 10 and
an additional cost of Php 15 per hour or a fraction of an hour, thereafter.
What criteria will you consider so that your students can attain a good output?
I. Accuracy
II. Intervals in the Axes
III. Completeness of the Label
IV. Appropriateness of the Mathematical Model
a.
b.
I and II only
I, II, and III only
c.
d.
117
If y refers to the cost and x refers to the number of hours, what is the correct
mathematical model of the situation given in item 18?
a.
y = 15x + 10
c. y = 15x 10
b. y = 10x + 15
d. y = 10x 15
19.
20.
You are one of the trainers of a certain TV program on weight loss. You notice that
when the trainees run, the number of calories c burned is a function of time t in
minutes as indicated below:
t
c(t)
1
13
2
26
3
39
4
52
5
65
As a trainer, what best piece of advice could you give to the trainees to maximize
weight loss?
a. Spend more time for running and eat as much as you can.
b. Spend more time for running and eat nutritious foods.
c.
Spend less time for running.
d. Sleep very late at night.
118
Lesson
Rectangular
Coordinate System
What to
to Know
Know
What
Lets start this module by reviewing the important lessons on Sets. As you go
through this part, think about this question: How can the Rectangular Coordinate
System be used in real life?
A ctivity 1
RECALLING SETS
Description:
This activity will help you recall the concept of sets and the basic operations
on sets.
Directions: Let A = {red, blue, orange}, B = {red, violet, white}, and C = {black, blue}.
Find the following.
1.
A B
2.
A B
3.
A B C
4.
5.
6.
n(A B)
n(A B)
A C
7.
8.
9.
AB C
A (B C)
n(A (B C))
QU
NS
ES TIO
A ctivity 2
BOWOWOW!
Description:
Directions:
This activity is in the form of a game which will help you recall the concept
of number line.
Do as directed.
1. Group yourselves into 9 or 11 members.
2. Form a line facing your classmates.
3. Assign integers which are arranged from least to greatest to each
group member from left to right.
4. Assign zero to the group member at the middle.
119
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
NS
QU
ES TIO
4.
A ctivity 3
IRF WORKSHEET
Description:
Directions:
Below is the IRF Worksheet in which you will give your present knowledge
about the concept.
Write in the second column your initial answers to the questions provided in
the first column.
Initial
Answer
Questions
Revised
Answer
Final
Answer
1.
What is a rectangular
coordinate system?
2. What are the different
parts of the rectangular
coordinate system?
3. How are points plotted on
the Cartesian plane?
4. How can the Rectangular
Coordinate System be used
in real life?
You just tried answering the initial column of the IRF Sheet. The next section will
enable you to understand what a Rectangular Coordinate System is all about and do a
CoordinArt to demonstrate your understanding.
What to
to Process
Process
What
Your goal in this section is to learn and understand the key concepts of Rectangular
Coordinate System.
120
Rectangular Coordinate System is introduced using the concept of sets. You have
learned the binary operations of sets: union and intersection. Recall that A B and A B
are defined as follows:
A B = {xx A or x B}
A B = {xx A and x B}
The product set or Cartesian product of nonempty sets A and B, written as A B and
read A cross B, is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a A and b B. In symbols,
.
Illustrative Examples:
Let A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {0, 5}. Find (a) A B and (b) B A.
Solution:
A B = {(2, 0), (2, 5), (3, 0), (3, 5), (5, 0), (5, 5)}
B A = {(0, 2), (5, 2), (0, 3), (5, 3), (0, 5), (5, 5)}
The cardinality of set A is 3, symbolized as n(A) = 3. The cardinality of a set is the
number of elements in the set. The cardinality of A B, written as n(A B), can be determined
by multiplying the cardinality of A and the cardinality of B. That is,
n(A B) = n(A) n(B)
Illustrative Examples:
Let A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {0, 5}. Find (a) n(A B), and (b) n(B A).
Questions:
Solution:
n(A B) = 3 2 = 6
n(B A) = 2 3 = 6
It is because n(A B) = n(B A)implies
n(A) n(B) = n(B) n(A) and it holds by
Multiplication Property of Equality.
121
E S TI
ON
QU
State your conclusions by completing the statements below using the correct relation
symbol = or .
For any nonempty sets A and B,
1. n(A B) ___ n(B A).
2. A B ___ B A.
Exercise 1
Given that A = {4, 7, 8} and B = {5, 6}, find the following:
1. A B 3.
n(A B)
2. B A 4.
n(B A)
Exercise 2
Find (a) X Y, (b) Y X, (c) n(X Y), and (d) n(Y X) given the following sets X and Y:
1.
X = {2, 3} and Y = {8, 3}
2.
X = {1, 3, 6} and Y = {1, 5}
3.
X = {2, 5, 8, 9} and Y = {0, 8}
4.
X = {a, e, i, o, u} and Y = {yy is a letter of the word paper}.
5.
X = {x1 < x < 10, x is a prime number} and Y = {yy N,1 < y < 3}
Let be the set of real numbers. The notation 2 is the set of ordered pairs (x, y),
where x and y ; that is,
2 = = {(x, y)x , y }.
2 is also called the xy-plane or Cartesian plane in honor of the French mathematician
Ren Descartes (1596 1650), who is known as the Father of Modern Mathematics.
The Cartesian plane is composed of two perpendicular number
lines that meet at the point of origin (0, 0) and divide the plane into four
regions called quadrants. It is composed of infinitely many points. Each
point in the coordinate system is defined by an ordered pair of the
form (x, y), where x and y . The first coordinate of a point is called
the x-coordinate or abscissa and the second coordinate is called the
y-coordinate or ordinate. We call (x, y) an ordered pair because it is
different from (y, x). The horizontal and vertical lines, typically called the
x-axis and the y-axis, respectively, intersect at the point of origin whose
coordinates are (0, 0). The signs of the first and second coordinates of
a point vary in the four quadrants as indicated below.
Quadrant I
Quadrant II
Quadrant III
Quadrant IV
x > 0, or x is positive
x < 0, or x is negative
x < 0, or x is negative
x > 0, or x is positive
y > 0, or y is positive
y > 0, or y is positive
y < 0, or y is negative
y < 0, or y is negative
or (+, +);
or (, +);
or (, );
or (+, ).
There are also points which lie in the x- and y-axes. The points which lie in the x-axis
have coordinates (x, 0) and the points which lie in the y-axis have coordinates (0, y), where x
and y are real numbers.
122
Quadrant II
(, +)
Quadrant I
(+, +)
6
5
4
3
2
1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
0 1
-1
-1
x axis
-2
-3
origin
-4
-5
(, )
Quadrant III
(+, )
Quadrant IV
-6
-7
How do you think can we apply this in real life? Lets try the next activity.
Example
Suppose Mara and Clara belong to a class with the following seating arrangement.
C1
C2
C3
C4
R5
R4
R3
Mara
Clara
R2
R1
Teacher's Table
123
C5
C6
Questions:
1.
2.
Using ordered pairs, how do we describe Maras seat? How about Claras seat?
Using ordered pairs, how do we locate the seat of any classmate of Mara and
Clara?
Can we make a set of ordered pairs? If yes, state so.
3.
Solutions:
1.
Maras seat is at the intersection of Column 2 and Row 3. Claras seat is at the
intersection of Column 4 and Row 2. In symbols, we can write (2, 3) and (4, 2),
respectively, if we take the column as the x-axis and the row as y-axis.
We locate the seat of Maras and Claras classmates by using column and row.
We can use an ordered pair (Column #, Row #) to locate it.
Here is the set of ordered pairs:
{(C1, R1), (C2, R1), (C3, R1), (C4, R1), (C5, R1), (C6, R1),
(C1, R2), (C2, R2), (C3, R2), (C4, R2), (C5, R2), (C6, R2),
(C1, R3), (C2, R3), (C3, R3), (C4, R3), (C5, R3), (C6, R3),
(C1, R4), (C2, R4), (C3, R4), (C4, R4), (C5, R4), (C6, R4),
(C1, R5), (C2, R5), (C3, R5), (C4, R5), (C5, R5), (C6, R5)}
2.
3.
A ctivity 4
Description:
Directions:
This activity will enable you to locate the seat of your classmate in your
classroom using ordered pairs. This can be done by groups of five members
each.
Locate your seat and the seats of groupmates in the classroom. Complete
the table below:
Name
Location
QU
NS
ES TIO
124
Description:
Directions:
y
Aurora 5th St.
Aurora 4th St.
Aurora 3rd St.
Aurora 2nd St.
Aurora 1st St.
a.
Mabini 4th corner Aurora 1st Streets A
b.
Mabini 2nd corner Aurora 2nd Streets B
c.
Mabini 3rd corner Aurora 5th Streets C
d.
Mabini 5th corner Aurora 4th Streets D
e.
Mabini 1st corner Aurora 1st Streets E
1.
2.
3.
NS
QU
ES TIO
4.
5.
A ctivity 6
Description:
Directions:
A ctivity 5
This activity is a game which will enable you to learn the Rectangular
Coordinate System.
Form two lines. 15 of you will form a horizontal line (x-axis) and 14 for the
vertical line (y-axis). These lines should intersect at the middle. Others may
stay at any quadrant separated by the lines. You may sit down and will only
stand when the coordinates of the point, the axis or the quadrant you belong
to is called.
125
1.
2.
3.
NS
QU
ES TIO
A ctivity 7
Description:
Directions:
This activity will enable you to give the coordinates of the part of the building.
Describe the location of each point below by completing the following table.
An example is done for you. Note that the point indicates the center of the
given part of the building.
Parts of the
Coordinates
Building
Example:
(-11, 8)
Morning Room
1. Gilt
Room
2. Terrace
Hall
3. Old
Kitchen
4. Billiard
Room
5. Salon
6. Reception
Hall
7. Grand
Staircase
Parts of the
Building
Quadrant
II
8. Marble
Hall
9. Reception
Office
10. Drawing
Room
11. Entrance
12. Library
13. Spa
14. Harborough
Room
126
Coordinates Quadrant
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
127
A ctivity 8
OBJECTS POSITION
Description:
Directions:
This activity will enable you to give the coordinates of the point where the
object is located.
Describe the location of each point below by completing the following table.
An example is done for you.
Object
Example: ball
1. spoon
2. television set
3. laptop
4. bag
5. pillow
6. camera
7. table
Coordinates
(4, 2)
Quadrant/Axis
I
QU
NS
ES TIO
128
Exercise 3
Indicate the name of each point in the Cartesian plane. Name each point by writing the
letter beside it. The coordinates are provided in the box below. An example is done for you.
y
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6
-5 -4
-3
-2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
1. A(-2, -6)
2. B(3, -3)
3. C(-1, 3)
4. D(0, 0)
5. E(-9, 11)
6. F(-4, 0)
7. G(0, -5)
8. H(6, -5)
9. I(6, 5)
10. J(13, -8)
129
10 11 12 13
Exercise 4
Write the coordinates of each point. Identify the quadrant/axis where each point lies.
Complete the table below.
Coordinates
1. B( __ , __ )
2. C( __ , __ )
3. F( __ , __ )
4. G( __ , __ )
5. H( __ , __ )
6. L( __ , __ )
7. K( __ , __ )
Quadrant / Axis
y
5
4
G
3
2
1
-5
-4
-3
C
-2
-1
0
-1
-2
-3
L
-4
-5
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
130
Now, make a Cartesian plane and plot points on it. Can you do it? Try the next exercise.
Exercise 5
Draw a Cartesian plane. Plot and label the following points.
Web Links
Kindly click this link
http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/rectangular-coordinate-system.
html and watch the video
provided for your reference.
A ctivity 9
1.
C(0, 4)
2.
A(3, -2)
3.
R(-5, 3)
4.
T(0, 7)
5.
E(-3, 6)
1
, 6)
2
5
7. I( , 4)
2
1
8. N(-7, )
4
1 1
9. P(- , - )
2 2
1
10. L(-8, )
2
6.
S(
Description:
Directions:
Below is the IRF Worksheet in which you will give your present knowledge
about the concept.
Give your revised answers of the questions in the first column and write
them in the third column. Compare your revised answers from your initial
answers.
Initial
Answer
Questions
Revised
Answer
Final
Answer
1. What is a rectangular
coordinate system?
2. What are the different
parts of the rectangular
coordinate system?
3. How do you locate points
on the Cartesian plane?
4. How can the Rectangular
Coordinate System be
used in real life?
In this section, the discussion is all about the Rectangular Coordinate System. You
have learned the important concepts of Rectangular Coordinate System. As you go through,
keep on thinking of the answer to the question: How can the Rectangular Coordinate
System be used in real life?
131
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
_
_
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ar...__ ___________ _______
f
o
s
d
rne
___
____
a
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
e
_
_
v
_
_
____
a
_
_
_
h
_
_
_
_
I
_
_
_
_
t
_
_
_
a
_
Wh
______ __________ __________ _______
_
_
_
_
_
_____
______ __________ __________ _____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ _________.
_
__
__
______ __________ ___________
__
__
______ __________
__
______
132
What to
to Understand
Understand
What
Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the topic.
A ctivity 10
Description:
Directions:
6
5
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
-6
-5
-4
D
-7
1
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
Challenge Questions:
Use graphing paper to answer the following questions:
1. What value of k will make the points (-4, -1), (-2, 1), and (0, k) lie on a line?
2. What are the coordinates of the fourth vertex of the square if three of its vertices are at
(4, 1), (-1, 1), and (-1, -4)?
3.
What are the coordinates of the fourth vertex of the rectangle if three vertices are located
at (-2, -7), (3, -7), and (3, 5)?
133
A ctivity 11
Description:
Directions:
COORDINART
This activity will give you some ideas on how Cartesian plane is used in
drawing objects. Perform this activity in groups of 5 to 10 students.
Select only one among the three coordinArts. Identify the ordered pairs of
the significant points so that the figure below would be drawn.
http://www.go2album.com/showAlbum/323639/
coordinartiguana_macaw
http://store.payloadz.com/details/800711-Other-FilesDocuments-and-Forms-sports-car-.html
http://www.plottingcoordinates.com/coordinart_
patriotic.html
The websites below are the sources of the images above. You may use these for more
accurate answers.
1. bird - http://www.go2album.com/showAlbum/323639/coordinartiguana_macaw.
2. car - http://store.payloadz.com/details/800711-Other-Files-Documents-andForms-sports-car-.html.
3. statue - http://www.plottingcoordinates.com/coordinart_patriotic.html.
A ctivity 12
Description:
Directions:
Questions
1. What is a rectangular coordinate
system?
2. What are the different parts of the
rectangular coordinate system?
3. What are the uses of the
rectangular coordinate system?
4. How do you locate points on the
Cartesian plane?
134
Revised
Answer
Final
Answer
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
What have you learned about the first lesson in this module?
How meaningful is that learning to you?
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are now ready to do the
task in the next section.
What to
to Transfer
Transfer
What
Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real-life situations. You will be
given a practical task which will demonstrate your understanding.
A ctivity 13
COORDINART MAKING
Description: This activity will enable you to apply your knowledge in
Rectangular Coordinate System to another context.
Materials: graphing paper
ruler
pencil and ballpen
coloring material
Directions:
CRITERIA
Accuracy of
Plot
Exemplary
4
All points are
plotted correctly
and are easy
to see. The
points are neatly
connected.
Satisfactory
3
All points are
plotted correctly
and are easy to
see.
135
Developing
Beginning
2
1
All points are
Points are not
plotted correctly. plotted correctly.
Product shows
a large amount
of original
thought. Ideas
are creative and
inventive.
Originality
Neatness and
Attractiveness
A ctivity 14
Product shows
some original
thought. Work
shows new
ideas and
insights.
Uses other
peoples ideas
and giving them
credit but there
is little evidence
of original
thinking.
Exceptionally
Neat and
Lines and
well designed,
relatively
curves are
neat, and
attractive. A ruler neatly drawn
attractive.
and graphing
but the graph
Colors that go
paper are used appears quite
well together are to make the
plain.
used to make
graph more
the graph more readable.
readable. A ruler
and graphing
paper are used.
Uses other
people's ideas,
but does not
give them credit.
Appears messy
and "thrown
together" in a
hurry. Lines
and curves are
visibly crooked.
CONSTELLATION ART
Description: This activity will enable you to apply your knowledge in
Rectangular Coordinate System to another context.
Materials: graphing paper
pencil and ballpen
coloring material
Directions:
How did you find the performance task? How did the task help you see the real-world
use of the topic?
You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson, answer the
question: How can the Rectangular Coordinate System be used in real life? Aside
from what is specified, can you cite another area or context where this topic is applicable?
136
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
t
a
____
_
h
t
_
_
d
_
o
_
dersto __________ _______
n
u
e
v
___
I ha
_
,
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ ______
n
_
_
o
_
s
_
s
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
In this ___________ __________ ___________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
______ ___________ __________ __________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
______ ___.
__
______
137
Lesson
Representations
of Relations
and Functions
What to
to Know
Know
What
Lets start this lesson by looking at the relationship between two things or quantities.
As you go through this lesson, think about this question: How are the quantities related
to each other?
A ctivity 1
CLASSIFY!
Description:
Directions:
This activity will enable you to write ordered pairs. Out of this activity, you
can describe the relation of an object to its common name.
Group the following objects in such a way that they have common properties/
characteristics.
fork
pencil
laptop
digital camera
ladle
liquid eraser
knife
ballpen
tablet
notebook
Kitchen Utensils
School Supplies
Gadgets
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
138
grater
iPod
pot
cellphone
paper
1.
2.
3.
NS
QU
ES TIO
A ctivity 2
REPRESENTING A RELATION
Description:
Direction:
Column 1: _________________________________________
Column 2: _________________________________________
Column 3: _________________________________________
Given a diagram, you will be able to learn how to make a set of ordered
pairs.
Describe the mapping diagram below by writing the set of ordered pairs. The
first two coordinates are done for you.
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
narra
tulip
orchid
mahogany
rose
apricot
flower
tree
139
A ctivity 3
IRF WORKSHEET
Description:
Direction:
Below is the IRF Worksheet that you will accomplish to record your present
knowledge about the concept.
Write in the second column your initial answers to the questions provided in
the first column.
Questions
Initial Answer
Revised
Answer
Final
Answer
1. What is a relation?
2. What is a function?
3. What do you mean by
domain of a relation/
function?
4.
What do you mean
by range of a relation/
function?
5. How are relations and
functions represented?
6. How are the quantities
related to each other?
You gave your initial ideas on representations of relations and functions. The next
section will enable you to understand how a relation and a function are represented and
do a leaflet design to demonstrate your understanding.
What to
to Process
Process
What
Your goal in this section is to learn and understand the key concepts of
Representations of Relations and Functions.
A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first coordinates is called the domain
of the relation. The set of all second coordinates is called the range of the relation.
140
Illustrative Example
Suppose you are working in a fast food company. You earn Php 40 per hour. Your
earnings are related to the number of hours of work.
Questions:
1.
How much will you earn if you work 4 hours a day? How about 5 hours? 6 hours?
7 hours? Or 8 hours?
Express each as an ordered pair.
Based on your answer in item 2, what is the domain? What is the range?
2.
3.
Solutions:
1.
The earning depends on the number of hours worked. An amount of Php 160
is earned for working 4 hours a day, Php 200 for 5 hours, Php 240 for 6 hours,
Php 280 for 7 hours and Php 320 in 8 hours.
(4, 160), (5, 200), (6, 240), (7, 280), and (8, 320)
The domain of the relation is {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. The range of the relation is {160, 200,
240, 280, 320}.
2.
3.
A ctivity 4
Description:
QU
NS
ES TIO
141
Exercise 1
Suppose the bicycle rental at the Rizal Park is worth Php 20 per hour. Your sister would
like to rent a bicycle for amusement.
1. How much will your sister pay if she would like to rent a bicycle for 1 hour? 2
hours? 3 hours?
2. Based on your answers in item 1, write ordered pairs in the form (time, amount).
3. Based on your answers in item 2, what is the domain? What is the range?
4. How are rental time and cost of rental related to each other?
Exercise 2
Suppose you want to call your mother by phone. The charge of a pay phone call is Php 5 for
the first 3 minutes and an additional charge of Php 2 for every additional minute or a fraction of it.
1. How much will you pay if you have called your mother for 1 minute? 2 minutes?
3 minutes? 4 minutes? 5 minutes?
2. Based on your answers in item 1, write ordered pairs in the form (time, charge).
3. Based on your answers in item 2, what is the domain? What is the range?
4. How are time and charge related to each other?
Exercise 3
John pays an amount Php 12 per hour for using the internet. During Saturdays and
Sundays, he enjoys and spends most of his time playing a game especially if he is with his
friends online. He plays the game for almost 4 hours.
1.
How much will John pay for using the internet for 1 hour? 2 hours? 3 hours? 4 hours?
2. Express each as an ordered pair.
3. Is it a relation? Explain.
4. Based on your answers in item 3, what is the domain? What is the range?
5. How are time and amount related to each other?
6. If John has decided not to play the game in the internet cafe this weekend, what
is the maximum amount that he would have saved?
Exercise 4
The perimeter of a square depends on the length of its side. The formula of perimeter of
a square is P = 4s, where P stands for perimeter and s stands for the side.
1. What is the perimeter of the square whose side is 1 cm long? How about 2 cm
long? 3 cm long? 4 cm long? 5 cm long? 20 cm long?
2. Express each as an ordered pair.
3. Is it a relation? Why?
4. Based on your answers in item 3, what is the domain? What is the range?
5. How are the perimeter and the side related to each other?
Exercise 5
The weight of a person on earth and on the moon is given in the table as approximates.
120
20
126
21
132
22
138
23
144
24
150
25
Source: You Min, Gladys Ng. (2008). GCE O Level Pure Physics Study Guide. Fairfield Book Publishers: Singapore.
142
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Representations of Relations
Aside from ordered pairs, a relation may be represented in four other ways: (1) table, (2)
mapping diagram, (3) graph, and (4) rule.
Table
The table describes clearly the behavior of the value of y as the value of x
changes. Tables can be generated based on the graph. Below is an example of a
table of values presented horizontally. At the right is also a table of values that is
presented vertically.
-2
-4
-1
-2
x
y
-2
-4
-1
-2
0
0
1
2
2
4
Mapping Diagram
Subsequently, a relation can be described by using a
diagram as shown at the right. In this example, -2 is mapped to
-4, -1 to -2, 0 to 0, 1 to 2, and 2 to 4.
Graph
At the right is an example of a graphical representation of
a relation. It illustrates the relationship of the values of x and y.
Rule
Notice that the value of y is twice the value of x. In other
words, this can be described by the equation y = 2x, where x is
an integer from -2 to 2.
143
Illustrative Example
Given the graph, complete the set of ordered pairs and the table of values; draw the
mapping diagram; and generate the rule.
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
3 4
6 7
9 10
Rule: ________________________
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Answers:
The set of ordered pairs is {(0, 6), (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1), (6, 0)}. We use the
set of ordered pairs in completing the table. The set of ordered pairs shows that 0 is
mapped to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 4, ..., and 6 to 0. Notice that the sum of x and y, which is 6,
is constant. Thus, the rule can be written as x + y = 6. This can also be written in set
notation as indicated below:
{(x,y)x + y = 6}
Note that the graph does not start with (0, 6) nor end with (6, 0). Arrow heads indicate
that we can extend the graph in both directions. Thus, it has no starting and ending points.
144
Exercise 6
Given the mapping diagram below, make a table; write a set of ordered pairs; and draw
its graph.
A
B
-2
0
-1
y
Graph: Table:
1
0
6
5
x y
4
1
4
3
2
1
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
Questions:
1. How did you write the set of ordered pairs?
2. How did you make the table?
3. How did you graph?
4. Did you encounter any difficulty in making the table, set of ordered pairs, and the
graph? Why?
5. Can you generate a rule? Explain your answer.
Note that:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is not a relation because it is not a set of ordered pairs.
{(1, 5), (2, 4), (-1, 8), (0, 10)} is a relation because it is a set of ordered pairs.
The rule x + y = 7 represents a relation because this can be written as a set of
ordered pairs {..., (0, 7), (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), ...}
If the ordered pairs are plotted in the Cartesian plane, then a graph can be drawn
to describe the relation. The graph also illustrates a relation.
Domain and Range
It is noted that the domain of a relation is
the set of first coordinates while the range is the
set of second coordinates. Going back to the
graph, the domain of the relation is {-2, -1, 0,
1, 2} and range is {-4, -2, 0, 2, 4}. Note that we
write the same element in the domain or range
once.
145
Illustrative Example
Determine the domain and range of the mapping diagram given in
Exercise 6.
Solution:
The domain of the relation is {0, 1, 4} while its range is {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}.
1. http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=7Hg9JJceywA;
and
2. http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=I0f9O7Y2xI4.
Exercise 7
Determine the domain and the range of the relation given the set of ordered pairs.
1. {(0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6)}
2. {(0, 2), (0, 4), (0, 6), (0, 8), (0, 10)}
3. {(-5, -2), (-2, -2), (1, 0), (4, 2), (7, 2)}
4. {(0, 2), (-1, 3), (-2, 4), (-3, 5), (-4, 6)}
5. {(0, -2), (1, -3), (2, -4), (3, -5), (4, -6)}
Exercise 8
Determine the domain and the range of each mapping diagram.
1. 3.
-5
-2
-1
0
8
9
2
10
-2
0
1
2
2. 4.
1
2
0
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
-5
-1
0
6
1
2
3
Exercise 9
Determine the domain and the range of the table of values.
x
-1 0
1
2
3
1. 3.
y
3
6
9 12 15
x
y
-2
2
-1
1
0
0
1
1
2
2
x
-2 -2 -1 -1 0
2. 4.
y
5 -5 3 -3 -1
x
y
5
-5
5
0
5
5
5
10
5
15
146
Exercise 10
Determine the domain and the range of the relation illustrated by each graph below.
y
1. 3.
-3
-2
-1
-1
-3
-2
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
2. 4.
3
-2
-1
-3
-1
-1
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
147
One-to-One Correspondence
Student
Many-to-One Correspondence
I.D. No.
Mary
001
John
025
Kim
154
Student
Class Rank
Mary
Susan
Kenneth
Roger
One-to-Many Correspondence
Teacher
Student
Mars
Kim
Mrs. Peas
John
Sonia
Illustrative Example 1
Consider the table and mapping diagram below.
Mapping Diagram
Student
Faith
Camille
Jayson
9
Table
Section
Gomez
Zamora
Ivan
148
Government
Agency
Official Websites
DepEd
www.deped.gov.ph
DSWD
www.dswd.gov.ph
SSS
www.sss.gov.ph
PhilHealth
www.philhealth.gov.ph
Questions to Ponder
1. What type of correspondence is the mapping? Explain.
2. What type of correspondence is the table? Explain.
Solutions:
1. The mapping diagram is many-to-one because three students, namely: Faith,
Camille, and Ivan are classmates or belong to the same section Gomez.
2. The table is one-to-one correspondence because one element in the domain
(government agency) is mapped to one and only one element in the range (official
website).
Illustrative Example 2
Consider the sets of ordered pairs below.
Set A: {(3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 7), (7, 8)}
Set B: {(2, 2), (2, -2), (3, 3), (3, -3), (4, 4), (4, -4)}
Set C: {(0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1)}
Questions to Ponder
1. What is the domain of each set of ordered pairs?
2. What is the range of each set of ordered pairs?
3. What type of correspondence is each set of ordered pairs? Explain.
4. Which set/sets of ordered pairs is/are functions? Explain.
Solutions:
1. The domain of set A is {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}; set B is {2, 3, 4}; and set C is {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
2. The range of set A is {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}; set B is {-4, -3, -2, 2, 3, 4}; and set C is {1}.
3. Correspondence in Set A is one-to-one; set B is one-to-many; and set C is manyto-one.
4. Set A is a function because there exists a one-to-one correspondence between
elements. For example, 3 corresponds to 4, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, and 7 to 8.
Similarly, set C is a function because every element in the domain corresponds
to one element in the range. However, set B is not a function because there are
elements in the domain which corresponds to more than one element in the range.
For example, 2 corresponds to both 2 and -2.
A function is a special type of relation. It is a relation in which every element in the
domain is mapped to exactly one element in the range. Thus, a set of ordered pairs is a
function if no two distinct ordered pairs have equal abscissas.
Questions to Ponder
1. Among the types of correspondence, which ones are functions? Why?
2.
Does one-to-one correspondence between elements always guarantee a function?
How about many-to-one? Justify your answer.
3. Does one-to-many correspondence between elements always guarantee a
function? Justify your answer.
149
Exercise 11
Go back to Exercises 7 to 10, identify which ones are functions. Explain.
Note that all functions are relations but some relations are not functions.
A ctivity 5
PLOT IT!
Description:
In the previous activities, you have learned that a set of ordered pairs is a
function if no two ordered pairs have the same abscissas. Through plotting
points, you will be able to generalize that a graph is that of a function if every
vertical line intersects it in at most one point.
Directions:
Determine whether each set of ordered pairs is a function or not. Plot each
set of points on the Cartesian plane. Make some vertical lines in the graph.
(Hint: 3 1.73)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Determine whether each set of ordered pairs represents a function or not. Put a tick
mark on the appropriate column. Determine also the number of points that intersect any vertical line.
Not
Function
Function
150
Number of Points
that Intersect a
Vertical Line
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4, 5,
Web Links
Watch the video by clicking the
websites below.
1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1
&v=uJyx8eAHazo&feature=endscreen
2. h t t p : / / w w w . y o u t u b e .
c o m / w a t c h ? v = - x v D n4FOJQ&feature=endscreen&NR=1
Questions:
1. Which are functions? Why?
2. Can you give graphs which are that of functions? If yes,
give three graphs.
3. Can you give graphs which are not that of functions? If
yes, give another three graphs which do not represent
functions.
4. How do you know that a graph represents a function?
5. How is function represented using graphs?
151
y-axis
-3
-2
-1
y-axis
-1
x-axis
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
x-axis
Questions:
Which graph is a function? Which line fails the Vertical Line Test? Explain.
Horizontal and Vertical Lines
The horizontal line represents a function. It can be described by the equation y = c,
where c is any constant. It is called a constant function. However, a vertical line which can be
described by the equation x = c does not represent a function.
A relation may also be represented by an equation in two variables or the so-called rule.
Consider the next example.
Illustrative Example 1
The rule 3x + y = 4 represents a relation. If we substitute the value of x = -2 in the
equation, then the value of y would be:
3x + y = 4
3(-2) + y = 4
Substituting x by -2.
-6 + y = 4
Simplification
-6 + y + 6 = 4 + 6
Addition Property of Equality
y = 10
Simplification
Similarly, if x = -1, then y = 7, and so on. Thus, we can have a set of ordered pairs
{, (-2, 10), (-1, 7), (0, 4), (1, 1), (2, -2),...}. Besides, a rule is a function if y can be
expressed in terms of x, and there is only one value of y for one value of x.
152
Illustrative Example 2
Tell whether the rule 3x + y = 4 is a function or not.
Solutions
3x + y = 4
3x + y + (-3x) = 4 + (-3x)
Why?
y = -3x + 4 Why?
Illustrative Example 3
Tell whether the rule x2 + y2 = 4 a function or not.
x2 + y2 = 4
x2 + y2 + (-x2) = 4 + (-x2)
Why?
y2 = 4 x2 Why?
y = 4 x2
Getting the square root of both sides.
Notice that for every value of x, there are two values of y. Lets find the values of y if x = 0.
y = 4 x2
y = 4 02
y = 4
y = 2
As shown above, if x = 0, then the values of y are 2 and -2. Thus, it is not a function.
An equation in two variables can also represent a relation. With this activity,
you are able to determine whether a rule is a function or not.
Given the rule, determine whether the rule represents a function or not.
Answer the questions that follow. Examples are done for you.
Equation
Solutions
x = -2
y = 2x + 1 = 2(-2) + 1 = -4 + 1 = -3
x = -1
y = 2x + 1 = 2(-1) + 1 = -2 + 1 = -1
a. y = 2x + 1
x=0
y = 2x + 1 = 2(0) + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
x=1
y = 2x + 1 = 2(1) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
x=2
y = 2x + 1 = 2(2) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
153
Coordinates
(-2, -3)
(-1, -1)
(0, 1)
(1, 3)
(2, 5)
b. x = y2
x=0
x = y2 = 0; hence, y = 0. Why?
x=1
x = y2 = 1; hence, y = 1 or -1. Why?
x=4
x = y2 = 4; hence, y = 2 or -2. Why?
(0, 0)
(1, 1), (1, -1)
(4, 2), (4, -2)
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
Are there any two ordered pairs whose abscissas are equal? If yes,
which ones? Which rule does this set of ordered pairs belong?
2. Does the equation y = 2x + 1 define a function? Why or why not?
3. Does the equation x = y2 define a function? Why or why not?
4. What is the exponent of y in the equation y = 2x + 1? What about the
exponent of y in the equation x = y2?
5. What can you deduce? How do we know that an equation illustrates
a function? How do we know that an equation illustrates a mere
relation?
6. Which among the equations below define functions? Explain.
a.
y = 5x 4
b. 3x 2y = 2
c.
y = x2
d.
x2 + y2 = 9
e.
y3 = x
7.
Can you give some equations which represent a function? How about
those which do not represent a function? Give three examples each.
Exercise 13
Determine whether each rule below represents a function or not.
1. y = 3x + 9
6. x + y2 = 10
Web Links
2. y = -2x 7
7. x = y4
For your reference, you can visit
the websites:
3. x + y = 10
8. y = x2
1. http://www.webgraphing.com/
2
2. http://www.youtube.com/
4. x + y = 2
9. y = 4 + 1
watch?v=hdwH24ToqZI
5. 2x2 + y2 = 8
10. x2 y2 = 16
154
Note that a rule represents a function if and only if it can be written in the form y = f(x).
A ctivity 7
MINDS-ON
Description:
Direction:
QU
NS
ES TIO
2.
the number of hours boiling and the number of ounces of water in the
pot
Independent variable: ______________
Dependent variable: _______________
3.
4.
5.
1.
155
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
2.
QU
NS
ES TIO
This task provides counter examples to the previous activity. This can be
done by groups of 5 members.
Think of two quantities related to each other. Identify the independent and
dependent variables. Give as many as three examples.
1.
2.
156
NS
ES TIO
QU
In the previous section, you have learned how a function is defined. This time, you
will enrich your knowledge about functions starting with function notation.
Function Notation
The f(x) notation can also be used to define a function. If f is a function, the symbol f(x),
read as f of x, is used to denote the value of the function f at a given value of x. In simpler
way, f(x) denotes the y-value (element of the range) that the function f associates with x-value
(element of the domain). Thus, f(1) denotes the value of y at x = 1. Note that f(1) does not
mean f times 1. The letters such as g, h and the like can also denote functions.
Furthermore, every element x in the domain of the function is
called the pre-image. However, every element y or f(x) in the range
is called the image. The figure at the right illustrates concretely the
input (the value of x) and the output (the value of y or f(x)) in the rule
or function. It shows that for every value of x there corresponds one
and only one value of y.
Example:
Consider the rule or the function f defined by f(x) = 3x 1.
If x = 2, then the value of the function would be 5.
Solution:
f(x) = 3x 1
f(2) = 3(2) 1
f(2) = 6 1
f(2) = 5
Rule/Function
Substituting x by 2
Simplification
Simplification
157
Input
Function f
Output
f(x) or y
The input is 2 (the value of x) and the output is 5 (the value of y or f(x)).
How about if x = 3?
Solution:
f(x) = 3x 1
f(3) = 3(3) 1
f(3) = 9 1
f(3) = 8
Rule/Function
Substituting x = 3
Simplification
Simplification
The input is 3 (the value of x) while the output is 8 (the value of function).
Solutions:
In (a), arrow heads indicate that the graph of the function extends in both directions.
It extends to the left and right without bound; thus, the domain D of the function is the set of
real numbers. Similarly, it extends upward and downward without bound; thus, the range R of
function is the set of all real numbers. In symbols,
D = {x|x }, R = {y|y }
158
In (b), arrow heads indicate that the graph of the function is extended to the left and
right without bound, and downward, but not upward, without bound. Thus, the domain of the
function is the set of real numbers, while the range is any real number less than or equal to 0.
That is,
D = {x|x }, R = {y|y 0}
Exercise 14
Determine the domain and the range of the functions below.
1. 2. 3.
5
4.
5.
6.
(0, -2)
Note: The broken line in item number 4 is an asymptote. This is a line that the graph of
a function approaches, but never intersects. (Hint: The value of x = 0 is not part of the domain
of the function.)
159
A ctivity 10
GRAPH ANALYSIS
Description:
Directions:
This activity will enable you to determine the domain of the function.
Consider the graphs below. Answer the questions that follow.
1
The graph of f(x) =
x
y
4
-4
-3
-2
-1
QU
-4
-3
-2
-1
7
6
5
4
3
2
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
NS
ES TIO
-1
1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
1.
2.
You have tried identifying the domain and the range of the graph of the function.
What about if you are asked to find the domain of the function itself without its graph. Try
this one!
Illustrative Example
Determine the domain of each function below. Check the solution using a calculator.
1.
f(x) = 3x
2.
f(x) = x2
3.
f(x) = x 2
x+1
4.
f(x) =
x
160
Solutions:
1. In f(x) = 3x, there is no value of x that makes the function f undefined. Thus, the
domain of f(x) = 3x is the set of real numbers or {x|x }.
2. In f(x) = x2, there is no value of x that makes the function f undefined. Thus, the
domain of f(x) = x2 is the set of real numbers or {x|x }.
3. In f(x) = x 2 , the domain of the function is the set of values of x that will not
make x 2 an imaginary number. Examples of these values of x are 2, 2.1, 3,
3.74, 4, 5, and so on. However, x = 1 cannot be because it can give the value of
the function
1 2 = -1
which is an imaginary number where the calculator yields an Error or a Math Error.
The numbers between 1 and 2 neither work. Thus, the domain of the function is x
is greater than or equal to 2, or {x|x 2}. To get a real number, the radicand must
be greater than or equal to 0. That is, x 2 0 which gives x 2 if simplified.
x+1
4. In f(x) =
, the domain of the function is the set of values of x that will not make
x
x+1
x+1
undefined. The value x = 0 will make the expression
undefined. When
x
x
the answer is undefined, the calculator yields an Error or a Math Error. Thus,
x = 0 is not part of the domain. The domain, therefore, of the function is the
set of real numbers except 0, or {x|x , x 0}. To find easily the domain of
the function, the denominator must not be equal to zero, or x 0.
Note that the value of the function will not be a real number if it is an imaginary
number or undefined.
Exercise 15
Find the domain of each function.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3x + 4
x1
g(x) = x 7 7.
g(x) = x 8
3x
g(x) = x 8.
g(x) =
x+6
g(x) = x + 1
9. g(x) = 2x 4
x+4
x+4
g(x) =
10. g(x) =
x2
3x 5
g(x) = 5x + 1
6.
g(x) =
161
A ctivity 11
Description:
Directions:
Initial Answer
Revised
Answer
Final
Answer
1. What is a relation?
2. What is a function?
3. How are relations and
functions represented?
4. How are the quantities
related to each other?
Go back to the previous section and find out if your initial ideas are correct or not.
How much of your initial ideas are discussed. Which ideas are different and need revision?
Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, lets go deeper by moving
on to the next section.
162
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
_
_
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ar...__ ___________ _______
f
o
s
d
rne
___
____
a
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
e
_
_
v
_
_
____
a
_
_
_
h
_
_
_
_
I
_
_
_
_
t
_
_
_
a
_
Wh
______ __________ __________ _______
_
_
_
_
_
_____
______ __________ __________ _____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ _________.
_
__
__
______ __________ ___________
__
__
______ __________
__
______
163
What to
to Understand
Understand
What
Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the topic.
A ctivity 12
Description:
Directions:
QUIZ
This activity will evaluate your knowledge about the domain of the given
relation.
Do as directed.
A. State the domain of the relation.
1.
h(x) = 1 x
4.
2.
x + y = 4
3.
x2 + y2 = 16
t(x) = 2x 4
2x2 + 3x 2
r(x) =
x+2
5.
B.
Study the graph given and use it to answer the questions that follow.
y
3
2
1
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
-3
164
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A ctivity 13
Description:
Directions:
Questions
Revised
Answer
Final
Answer
1. What is a relation?
2. What is a function?
3. How are relations and
functions represented?
4. How are the quantities
related to each other?
What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new connections have
you made for yourself?
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the
tasks in the next section.
What to
to Transfer
Transfer
What
Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real-life situations. You will be
given a practical task which will demonstrate your understanding.
165
A ctivity 14
Description:
Directions:
GALLERY WALK
Your output in this activity is one of your projects for the second quarter. It
summarizes the representations of relations and functions. This could be
done by groups of 5 to 8 members each. Before doing this project, you are
required to have a research on making a leaflet.
You make an informative leaflet providing the information about the
representations of relations and functions. Each member in the group will
give a relation and write its representations. Arrange these in a creative
manner. Your group output will be assessed using the rubric below.
RUBRIC: INFORMATIVE LEAFLET
Exemplary
4
The leaflet
includes all
Required
required
Elements
elements as well
as additional
information.
All graphics
are related to
Graphics the topic and
Relevance /
make it easier to
Color
understand.
All borrowed
graphics have a
source citation.
The leaflet is
exceptionally
Attractiveness/
attractive
Formatting
in terms of
design, layout,
and neatness.
CRITERIA
Satisfactory
3
All required
elements are
included in the
leaflet.
Developing
Beginning
2
1
All but 1 or 2
Several required
of the required
elements are
elements are not missing.
included in the
leaflet.
All graphics
relate to the
topic. One or
two borrowed
graphics are not
cited.
Graphics do
not relate to the
topic or several
borrowed
graphics are not
cited.
The leaflet is
attractive in
terms of design,
layout, and
neatness.
The leaflet is
acceptably
attractive though
it may be a bit
messy.
The leaflet is
distractingly
messy or very
poorly designed.
It is not
attractive.
In this section, your task was to make an informative leaflet. How did you find the
performance task?
Continue studying the next lesson for further understanding about functions.
166
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
t
a
____
_
h
t
_
_
d
_
o
_
dersto __________ _______
n
u
e
v
___
I ha
_
,
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ ______
n
_
_
o
_
s
_
s
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
In this ___________ __________ ___________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
______ ___________ __________ __________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
______ ___.
__
______
167
Lesson
Linear Function
and Its Applications
What to
to Know
Know
What
Lets start this lesson by recalling translation of English phrases to mathematical
expressions and vice versa. As you go through this module, keep in mind this question:
How can you predict the value of a quantity given the rate of change?
A ctivity 1
FIND MY PAIR!
Description:
Directions:
N. 2 x y
P. 3xy
Q. x
33
y
168
NS
QU
ES TIO
A ctivity 2
Description:
Directions:
It is also necessary to recall translating verbal sentences to equations. Try the next
activity.
Illustrative Example
Represent the sentences below algebraically:
1.
times
a number
increased by
is
21.
4
x +
5
=
21
The mathematical equation for the verbal sentence is 4x + 5 = 21.
169
2.
3.
The perimeter of any triangle is the sum of the lengths of its three sides. The
perimeter P of the triangle is x + (x + 4) + (2x + 5) and is equal to 57. Thus, the
correct mathematical equation is x + (x + 4) + (2x + 5) = 57.
A ctivity 3
Description:
Direction:
This activity will enable you to translate each verbal sentence into a
mathematical equation and vice versa.
Represent each of the following algebraically.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Twice a number is 6.
Four added to a number gives ten.
Twenty-five decreased by twice a number is twelve.
If thrice a number is added to seven, the sum is ninety-eight.
The sum of the squares of a number x and 3 yields 25.
The difference between thrice a number and nine is 100.
The sum of two consecutive integers is equal to 25.
The product of two consecutive integers is 182.
The area of the rectangle whose length is (x + 4) and width is (x 3)
is 30.
10. The sum of the ages of Mark and Sheila equals 47.
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
Recalling evaluation of algebraic expressions is also important. Try the next activity.
170
A ctivity 4
EVALUATE ME!
3.
x2 + y when x = -5 and y = 7
4.
3x + 2y when x = 3 and y = -4
5.
6.
7.
(3x)(
8.
x2 + 4x 5
when x = 5 and y = 3
y2 y 2
9.
QU
NS
ES TIO
x+4
1
(8y) when x = 2 and y =
x2 30
2
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
y8
)
y2
when x = 8 and y = -2
when x = 4 and y = 0
2
2x 5 + 7y when x = 4 and y = 7
171
A ctivity 5
IRF WORKSHEET
Description:
Directions:
Below is the IRF Worksheet in which you will write your present knowledge
about the concept.
Give your initial answers to the questions provided in the first column and
write them in the second column.
Questions
Initial Answer
Revised
Answer
Final
Answer
the
You have just reviewed translations of English phrases and sentences to mathematical
expressions and equations and vice versa. The next section will enable you to understand
linear functions and their applications, to formulate and solve real-life problems, and to
make a leaflet about electric bill and power consumption to be presented to the different
members of the community.
What to
to Process
Process
What
Your goal in this section is to learn and understand the key concepts of Linear
Function and Its Application.
Linear Function
A linear function is defined by f(x) = mx + b, where m and b are real numbers. Its graph is
a line with slope m and y-intercept b. If m 0, then the degree of the function is 1. If m = 0 and
b 0, then the degree of the function is 0. If m = 0 and b = 0, then the degree of the function
is not defined.
172
Illustrative Example 1
Is the function f defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 a linear function? If yes, determine the slope m
and the y-intercept b.
Solution:
Yes, the function f defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 is a linear function since the highest exponent
(degree) of x is one and it is written in the form f(x) = mx + b. The slope m is 2 while the
y-intercept b is 3.
Illustrative Example 2
Is the function g defined by g(x) = -x a linear function? If yes, determine its slope and
y-intercept.
Solution:
Yes, the function g is a linear function because it has a degree one. Since g(x) = -x
can be written as g(x) = -1x + 0, its slope is -1 and y-intercept is 0.
Illustrative Example 3
Is the function h defined by h(x) = x2 + 5x + 4 a linear function?
Solution:
The function h is not a linear function because its degree (the highest exponent of x) is 2.
Exercise 1
Determine whether each is a linear function or not. Check Yes if it is a linear function and
No if it is not. Write the degree of the function. For linear functions, identify the slope m and the
y-intercept b.
Function
1. f(x) = 5x + 1
2. f(x) = -6x 7
3. f(x) = 3x
4. f(x) = -4
5. f(x) = 5x 3
6. f(x) = 2(x 3)
7. f(x) = -(x + 5)
8. f(x) = -4x2
9. f(x) = 10x2 + 7x
10. f(x) = 3x2 5x + 1
Degree
Yes
173
No
Illustrative Example
Determine the values of the function f if f(x) = 2x 1 at x = -3, 0, and 2. Give their
meanings and ordered pairs.
Solution:
If x = -3, then f(x) = 2x 1 becomes
f(-3) = 2(-3) 1
f(-3) = -6 1
f(-3) = -7, which means the value of f at x = -3 is -7.
Or, if x = -3, then y = -7. This gives the ordered pair (-3, -7). Recall that an ordered pair
can be written (x, y).
If x = 0, then f(x) = 2x 1 becomes
f(0) = 2(0) 1
f(0) = 0 1
f(0) = -1, which means the value of f at x = 0 is -1.
Or, if x = 0, then y = -1. This gives another ordered pair (0, -1).
If x = 2, then f(x) = 2x 1 becomes
f(2) = 2(2) 1
f(2) = 4 1
f(2) = 3, which means the value of f at x = 2 is 3.
Or, if x = 2, then y = 3. This gives the ordered pair (2, 3).
This implies that the graph of the function f will pass through the points (-3, -7), (0, -1), and
(2, 3). Out of the values, we can have the table below:
3
x
f(x)
-3
-7
0
-1
2
3
(2, 3)
2
1
With the use of table of values of x and y, the
function can be graphed as shown at the right.
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
-2
Web Links
-3
-4
-6
-5
(-3, -7)
174
-7
0
(0, -1)
Note that an ordered pair (x, y) can be written as (x, f(x)) for any function in f(x)
notation.
This activity will enable you to describe a linear function using the set of
ordered pairs and the table by finding the value of the function at x.
Do the given tasks as directed.
A.
Determine the values (a) f(-3), (b) f(1), and (c) f(4) in each of the
following functions.
1.
f(x) = 2x
2.
f(x) = 2x + 1
3.
f(x) = -3x
B.
4.
5.
f(x) = -3x 4
f(x) = 2 3x
The values of
f(-3) f(1) f(4)
Ordered
Pairs
Table
1. f(x) = 2x
x
f(x)
2. f(x) = 2x + 1
x
f(x)
3. f(x) = -3x
x
f(x)
4. f(x) = -3x 4
x
f(x)
5. f(x) = 2 3x
x
f(x)
175
C.
QU
NS
ES TIO
Meaning
The value of f(x) at x = -3 is -6.
The value of f(x) at x = 1 is 2.
The value of f(x) at x = 4 is 8.
How did you determine the values of f(-3), f(1), and f(4) of each
function?
2. In each of the functions below, what have you observed about the
values of f(x) as x increases?
a.
f(x) = 2x
b.
f(x) = 2x + 1
c.
f(x) = -3x
d.
f(x) = -3x 4
e.
f(x) = 2 3x
3. Does the value of the function increase as x increases?
4. What affects the change of values of the function?
5. Have you observed a pattern? If yes, state so.
6. How can the value of a quantity given the rate of change be predicted?
1.
176
This activity will enable you to describe a linear function using mapping
diagram and graph.
Given the functions below, evaluate the following: f(-2), f(-1), f(0), f(1), and
f(2). Complete the table of values of each function below. Illustrate with a
mapping diagram and draw the graph on a graphing paper.
a.
f(x) = x + 5
x
c.
f(x) = -x + 5
x
f(x)
f(x)
b.
f(x) = 3x d.
f(x) = -3x
x
f(x)
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
x
f(x)
How did you determine the values of f(-2), f(-1), f(0), f(1), and f(2) of
each function?
What type of correspondence are the mapping diagrams? Does each
element in the domain correspond to one and only one element in the
range?
Have you observed any pattern from the domain and range of each
function? Based from the values obtained, is the function increasing
or decreasing?
Which function has an increasing value of y as x increases?
Which function has a decreasing value of y as x increases?
How can you predict the value of a quantity given the rate of change?
Description:
Directions:
This activity will enable you to determine whether a function is linear given
the table of values.
Do the task as directed.
A.
177
2.
x
f(x) or y
3.
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B.
g(x) or y
2.
g(x) or y
178
3.
g(x) or y
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C.
-1
x
h(x) or y
3.
-2
-2
-1
-2
179
-1
1.
2.
NS
QU
ES TIO
3.
4.
5.
Exercise 2
Determine whether the function below is linear given the table.
1. x
f(x) or y
-2
1
-1
2
0
3
1
4
2
5
x
f(x) or y
-2
-1
-1
2
0
5
1
8
2
11
2. x
f(x) or y
-2
-3
-1
-1
0
1
1
3
x
2 7.
5
f(x) or y
5
-1
4
2
3
5
2
8
1
11
3. x
f(x) or y
-2
5
-1
2
0
-1
1
-4
2 8.
-7
x
-5 -4
f(x) or y 15 11
-3
7
-2
3
-1
-1
4. x
f(x) or y
1
4
2
1
3
0
4
1
5
4
x
f(x) or y
0
1
1
4
2
9
5.
-2
4
0
-2
2
-4
4
-2
x
6 10.
-4 -2
4
f(x) or y -21 -11
y
1
4
3 4
14 19
x
f(x) or y
6.
9.
-2
1
-1
0
(2, 3)
2
1
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
(-3, -7)
180
-7
0
(0, -1)
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
If function f is defined by f(x) = mx + b, where m 0, then the domain of the function Df
is and the range of the function Rf is . In symbols,
Df = {x|x }, read as: the domain of the function f is the set of all x such that x
is an element of the set of real numbers, and
Rf = {y|y }, read as: the range of the function f is the set of all y such that y is
an element of the set of real numbers.
Exercise 3
Complete the following table.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Function
f(x) = 2x
f(x) = 4x + 1
f(x) = -7x 4
f(x) = 8x 5
f(x) = x 9
Domain
Range
Linear Equations
Aside from the sets of ordered pairs and the graph, a linear function f defined by
f(x) = mx + b can also be represented by its equation.
Question:
Does the equation 3x + 2y = 6 describe a linear function? If yes, determine the slope and
the y-intercept.
Solution:
3x + 2y = 6
3x + 2y + (-3x) = 6 + (-3x)
Given
Addition Property of Equality
181
2y = -3x + 6
Simplification
1
1
(2y) = (-3x + 6)
Multiplication Property of Equality
2
2
3
y = - x + 3 Simplification
2
3
3
The function f(x) = - x + 3 or y = - x + 3 can be expressed in the form 3x + 2y = 6 with
2
2
3
slope m = - while the y-intercept b = 3.
2
A linear equation is an equation in two variables which can be written in two forms:
Standard Form: Ax + By = C, where A, B, and C, A and B not both 0;
and
Slope-Intercept Form: y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept,
m and b.
Illustrative Example 1
How do we rewrite the equation 3x 5y = 10 in the form y = mx + b? Determine its slope
and y-intercept.
Solution:
3x 5y = 10 Given
3x 5y + (-3x) = 10 + (-3x)
Addition Property of Equality
-5y = -3x + 10
Simplification
1
1
- (-5y) = - (-3x + 10)
Multiplication Property of Equality
5
5
3
y = x 2
Simplification
5
3
The slope is and the y-intercept is -2.
5
Illustrative Example 2
1
x + 3 in the form Ax + By = C?
2
Solution:
1
x + 3 Given
2
1
2(y) = 2( x + 3)
Multiplication Property of Equality
2
2y = x + 6
Simplification
2y + (-x) = x + 6 + (-x)
Addition Property of Equality
-x + 2y = 6
Simplification
(-1)(-x + 2y) = (-1)(6)
Multiplication Property of Equality
x 2y = -6
Simplification
y=
182
Exercise 4
Rewrite the following equations in the form Ax + By = C.
1.
y = -x + 4
2.
y = -2x + 6
3.
y = 5x + 7
4.
y = 3x 8
5.
y=
1
x
2
1
x+3
2
2
7. y = x 3
3
1
8. y = 2x +
4
5
3
9. y = x +
2
2
5
3
10. y = x +
4
8
6.
y=
Exercise 5
Rewrite the following equations in the form y = mx + b and identify the values of m and b.
1. 2x + y = 9
2.
x + 2y = 4
3. 3x y = 2
4. 5x + 2y = 7
5. -3x + 3y 1 = 0
6.
5x 7y = 2
1
y=4
2
2
1
8.
x y=1
3
3
5
2
9.
x+ y5=0
2
3
2
1
3
10. x y =
3
5
5
7. 3x +
Slope of a Line
Shown at the right is the picture of Mount Mayon. It is one of the fascinating volcanoes in
the Philippines because of its almost symmetrical conical shape. The approximate steepness
of the volcano is labelled by the line.
The slope of the line can be used to describe how steep Mount
Mayon is.
A line can be described by its steepness or slope. The slope m of a
line can be computed by finding the quotient of the rise and the run. That
is,
slope
rise
y
m =
run
http://wonderfulworldreview.blogspot.
com/2011/05/mayon-volcano-albayphilippines.html
R
The rise refers to the vertical change or change in y-coordinate
change in
y-coordinate
P
while the run is the horizontal change or change in x-coordinate.
Q
That is,
change in x-coordinate
x
change in y-coordinate 0
rise
vertical change
m=
=
=
change in x-coordinate
run
horizontal change
183
How do you solve the change in y-coordinate? What about the change in x-coordinate?
Suppose two points A and B have coordinates (1, 1) and (2, 3), respectively.
y
B
3
2
rise = 2
A
1
-2
-1
run = 1
-1
-2
The slope m of the line passing through two points P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2) is given by
m=
y2 y1
y y2
or m = 1
, where x1 x2.
x2 x1
x1 x2
Exercise 6
Find the slope of each line below.
y
y
1. 2. 3.
(0, 3)
-2
-1
0
-1
-2
(0, 3)
-1
(2, 1)
-2
0
-1
-2
(-2, -4)
184
3
2
1
-2
-1
0
-1
-2
(1, 1)
(2, 1)
4. 5.
y
y
4
-1
(4, 0)
0
x
-2
-1
-2
NS
QU
-2
-3
-4
-1
-1
(0, -2)
-3
ES TIO
(2, 2)
1
-2
(2, 4)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Note that:
A basic property of a line, other than vertical line, is that its slope is constant.
The slope of the horizontal line is zero while that of the vertical line is undefined. A
vertical line does not represent a linear function.
The value of the slope m tells the trend of the graph.
If m is positive, then the graph is increasing from left to right.
If m is negative, then the graph is decreasing from left to right.
If m is zero, then the graph is a horizontal line.
If m is undefined, then the graph is a vertical line.
y
y
y
y
m>0
m<0
m=0
m undefined
Challenge Questions
1.
Determine the value of a that will make the slope of the line through the two given points
equal to the given value of m.
1
a. (4, -3) and (2, a); m =
4
b. (a + 3, 5) and (1, a 2); m = 4
2. If A, B, and C and the line is described by Ax + By = C, find its slope.
185
y
Consider the graph of the function f defined
f(x) = 2x + 1 at the right.
5
3
Question to Ponder:
1.
2.
(2, 5)
4
2
-3
-2
-1
1
0
(0, 1)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
Exercise 7
Determine the slope of each line, if any. Identify which of the lines is vertical or horizontal.
1. f(x) = 2x 5
2x y = 5
6.
2. f(x) = -3x + 7
7. 7x 3y 10 = 0
3. f(x) = x + 6
8.
1
1
x+ y8=0
2
4
1
x 8
9. x = 8
4
2
1
5. f(x) = x 10.
2y + 1 = 0
3
2
4. f(x) =
A ctivity 9
STEEP UP!
Description:
Directions:
QU
NS
ES TIO
This activity will enable you to use the concept of slope in real life. This can
be done by groups of 5 members.
Find any inclined object or location that you could see in your school and
then determine its steepness.
1.
2.
186
Illustrative Example
Graph the function y = 2x + 1.
4
2
y = 2x + 1
y = 2(0) + 1
y = 0 + 1
y = 1
(1, 3)
3
1
-3
y = 2x + 1
y = 2(1) + 1
y=2+1
y=3
-2
-1
(0, 1)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
If x = 0, then y = 1. Furthermore, if x = 1, then y = 3. So, the ordered pairs are (0, 1) and
(1, 3). This means that the line passes through these points.
After finding the ordered pairs of the two points, plot and connect them. Your output is
the graph of the linear equation.
Exercise 8
Graph each linear equation that passes through the given pair of points.
5
1 1
) and ( , - )
3
2 3
1.
3.
(-2,
2.
4.
1 1
3 1
(- , - ) and ( , )
3 5
2 2
To graph the equation y = 2x + 1 using this method, you need to solve for the x-intercept
by letting y = 0 and the y-intercept by letting x = 0.
y
Letting y = 0, the equation y = 2x + 1 becomes
5
0 = 2x + 1
Substitution
4
-2x = 1
Addition Property of Equality
1
3
x = -
Multiplication Property of Equality
y-intercept
2
2
Letting x = 0, y = 2x + 1 becomes
y = 2(0) + 1
Substitution
y = 0 + 1
Simplification
y = 1
Simplification
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
x-intercept
-2
-3
1
while the y-intercept b is 1.
2
Now, plot the x- and y-intercepts, then connect them.
The x-intercept a is
1 1
-1
-4
Web Links
The x-intercept is the abscissa of the coordinates of the point in
which the graph intersects the x-axis. However, the y-intercept is the
ordinate of the coordinates of the point in which the graph intersects the
y-axis.
references:
1. http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=mvsUD3tDnHk
&feature=related.
2. http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=mxBoni8N70Y
Exercise 9
Graph each linear equation whose x-intercept a and y-intercept b are given below.
1.
a = 2 and b = 1
3.
2.
a = 4 and b = -1
4.
a = -2 and b = -7
1
a = and b = -2
2
y
5
The third method is by using the slope and the
y-intercept. This can be done by identifying the slope
and the y-intercept of the linear equation.
188
4 run = 1
3
y-intercept
-3
-2
(1, 3)
rise = 2
-1
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
Web Links
Note that if the rise is less than zero (or negative), we move
downward from the first point to look for the second point. Similarly,
if the run is less than zero (or negative), we move to the left from
the first point to look for the second point. Moreover, a negative
1
-1
1
-1
rational number - can be written as either
or
but not .
2
2
-2
-2
Exercise 10
Graph each linear equation given slope m and y-intercept b.
1.
m = 2 and b = 3
3.
2.
m = 1 and b = 5
4.
1
and b = 3
2
3
m = -3 and b = 2
m=
The fourth method in graphing linear equation is by using
the slope and one point. This can be done by plotting first the
given point, then finding the other point using the slope.
The linear equation y = 2x + 1 has a slope of 2 and a point
(-1, -1). To find a point from this equation, we may assign any
value for x in the given equation. Lets say, x = -1. The value of y
could be computed in the following manner:
y = 2x + 1
y = 2(-1) + 1
y = -2 + 1
y = -1
3
2
B (0, 1) 1
0
-3
-2
A (-1, -1)
-1
-1
1-2
-3
-4
Given
Substitution
Simplification
Simplification
The point found above is named A whose coordinates are (-1, -1). Since the slope of the
2
line is 2 which is equal to , use the rise of 2 and the run of 1 to determine the coordinates of
1
B (refer to the graph). This can also be done this way.
B = (-1 + 1, -1 + 2) = (0, 1)
Web Links
Note that 2 (the rise) must be added to the y-coordinate while 1
(the run) must be added to the x-coordinate.
189
Exercise 11
Graph the following equations given slope m and a point.
1.
m = 3 and (0, -6)
m=
1
and (0, 4)
2
2.
m = -2 and (2, 4)
4.
m=
3
and (2, -3)
2
A ctivity 10
Description:
Directions:
Using
Two
Points
Using x- and
y-Intercepts
Using Slope
and y-Intercept
Using Slope
and One
Point
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
190
A ctivity 11
MY STORY
50
40
Description:
Directions:
(4, 40)
30
(3, 30)
20
(2, 20)
10
(1, 10)
(0, 0)
0
0
-1
-10
QU
NS
ES TIO
A ctivity 12
Description:
Directions:
1.
2.
3.
rise
6.
trend
2
1
-2
-1
-1
-2
-3
-1
-2
-3
-4
E S TI
ON
QU
x
y
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A ctivity 13
Description:
This activity will enable you to find the equation of a line using slope-intercept
form.
Materials:
graphing paper
pencil or ballpen
Direction:
Graph these equations in one Cartesian plane.
a.
y = 2x c.
y = 2x 5
e. y = -2x + 4
b.
y = 2x + 4
d. y = x + 5
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
rise
What is the slope of each line? Use the formula m =
to answer
run
this question.
What is the y-intercept of each line?
Complete the table below using your answers in 1 and 2.
Equation of the Line
a. y = 2x
b. y = 2x + 4
c. y = 2x 5
d. y = x + 5
e. y = -2x + 4
4.
5.
Slope
y-Intercept
What can you say about the values of m and b in the equation y = mx + b
and the slope and the y-intercept of each line? Write a short description
below.
____________________________________________________
Consider the equation y = 7x + 1. Without plotting points and
computing for m, what would you expect the slope to be? How
about the y-intercept? Check your answer by graphing. Are your
expectations about the slope and the y-intercept of the line correct?
Example:
Find the equation of the line whose slope is 3 and y-intercept is -5.
Solution:
The equation of the line is y = 3x 5.
192
A ctivity 14
Description:
Directions:
1. 2x +
m =
2.
x+
=
b = m
2
y=1
b=2
x 6y = 7
m =
A ctivity 15
3. 3
b=
THINK-PAIR-SHARE
y
Description:
Directions:
(x, y)
4
3
2
(x1, y1)
-3
-2
-1
1
0
-1
-2
Recall the formula for slope
-3
given two points.
-4
2. How do you compute the slope
of this line?
3. What formula did you use?
4. Solve for the point-slope form of a line by completing the following:
y
m=
x
y
= m(x
)
Why?
1.
193
m = 2; (0, 4)
2.
m = 1; (5, -2)
3.
m = -5; (-3, 9)
4.
5.
m = -1; (7, 2)
A ctivity 16
Description:
Direction:
1
; (-6, 0)
2
2
7. m = ; (0, 8)
3
7
8. m = - ;(-4, 3)
2
7
9. m = - ;(-2, 8)
4
1
1 8
10. m = , (- , )
2
2 3
6. m =
THINK-PAIR-SHARE
This activity will enable you to derive the two-point form of the equation of
the line. Again, recall the formula for the slope and the point-slope form of
the equation of the line.
Answer the following guide questions:
1.
Write in the box the formula of slope m of the line given two points.
2.
Write in the box the point-slope form of the equation of the line in the
box.
3.
Exercise 13
Find the equation of the line of the form y = mx + b that passes through the following
pairs of points.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
1
) and (1, - )
2
2
7
1
7. ( , 1) and (- , 2)
2
2
1 5
3 3
8. (- , - ) and (- , )
2 2
2 2
15 1
1 1
9. (- , ) and (- , )
2 3
2 3
5 3
1 1
10. (- , ) and ( , - )
2 2
2 4
6. (0,
To enrich your skills in finding the equation of the line, which is horizontal, vertical, or slanting, go
to this link http://www.mathplayground.com/SaveTheZogs/SaveTheZogs_IWB.html. You can also visit
the link in finding the equation of the line, where two points can be moved from one place to another.
http://www.mathwarehouse.com/algebra/linear_equation/linear-equation-interactive-activity.php
A ctivity 17
Description:
Directions:
Initial Answer
Revised
Answer
Final
Answer
the
In this section, the discussions are about linear functions. Go back to the previous
section and compare your initial ideas with the discussions. How much of your initial ideas
are found in the discussions? Which ideas are different and need revision?
Deepen your understanding of the ideas learned by moving on to the next section.
195
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
_
_
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ar...__ ___________ _______
f
o
s
d
rne
___
____
a
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
e
_
_
v
_
_
____
a
_
_
_
h
_
_
_
_
I
_
_
_
_
t
_
_
_
a
_
Wh
______ __________ __________ _______
_
_
_
_
_
_____
______ __________ __________ _____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ _________.
_
__
__
______ __________ ___________
__
__
______ __________
__
______
196
What to
to Understand
Understand
What
Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at the real-life problems involving
linear equations and relations.
A ctivity 18
Description:
Directions:
RIDING A TAXI
This activity will enable you to solve real-life problems involving linear
functions.
Consider the situation below and answer the questions that follow.
Emman often rides a taxi from one
place to another. The standard fare in
riding a taxi is Php 40 as a flag-down rate
plus Php 3.50 for every 200 meters or a
fraction of it.
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
200
400
600
800
1000
197
(b)
7.
8.
A ctivity 19
Description:
Direction:
GERMAN SHEPHERD
This activity will enable you to solve problems involving linear functions by
following the steps provided.
Do the activity as directed.
You own a newly-born German shepherd. Suppose the
dog weighs 1 kg at birth. Youve known from your friend that
the monthly average weight gained by the dog is 5 kg. If the
rate of increase of the dogs weight every month is constant,
determine the equation that will describe the dogs weight.
Predict the dogs weight after five months using mathematical
equation and graphical representation.
Complete the flow chart below then use it to answer the questions that follow.
198
1.
2.
3.
NS
QU
ES TIO
A ctivity 20
Description:
Directions:
A ctivity 21
Description:
Directions:
WORD PROBLEMS
This activity will enable you to solve more word problems involving linear
functions. In this activity, you are allowed to use the flow chart given in
Activity 19.
Solve the following. Show your solutions and graphs.
1.
A pay phone service charges Php 5 for the first three minutes and Php 1
for every minute additional or a fraction thereof. How much will a caller
have to pay if his call lasts for 8 minutes? Write a rule that best describes
the problem and draw its graph using any method.
2.
3.
Jolli Donuts charges Php 18 each for a special doughnut plus a fixed
charge of Php 5 for the box which can hold as many as 24 doughnuts.
How many doughnuts would be in a box priced at Php 221? Write a
rule that best describes the problem and draw its graph. In your graph,
assume that only 1 to 24 doughnuts are sold.
199
NS
QU
ES TIO
3
2
1
Descriptors
Poses a more complex problem with 2 or more correct possible solutions and
communicates ideas clearly; shows in-depth comprehension of the pertinent
concepts and/or processes and provides explanations wherever appropriate.
Poses a more complex problem and finishes all significant parts of the solution
and communicates ideas clearly; shows in-depth comprehension of the pertinent
concepts and/or processes.
Poses a complex problem and finishes all significant parts of the solution and
communicates ideas clearly; shows in-depth comprehension of the pertinent
concepts and/or processes.
Poses a complex problem and finishes most significant parts of the solution and
communicates ideas unmistakably, shows comprehension of major concepts
although neglects or misinterprets less significant ideas or details.
Poses a problem and finishes some significant parts of the solution and communicates
ideas unmistakably but shows gaps on theoretical comprehension.
Poses a problem but demonstrates minor comprehension, not being able to develop
an approach.
A ctivity 22
This is a preparatory activity which will lead you to perform well the transfer
task in the next activity. This can be a group work.
Situation:
You are the school principal of a certain school. Every week you conduct
an information drive on the different issues or concerns in your school through
announcements during flag ceremony or flag retreat or during meetings with the
department heads and teachers. For this week, you noticed that water consumption is
high. You will make and present an informative leaflet with design to the members of the
academic community. In your leaflet design, you must clearly show water bill and water
consumption and how these two quantities are related each other. The leaflet must
also reflect data on the amount of water bill for the previous five months, and a detailed
mathematical computation and a graphical presentation that will aid in predicting the
amount of water bill that the school will pay.
200
A ctivity 23
Description:
Direction:
Questions
Revised
Answer
Final
Answer
the
What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new connections have
you made for yourself? Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are
ready to do the tasks in the next section.
What to
to Transfer
Transfer
What
Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real-life situations. You will be
given a practical task which will demonstrate your understanding.
201
A ctivity 24
This activity is the transfer task. You have to perform this in your own community.
Situation:
Suppose you are a barangay councilor. Every month, you conduct information
drive on the different issues that concern every member in the community. For the next
month, your focus is on electric consumption of every household. You are tasked to
prepare a leaflet design which will clearly explain about electric bill and consumption. You
are to include recommendations to save water. You are expected to orally present your
design to the other officials in your barangay. Your output will be assessed according to
the rubric below.
RUBRIC: LEAFLET DESIGN
CRITERIA
Exemplary
4
Satisfactory
3
Developing
2
Beginning
1
Use of
mathematical
concepts and
accuracy
The mathematical
concepts used
are correct and
the computations
are accurate.
Brief explanation
is provided.
The mathematical
concepts used
are correct and
the computations
are accurate.
The mathematical
concepts used
are correct but
the computations
are inaccurate.
The mathematical
concepts used
are wrong and the
computations are
inaccurate.
Organization
The ideas
and facts are
complete, orderly
presented, and
well prepared.
The ideas
and facts are
completely
and orderly
presented.
The ideas
and facts are
mostly orderly
presented.
Quality of
presentation
The presentation
uses appropriate
and creative
visual designs.
The presentation
uses appropriate
visual designs.
The presentation
uses some visual
designs which are
inappropriate.
The presentation
does not include
any visual
design/s.
You have just completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson, you have to
answer the post-assessment.
202
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
t
a
____
_
h
t
_
_
d
_
o
_
dersto __________ _______
n
u
e
v
___
I ha
_
,
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ ______
n
_
_
o
_
s
_
s
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
In this ___________ __________ ___________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
______ ___________ __________ __________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
__
__
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
______ ___.
__
______
203
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION
The Cartesian plane is composed of two perpendicular number lines that meet at
the point of origin (0, 0) and divide the plane into four regions called quadrants.
2. Let be the set of real numbers. The notation 2 is the set of ordered pairs (x, y),
where x and y. In symbols, 2 = = {(x, y)|x, y.}.
3.
The signs of the first and second coordinates of a point vary in the four quadrants
as indicated below.
Quadrant I
x > 0, or x is positive y > 0, or y is positive or (+, +);
Quadrant II
x < 0, or x is negative y > 0, or y is positive or (, +);
Quadrant III
x < 0, or x is negative y < 0, or y is negative or (, );
Quadrant IV
x > 0, or x is positive y < 0, or y is negative or (+, ).
4.
The points which lie in the x-axis have coordinates (x, 0) and the points which lie
in the y-axis have coordinates (0, y), where x and y
5.
6.
The set of all first coordinates is called the domain of the relation while the set of
all second coordinates is called the range.
7.
8.
9.
A set of ordered pairs is a function if no two ordered pairs in the set have equal
abscissas.
10.
If every vertical line intersects the graph no more than once, the graph represents
a function by the Vertical Line Test.
11.
12.
13.
204
14.
f(x), read as f of x, is used to denote the value of the function f at the given value
of x.
15.
The domain of the function f is the set of all permissible values of x that will make
the values of f real numbers.
16.
A Linear Function is defined by f(x) = mx + b, where m and b are real numbers. Its
graph is a line, m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
17.
The domain of the linear function f is the set of all real numbers. If m 0, then its
range is the set of real numbers. In symbols, Df = {x|x} and Rf = {y|y}.
18.
A linear function may be described using its points, equation, and graph.
19.
A linear equation is an equation in two variables which can be written in two forms:
a. Standard form: Ax + By = C, where A, B, and C, A 0 and B 0; and
b.
Slope-intercept form: y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept,
where m and b are real numbers.
20.
m=
y2 y1
if two points are given.
x2 x1
21.
22.
The slope of the horizontal line is zero while that of the vertical line is not defined.
23.
24.
25.
25.
Problems involving constant rate of change can be solved using linear functions.
205
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Cartesian plane Also known as the Rectangular Coordinate System which is composed of
two perpendicular number lines (vertical and horizontal) that meet at the point of origin (0, 0).
degree of a function f The highest exponent of x that occurs in the function f.
dependent variable The variable (usually) y that depends on the value of the independent
variable (usually) x.
domain of the relation The set of first coordinates of the ordered pairs.
function A relation in which each element in the domain is mapped to exactly one element in
the range.
function notation A notation in which a function is written in the form f(x) in terms of x.
horizontal line A line parallel to the x-axis.
independent variable The variable (usually) x that controls the value of the dependent
variable (usually) y.
line A straight line in Euclidean Geometry.
linear function A function of first degree in the form f(x) = mx + b, where m and b are real
numbers.
mapping diagram A representation of a relation in which every element in the domain
corresponds to one or more elements in the range.
mathematical phrase An algebraic expression that combines numbers and/or variables
using mathematical operators.
ordered pair A representation of a point in the form (x, y).
point-slope form The linear equation y y1 = m(x x1) is the point-slope form, where m is the
slope and x1 and y1 are coordinates of the fixed point.
quadrants The four regions of the xy-plane separated by the x- and y-axes.
range of the relation The set of second coordinates of the ordered pairs.
rate of change The slope m of the line and is the quotient of change in y-coordinate and the
change in x-coordinate.
206
Ryan, M., et al. (1993). Advanced Mathematics: A Precalculus Approach. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
You Min, G.N. (2008). GCE O Level Pure Physics Study Guide. Fairfield Book Publishers:
Singapore.
http://hotmath.com/help/gt/genericalg1/section_9_4.html
http://jongeslaprodukties.nl/yj-emilb.html
http://math.about.com/od/geometry/ss/cartesian.htm
http://mathsfirst.massey.ac.nz/Algebra/StraightLinesin2D/Slope.htm
http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/21c85f/
http://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m116/functions/translations.html
http://roof-materials.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Roof-Trusses.jpg
http://store.payloadz.com/details/800711-Other-Files-Documents-and-Forms-sports-car-.
html
http://wonderfulworldreview.blogspot.com/2011/05/mayon-volcano-albay-philippines.html
http://www.dog-guides.us/german-shepherds/
http://www.go2album.com/showAlbum/323639/coordinartiguana_macaw
http://www.mathtutor.ac.uk/functions/linearfunctions
http://www.myalgebrabook.com/Chapters/Quadratic_Functions/the_square_function.php
http://www.nointrigue.com/docs/notes/maths/maths_relfn.pdf
http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/rectangular-coordinate-system.html
http://www.plottingcoordinates.com/coordinart_patriotic.html
http://www.purplemath.com/modules/fcns.htm
http://www.teachbuzz.com/lessons/graphing-functions
http://www.webgraphing.com/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=uJyx8eAHazo&feature=endscreen
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbuRufY41pc&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f58Jkjypr_I
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdwH24ToqZI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0f9O7Y2xI4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd-ZRCsYaec
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvsUD3tDnHk&feature=related.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxBoni8N70Y
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIp3zMTTACE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xvD-n4FOJQ&feature=endscreen&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgtMbCI4G_I&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Hg9JJceywA
208
LINEAR INEQUALITIES
IN TWO VARIABLES
I.
Have you asked yourself how your parents budget their income for your familys
needs? How engineers determine the needed materials in the construction of new
houses, bridges, and other structures? How students like you spend their time studying,
accomplishing school requirements, surfing the internet, or doing household chores?
These are some of the questions which you can answer once you understand the
key concepts of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables. Moreover, youll find out how these
mathematics concepts are used in solving real-life problems.
In this module, you will examine the above questions when you take the following lessons:
209
Module Map
Map
Module
This chart shows the lessons that will be covered in this module.
210
III. PRE-ASSESSMENT
Find out how much you already know about this module. Choose the letter that
corresponds to your answer. Take note of the items that you were not able to answer
correctly. Find the right answer as you go through this module.
1.
Janel bought three apples and two oranges. The total amount she paid was at
most Php 123. If x represents the cost of each apple and y the cost of each orange,
which of the following mathematical statements represents the given situation?
2.
a. 3x + 2y 123 c.
3x + 2y > 123
b. 3x + 2y 123 d.
3x + 2y < 123
a.
3.
Adeth has some Php 10 and Php 5 coins. The total amount of these coins is at
most Php 750. Suppose there are 50 Php 5-coins. Which of the following is true
about the number of Php 10-coins?
b. 1
c. 2
d. Infinite
I.
II.
III.
The number of Php 10-coins is less than the number of Php 5-coins.
The number of Php 10-coins is more than the number of Php 5-coins.
The number of Php 10-coins is equal to the number of Php 5-coins.
a.
I and II
4.
5.
a.
b.
6.
The difference between the scores of Connie and Minnie in the test is not more
than 6 points. Suppose Connies score is 32 points, what could possibly be the
score of Minnie?
a. 20
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50
a.
(3, 1)
b. I and III
b. (2, 2)
c. II and III
c. (1, 2)
Straight line
Parabola
211
d. (1, 0)
c. Half-plane
d. Half of a parabola
7.
a.
xy>1
b.
xy<1
c. -x + y > 1
d. -x + y < 1
9.
Mary and Rose ought to buy some chocolates and candies. Mary paid Php 198
for 6 bars of chocolates and 12 pieces of candies. Rose bought the same kinds
of chocolates and candies but only paid less than Php 100. Suppose each piece
of candy costs Php 4, how many bars of chocolates and pieces of candies could
Rose have bought?
a.
b.
c.
d.
11. There are at most 25 large and small tables that are placed inside a function room
for at least 100 guests. Suppose only 6 people can be seated around the large
table and only 4 people for the small tables. Which of the following number of tables
are possibly placed inside the function room?
a.
b.
c.
d.
212
12. Which of the following shows the plane divider of the graph of y x + 4?
a. c.
b. d.
13. Cristina is using two mobile networks to make phone calls. One network charges
her Php 5.50 for every minute of call to other networks. The other network charges
her Php 6 for every minute of call to other networks. In a month, she spends at least
Php 300 for these calls. Suppose she wants to model the total costs of her mobile
calls to other networks using a mathematical statement. Which of the following
mathematical statements could it be?
a. 5.50x + 6y = 300
c.
5.50x + 6y 300
b. 5.50x + 6y > 300 d.
5.50x + 6y 300
14. Mrs. Roxas gave the cashier Php 500-bill for 3 adults tickets and 5 childrens tickets
that cost more than Php 400. Suppose an adult ticket costs Php 75. Which of the
following could be the cost of a childrens ticket?
a.
Php 60
b. Php 45
c. Php 35
d. Php 30
213
15. Mrs. Gregorio would like to minimize their monthly bills on electric and water
consumption by observing some energy- and water-saving measures. Which of
the following should she prepare to come up with these energy- and water-saving
measures?
I.
II.
III.
Budget Plan
Previous Electric and Water Bills
Current Electric Power and Water Consumption Rates
a.
I and II
b. I and III
c. II and III
16. The total amount Cora paid for 2 kilos of beef and 3 kilos of fish is less than Php 700.
Suppose a kilo of beef costs Php 250. What could be the maximum cost of a kilo of
fish to the nearest pesos?
a.
Php 60
b. Php 65
c. Php 66
d. Php 67
17. Mr. Cruz asked his worker to prepare a rectangular picture frame such that its
perimeter is at most 26 in. Which of the following could be the sketch of a frame that
his worker may prepare?
a. c.
b. d.
214
18.
The Mathematics Club of Masagana National High School is raising at least Php 12,000
for their future activities. Its members are selling pad papers and pens to their schoolmates. To determine the income that they generate, the treasurer of the club was asked
to prepare an interactive graph which shows the costs of the pad papers and pens sold.
Which of the following sketches of the interactive graph the treasurer may present?
a. c.
b. d.
19. A restaurant owner would like to make a model which he can use as guide in writing a
linear inequality in two variables. He will use the inequality in determining the number
of kilograms of pork and beef that he needs to purchase daily given a certain amount
of money (C), the cost (A) of a kilo of pork, the cost (B) of a kilo of beef. Which of the
following models should he make and follow?
I. Ax + By C II. Ax + By = C III.
Ax + By C
a.
I and II
b. I and III
c. II and III
d. I, II, and III
20. Mr. Silang would like to use one side of the concrete fence for the rectangular pig pen
that he will be constructing. This is to minimize the construction materials to be used.
To help him determine the amount of construction materials needed for the other three
sides whose total length is at most 20 m, he drew a sketch of the pig pen. Which of the
following could be the sketch of the pig pen that Mr. Silang had drawn?
a. c.
b. d.
215
What to
to Know
Know
What
Start the module by assessing your knowledge of the different mathematical
concepts previously studied and your skills in performing mathematical operations. This
may help you in understanding Linear Inequalities in Two Variables. As you go through
this module, think of the following important question: How do linear inequalities in two
variables help you solve problems in daily life? To find out the answer, perform each
activity. If you find any difficulty in answering the exercises, seek the assistance of your
teacher or peers or refer to the modules you have gone over earlier. To check your work,
refer to the answers key provided at the end of this module.
A ctivity 1
Directions:
QU
NS
ES TIO
Supply each phrase with what you think the most appropriate word. Explain
your answer briefly.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
216
f.
g.
h.
i.
How did you find the activity? Were you able to give real-life situations that make use
of the terms less than and more than? In the next activity, you will see how inequalities
are illustrated in real-life.
A ctivity 2
Directions:
BUDGET, MATTERS!
Use the situation below to answer the questions that follow.
Amelia was given by her mother Php 320 to buy some food ingredients
for chicken adobo. She made sure that it is good for 5 people.
QU
NS
E S TI O
1.
Suppose you were Amelia. Complete the following table with the
needed data.
Ingredients
Quantity
chicken
soy sauce
vinegar
garlic
onion
black pepper
sugar
tomato
green pepper
potato
217
Estimated
Cost
2.
3.
4.
5.
From the activity done, have you seen how linear inequalities in two variables are
illustrated in real life? In the next activity, you will see the differences between mathematical
expressions, linear equations, and inequalities.
A ctivity 3
Direction:
EXPRESS YOURSELF!
Shown below are two sets of mathematical statements. Use these to answer
the questions that follow.
y = 2x + 1
QU
NS
ES TIO
y > 2x + 1
3x + 4y = 15
10 5y = 7x
3x + 4y < 15
y = 6x + 12
9y 8 = 4x
y 6x + 12
1.
2.
10 5y 7x
9y 8 < 4x
Were you able to differentiate between mathematical expressions and mathematical
equations? How about mathematical equations and inequalities? In the next activity, you
will identify real-life situations involving linear inequalities.
A ctivity 4 WHAT AM I?
Directions:
Identify the situations which illustrate inequalities. Then write the inequality
model in the appropriate column.
Classification
(Inequality or Not)
Real-Life Situations
1. The value of one Philippine
peso (p) is less than the
value of one US dollar (d).
2. According to the NSO, there
are more female (f) Filipinos
than male (m) Filipinos.
3. The number of girls (g) in the
band is one more than twice
the number of boys (b).
4.
The school bus has a
maximum seating capacity
(c) of 80 persons.
5. According to research, an
average adult generates
about 4 kg of waste daily (w).
6. To get a passing mark in
school, a student must have
a grade (g) of at least 75.
7. The daily school allowance
of Jillean (j) is less than the
daily school allowance of
Gwyneth (g).
8.
Seven times the number
of male teachers (m) is the
number of female teachers (f).
9. The expenses for food (f) is
greater than the expenses
for clothing (c).
10. The population (p) of the
Philippines is about 103
000 000.
219
Inequality Model
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
How do you describe the situations in 3, 5, 8, and 10? How about the
situations in 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 9?
How do the situations in 3, 5, 8, and 10 differ from the situations in 1,
2, 4, 6, 7, and 9?
What makes linear inequality different from linear equations?
How can you use equations and inequalities in solving real-life
problems?
From the activity done, you have seen real-life situations involving linear inequalities
in two variables. In the next activity, you will show the graphs of linear equations in two
variables. You need this skill to learn about the graphs of linear inequalities in two variables.
A ctivity 5
Direction:
1.
y = x + 4
2.
y = 3x 1
3. 2x + y = 9
4.
10 y = 4x
5.
y = -4x + 9
220
QU
NS
ES TIO
1.
2.
3.
4.
Were you able to draw and describe the graphs of linear equations in two variables?
In the next task, you will identify the different points and their coordinates on the Cartesian
plane. These are some of the skills you need to understand linear inequalities in two
variables and their graphs.
A ctivity 6
Directions:
QU
NS
ES TIO
INFINITE POINTS
Below is the graph of the linear equation y = x + 3. Use the graph to answer
the following questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
How would you describe the line in relation to the plane where it lies?
Name 5 points on the line y = x + 3. What can you say about the
coordinates of these points?
Name 5 points not on the line y = x + 3. What can you say about the
coordinates of these points?
What mathematical statement would describe all the points on the
left side of the line y = x + 3?
How about all the points on the right side of the line y = x + 3?
5.
From the activity done, you were able to identify the solutions of linear equations and
linear inequalities. But how are linear inequalities in two variables used in solving real-life
problems? You will find these out in the activities in the next section. Before performing
these activities, read and understand first important notes on linear inequalities in two
variables and the examples presented.
A linear inequality in two variables is an inequality that can be written in one of the
following forms:
Ax + By < C Ax + By C
Ax + By > C Ax + By C
where A, B, and C are real numbers and A and B are not both equal to zero.
Examples: 1. 4x y > 1
2.
x + 5y 9
3.
3x + 7y < 2
4.
5.
6.
8x 3y 14
2y > x 5
y 6x + 11
Examples: 1.
The total amount of 1-peso coins and 5-peso coins in the bag is more than
Php 150.
The situation can be modeled by the linear inequality x + 5y > 150, where x is the
number of 1-peso coins and y is the number of 5-peso coins.
2.
Emily bought two blouses and a pair of pants. The total amount she paid for
the items is not more than Php 980.
The situation can be modeled by the linear inequality 2x + y 980, where x is the cost
of each blouse and y is the cost of a pair of pants.
The graph of a linear inequality in
two variables is the set of all points in the
rectangular coordinate system whose ordered
pairs satisfy the inequality. When a line is
graphed in the coordinate plane, it separates
the plane into two regions called half- planes.
The line that separates the plane is called the
plane divider.
222
y > x + 4
y < x 2
y -x + 3
y -x 5
y=x+4
y=x2
y = -x + 3
y = -x 5
Graph the resulting equation with a solid line if the original inequality contains or
symbol. The solid line indicates that all points on the line are part of the solution
of the inequality. If the inequality contains < or > symbol, use a dash or a broken
line. The dash or broken line indicates that the coordinates of all points on the line
are not part of the solution set of the inequality.
a.
y > x + 4
c. y -x + 3
b.
y < x 2
d. y -x 5
223
3.
Choose three points in one of the half-planes that are not on the line. Substitute
the coordinates of these points into the inequality. If the coordinates of these
points satisfy the inequality or make the inequality true, shade the half-plane or
the region on one side of the plane divider where these points lie. Otherwise, the
other side of the plane divider will be shaded.
a.
y > x + 4
c. y -x + 3
b.
y < x 2
d. y -x 5
For example, points (0, 5), (-3, 7), and (2, 10)
do not satisfy the inequality y < x 2.
Therefore, the half-plane that does not
contain these points will be shaded.
The shaded portion constitutes the solution
of the linear inequality.
224
For example, points (12, -3), (0, -9), and (3, -11)
satisfy the inequality y -x 5.
Therefore, the half-plane containing these
points will be shaded.
The shaded portion constitutes the solution of
the linear inequality.
Now that you learned about linear inequalities in two variables and their graphs, you
may now try the activities in the next section.
What to
to Process
Process
What
Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts of linear inequalities
in two variables including their graphs and how they are used in real-life situations. Use
the mathematical ideas and the examples presented in answering the activities provided.
A ctivity 7
Directions:
THATS ME!
Tell which of the following is a linear inequality in two variables. Explain your
answer.
1. 3x y 12
6.
-6x = 4 + 2y
19 < y 7.
x + 3y 7
2
3.
y=
x 8.
x > -8
5
2.
4.
x 2y + 5 9.
9(x 2) < 15
5. 7(x - 3) < 4y
QU
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
c.
How did you identify linear inequalities in two variables? How about
those which are not linear inequalities in two variables?
What makes a mathematical statement a linear inequality in two
variables?
Give at least 3 examples of linear inequalities in two variables.
Describe each.
How did you find the activity? Were you able to identify linear inequalities in two
variables? In the next activity, you will determine if a given ordered pair is a solution of a
linear inequality.
225
A ctivity 8
Directions:
(7, 2)
(0, -5)
2.
x + 3y 8;
(4, -1)
7. 9 + x y;
(-6, 3)
3.
y < 4x 5;
(0, 0)
4. 7x 2y 6;
(-3, -8)
8. 2y 2x 14;
1
9.
x + y > 5;
2
2
10. 9x +
y < 2;
3
(-3, -3)
1
(4,
)
2
1
( ,1)
5
5.
16 y > x;
NS
QU
State whether each given ordered pair is a solution of the inequality. Justify
your answer.
1. 2x y > 10;
a.
How did you determine if the given ordered pair is a solution of the
inequality?
What did you do to justify your answer?
ES TIO
b.
(-1, 9)
From the activity done, were you able to determine if the given ordered pair is a solution
of the linear inequality? In the next activity, you will determine if the given coordinates of
points on the graph satisfy an inequality.
A ctivity 9
Directions:
1.
y < 2x + 2
a.
(0, 2)
b.
(5, 1)
c.
(-4, 6)
d.
(8, -9)
e.
(-3, -12)
226
2. 3x 12 6y
a.
(1, -1)
b.
(4, 0)
c.
(6, 3)
d.
(0, 5)
e.
(-2, 8)
3.
3y 2x 6 5.
2x + y > 3
a.
(0, 0)
b.
(3, -4)
c.
(0, -2)
d.
(-9, -1)
e.
(-5, 6)
4.
-4y < 2x - 12
a.
(2, 4)
b.
(-4, 5)
c.
(-2, -2)
d.
(8.2, 5.5)
1
e.
(4,
)
2
227
5.
2x + y > 3
1
a. (1 , 0)
2
b.
(7, 1)
c.
(0, 0)
d.
(2, -12)
e.
(-10, -8)
QU
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
Were you able to determine if the given coordinates of points on the graph satisfy
the inequality? In the next activity, you will shade the part of the plane divider where the
solutions of the inequality are found.
A ctivity 10
Direction:
COLOR ME!
Shade the side of the plane divider where the solutions of the inequality are
found.
1.
y < x + 3 2.
y x > 5
228
3.
x y 4 5.
2x + y < 2
4.
x +y1
QU
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
c.
From the activity done, you were able to shade the side of the plane divider where
the solutions of the inequality are found. In the next activity, you will draw and describe the
graph of linear inequalities.
229
A ctivity 11
Directions:
1.
y > 4x
2.
y > x + 2
3. 3x + y 5
4. y <
1
x
3
5.
x y < -2
QU
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
c.
d.
Were you able to draw and describe the graph of linear inequalities? Were you able
to give at least 3 solutions for each linear inequality? In the next activity, you will determine
the linear inequality whose graph is described by the shaded region.
230
A ctivity 12
Direction: Write a linear inequality whose graph is described by the shaded region.
1. 4.
2. 5.
3.
231
QU
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
c.
How did you determine the linear inequality given its graph?
What mathematics concepts or principles did you apply to come up
with the inequality?
When will you use the symbol >, <, , or in a linear inequality?
From the activity done, you were able to determine the linear inequality whose graph
is described by the shaded region. In the succeeding activity, you will translate real-life
situations into linear inequalities in two variables.
A ctivity 13
Directions:
TRANSLATE ME!
Write each statement as a linear inequality in two variables.
1.
The sum of 20-peso bills (t) and fifty peso bills (f) is greater than
Php 420.
2. The difference between the weight of Diana (d) and Princess (p) is at
least 26.
3. Five times the length of a ruler (r) increased by 2 inches is less than
the height of Daniel (h).
4. In a month, the total amount the family spends for food (f) and
educational expenses (e) is at most Php 8,000.
5. The price of a motorcycle (m) less Php 36,000 is less than or equal to
the price of a bicycle (b).
6. A dozen of short pants (s) added to half a dozen of pajamas (p) has a
total cost of not greater than Php 960.
7. The difference of the number of 300-peso tickets (p) and 200-peso
tickets (q) is not less than 30.
8. Thrice the number of red balls (r) is less than the number of blue balls
(b).
9. The number of apples (a) more than twice the number of ponkans (p)
is greater than 24.
10. Nicole bought 2 blouses (b) and 3 shirts (s) and paid not more than
Php 1,150.
QU
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
How did you translate the given situations into linear inequalities?
When do we use the term at most? How about at least?
What other terms are similar to at most? How about at least?
Give at least two statements that make use of these terms.
In what real-life situations are the terms such as at most and at least
used?
232
Were you able to translate real-life situations into linear inequalities in two variables?
In the next activity, you will find out how linear inequalities in two variables are used in reallife situations and in solving problems.
A ctivity 14
Directions:
MAKE IT REAL!
Answer the following questions. Give your complete solutions or explanations.
1.
The difference between Connies height and Janels height is not more
than 1.5 ft.
a.
b.
c.
2.
A motorcycle has a reserved fuel of 0.5 liter which can be used if its
3-liter fuel tank is about to be emptied. The motorcycle consumes at
most 0.5 liter of fuel for every 20 km of travel.
a.
b.
c.
3.
The total amount Jurene paid for 5 kilos of rice and 2 kilos of fish is
less than Php 600.
a.
b.
c.
233
4.
A bus and a car left a place at the same time traveling in opposite
direction. After 2 hours, the distance between them is at most 350 km.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
From the activity done, you were able to find out how linear inequalities in two variables
are used in real-life situations and in solving problems. Can you give other real-life situations
where linear inequalities in two variables are illustrated? Now, lets go deeper by moving on
to the next part of this module.
234
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
_
_
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ar...__ ___________ _______
f
o
s
d
rne
___
____
a
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
e
_
_
v
_
_
____
a
_
_
_
h
_
_
_
_
I
_
_
_
_
t
_
_
_
a
_
Wh
______ __________ __________ _______
_
_
_
_
_
_____
______ __________ __________ _____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ _________.
_
__
__
______ __________ ___________
__
__
______ __________
__
______
235
What to
to Understand
Understand
What
In this part, you are going to think deeper and test further your understanding of
linear inequalities in two variables. After doing the following activities, you should be
able to answer the question: In what other real-life situations will you be able to
find the applications of linear inequalities in two variables?
A ctivity 15
Directions:
THINK DEEPER.
Answer the following questions. Give your complete solutions or explanations.
1.
2.
How many values of the variables would satisfy a given linear inequality
in two variables? Give an example to support your answer.
3.
Airen says, Any values of x and y that satisfy the linear equation y = x + 5
also satisfy the inequality y < x + 5. Do you agree with Airen? Justify your
answer.
4.
Katherine bought some cans of sardines and corned beef. She gave
the store owner Php 200 as payment. However, the owner told her
that the amount is not enough. What could be the reasons? What
mathematical statement would represent the given situation?
5.
QU
NS
ES TIO
What new insights do you have about linear inequalities in two
variables? What new connections have you made for yourself?
Now extend your understanding. This time, apply what you have
learned in real life by doing the tasks in the next section.
236
What to
to Transfer
Transfer
What
In this section, you will be applying your understanding of linear inequalities in
two variables through the following culminating activities that reflect meaningful and
relevant situations. You will be given practical tasks wherein you will demonstrate your
understanding.
A ctivity 16
Directions:
LETS ROLE-PLAY!
Cite and role-play at least two situations in real-life where linear inequalities
in two variables are illustrated. Formulate problems out of these situations
then solve them. Show the graphs of the linear inequalities drawn from these
situations.
3
The situation is
clear and the use of
linear inequalities
in two variables is
not illustrated. The
problem formulated
is related to the
situation and the
answer is correct.
2
The situation is not
too clear and the use
of linear inequalities
in two variables is
not illustrated. The
problem formulated
is related to the
situation and the
answer is incorrect.
237
1
The situation is not
clear and the use of
linear inequalities
in two variables is
not illustrated. The
problem formulated
is not related to the
situation and the
answer is incorrect.
A ctivity 17
Directions:
PLAN FIRST!
Read the situation below then come up with the appropriate budget
proposal. The budget proposal should be clear, realistic, and make use of
linear inequalities in two variables and other mathematical statements.
Due to the rising prices of food commodities, you decided to raise
broiler chickens for your familys consumption. You sought permission from
your parents and asked them to give you some amount to start with. Your
parents agreed to give you some money; however, they still need to see
how you will use it. They asked you to prepare a budget proposal for the
chicken house that you will be constructing, the number of chickens to be
raised, the amount of chicken feeds, and other expenses.
RUBRIC: Budget Proposal of Raising Broiler Chickens
4
The budget
proposal is
clear, accurate,
practical, and
the use of linear
inequalities in
two variables
and other
mathematical
statements
are properly
illustrated.
3
The budget
proposal is clear,
practical, and
the use of linear
inequalities in
two variables is
illustrated.
2
The budget
proposal is not
too clear and
the use of linear
inequalities in
two variables
is not properly
illustrated.
1
The budget
proposal is not
clear and the
use of linear
inequalities
in two
variables is not
illustrated.
How did you find the different performance tasks? How did the tasks help you see the
real world use of linear inequalities in two variables?
You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson on system of linear
equations and inequalities, you have to answer the following post-assessment.
238
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
t
a
____
_
h
t
_
_
d
_
o
_
dersto __________ _______
n
u
e
v
___
I ha
_
,
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ ______
n
_
_
o
_
s
_
s
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
In this ___________ __________ ___________ ____
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
__
__
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
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__
______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
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______ ___________ __________ __________ ____
_
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__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
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__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
_
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
_
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__
_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ _
__
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______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
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_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
______ ___.
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______
239
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION
This module was about linear inequalities in two variables. In this module, you were able
Cartesian coordinate plane the plane that contains the x- and y-axes
Coordinates of a point any point on the plane that is identified by an ordered pair of
numbers denoted as (x, y)
Geogebra a dynamic mathematics software that can be used to visualize and
understand concepts in algebra, geometry, calculus, and statistics
Half plane the region that is divided when a line is graphed in the coordinate plane
Mathematical equation a mathematical statement indicating that two expressions are
equal and using the symbol =
Linear equation in two variables a mathematical statement with one as the highest
exponent of its independent variable
Linear inequality in two variables a mathematical statement that makes use of inequality
symbols such as >, <, , and
Mathematical expression the left or the right member of any mathematical statement
Plane divider the line that separates the cartesian coordinate plane into two half planes
Slope of a line the steepness of a non-vertical line
Solutions of linear equations points in the coordinate plane whose ordered pairs satisfy
the equality
Solutions of linear inequalities points in the coordinate plane whose ordered pairs
satisfy the inequality
Variables any quantity represented by a letter of the alphabet
x-intercept the x-coordinate of the point where a graph intersects the x-axis
Brown, Richard G., Mary P. Dolciani, Robert H. Sorgenfrey, and Robert B. Kane. Algebra,
Structure and Method Book 2. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1990.
Callanta, Melvin M. and Concepcion S. Ternida. Infinity Grade 8, Worktext in Mathematics.
EUREKA Scholastic Publishing, Inc., Makati City, 2012.
Chapin, Illingworth, Landau, Masingila and McCracken. Prentice Hall Middle Grades Math,
Tools for Success, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1997.
Clements, Douglas H., Kenneth W. Jones, Lois Gordon Moseley and Linda Schulman. Math
in my World, McGraw-Hill Division, Farmington, New York, 1999.
Coxford, Arthur F. and Joseph N. Payne. HBJ Algebra I, Second Edition, Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, Publishers, Orlando, Florida, 1990.
Fair, Jan and Sadie C. Bragg. Prentice Hall Algebra I, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, 1991.
Gantert, Ann Xavier. Algebra 2 and Trigonometry. AMSCO School Publications, Inc., 2009.
Gantert, Ann Xavier. AMSCOs Integrated Algebra I, AMSCO School Publications, Inc., New
York, 2007.
Larson, Ron, Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, and Lee Stiff. Algebra 1, Applications,
Equations, and Graphs. McDougal Littell, A Houghton Mifflin Company, Illinois, 2004.
Larson, Ron, Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, and Lee Stiff. Algebra 2, Applications,
Equations, and Graphs. McDougal Littell, A Houghton Mifflin Company, Illinois, 2008.
Smith, Charles, Dossey, Keedy and Bettinger. Addison-Wesley Algebra, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, 1992.
Wesner, Terry H. and Harry L. Nustad. Elementary Algebra with Applications. Wm. C. Brown
Publishers. IA, USA.
Wilson, Patricia S., et al. Mathematics, Applications and Connections, Course I, Glencoe
Division of Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Westerville, Ohio, 1993.
9. http://www.classzone.com/books/algebra_1/page_build.cfm?id=lesson5&ch=6
10. http://www.mathchamber.com/algebra7/unit_06/unit_6.htm
11. http://www.mathwarehouse.com/algebra/linear_equation/linear-inequality.php
12. http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/Algebra1/COURSE_TEXT_RESOURCE/
U05_L2_T1_text_final.html
13. http://www.netplaces.com/algebra-guide/graphing-linear-relationships/graphing-linearinequalities-in-two-variables.htm
14. http://www.netplaces.com/search.htm?terms=linear+inequalities+in+two+variables
15. http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Algorithms/MyAlgorithms/MathAlgor/linear.
html
16. http://www.purplemath.com/modules/ineqgrph.html
17. http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/lperez/algebra2go/begalgebra/index.html#systems
18. http://www.tutorcircle.com/solving-systems-of-linear-equations-and-inequalities- t71gp.
html#close_iframe#close_iframe
19. http://www.wyzant.com/Help/Math/Algebra/Graphing_Linear_Inequalities.aspx
http://lazyblackcat.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/14-lex-chores-copy.png
2.
http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?q=filipino+doing+household+chores&start=166&hl=
fil&client=firefox-a&hs=IHa&sa=X&tbo=d&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1024&bi
h=497&tbm=isch&tbnid=e6JZNmWnlFvSaM:&imgrefurl=http://lazyblackcat.wordpress.
com/2012/09/19/more-or-lex-striking-home-with-lexter-maravilla/&docid=UATHVYeE9bTNM&imgurl=http://lazyblackcat.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/14-lex-chorescopy.png&w=1090&h=720&ei=4EC_ULqZJoG4iQfQroHACw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=9
5&vpy=163&dur=294&hovh=143&hovw=227&tx=79&ty=96&sig=10343724102496809
0138&page=11&tbnh=143&tbnw=227&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:78,s:100,i:238
242
SYSTEMS OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS AND
INEQUALITIES IN TWO
VARIABLES
I.
Find out the answers to these questions and determine the vast applications of
systems of linear equations and inequalities in two variables through this module.
In this module, you will examine the above questions when you take the following lessons:
Lesson 1 Systems of linear equations in two variables and their graphs
Lesson 2 Solving systems of linear equations in two variables
Lesson 3 Graphical solutions of systems of linear inequalities in two variables
243
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Module Map
Map
Module
Here is a simple map of the lessons that will be covered in this module.
Systems of Linear
Equations and Inequalities in
Two Variables
Systems of Linear
Equations in Two
Variables and their
Graphs
Graphical
Method
Algebraic
Methods
Solving Systems of
Linear Equations in
Two Variables
Elimination
Method
Graphical Solutions
of Systems of Linear
Inequalities in Two
Variables
244
Substitution
Method
a.
2x 7y = 8
c.
b.
3x + 5y = -2
x 4y = 9
d. 4x + 1 = 8
2.
a.
3.
a.
c.
b.
d.
(1, 8)
b.
(3, 5)
x + 9y = 2
2x 3y > 12
c.
245
(5, 3)
d.
(2, 6)
4.
2x + y < 2
Which of the following shows the graph of the system
?
x 4y > 9
a.
c.
b.
d.
5.
a.
6.
A car park charges Php 45 for the first 3 hours and Php 5 for every succeeding
hour or a fraction thereof. Another car park charges Php 20 for the first 3 hours
and Php 10 for every succeeding hour or a fraction thereof. In how many hours
would a car owner pay the same parking fee in any of the two car parks?
a.
7.
How many solutions does a consistent and independent system of linear equations
have?
a.
8.
a.
9.
Mr. Agpalo paid Php 260 for 4 adults tickets and 6 childrens tickets. Suppose the
total cost of an adult's ticket and a childrens ticket is Php 55. How much does an
adult's ticket cost?
a.
2 hr
(0, 0)
Php 20
b. 5
b. 3 hr
b. 1
b. (10, -1)
b. Php 35
c. 10
c. 5 hr
c. 2
c. (-4, 6)
c. Php 80
246
d. 20
d. 8 hr
d. Infinite
d. (-2, -8)
d. Php 120
10. Which system of equations has a graph that shows intersecting lines?
a. 2x + 4y = 14
c. 4x + 8y = 7
x + 2y = 7
x + 2y = 3
-3x
+
y
=
5
b.
d. 3x + y = 10
6x 2y = 1
3x y = 5
11. Mr. Bonifacio asked each of his agriculture students to prepare a rectangular
garden such that its perimeter is at most 19 m and the difference between its
length and its width is at least 5 m. Which of the following could be the sketch of a
garden that a student may prepare?
a.
b.
c.
d.
3x + y = 2
has no solution. Which of the following
2y = 15 6x
reasons would support her statement?
I.
The graph of the system of equations shows parallel lines.
II. The graph of the system of equations shows intersecting lines.
III. The two lines as described by the equations in the system have the same
slope.
a.
I and II
b.
I and III
c.
II and III
d.
13. Jose paid at most Php 250 for the 4 markers and 3 pencils that he bought. Suppose
the marker is more expensive than the pencil and their prices difference is greater
than Php 30. Which of the following could be the amount paid by Jose for each
item?
a.
Marker: Php 56
Pencil: Php 12
c.
Marker: Php 46
Pencil: Php 7
b.
Marker:
Pencil:
d.
Marker:
Pencil:
Php 35
Php 15
247
Php 50
Php 19
14. Bea wanted to compare the mobile network plans being offered by two
telecommunication companies. Suppose Beas father would like to see the graph
showing the comparison of the two mobile network plans. Which of the following
graphs should Bea present to his father?
a.
c.
b.
d.
15. Edna and Grace had their meal at a pizza house. They ordered the same kind of
pizza and drinks. Edna paid Php 140 for 2 slices of pizza and a drink. Grace paid
Php 225 for 3 slices of pizza and 2 drinks. How much did they pay for the total
number of slices of pizza?
a.
Php 55
b. Php 110
c. Php 165
d. Php 275
16. The Senior Citizens' Club of a certain municipality is raising funds by selling
used clothes and shoes. Mrs. Labrador, a member of the club, was assigned
to determine how many used clothes and shoes were sold after knowing the
important information needed. She was asked further to present to the club how
she came up with the result using a graph. Which of the following graphs could
Mrs. Labrador present?
a.
c.
b.
248
d.
17. The Math Club rented a sound system for their annual Mathematics Camp. They
also rented a generator in case of power interruption. After the 3-day camp, the
club paid a total amount of Php3,000, three days for the sound system and two
days for the generator. If each is rented for one day, the club should have paid a
total amount of Php1,100. What was the daily rental cost of the generator?
a.
b.
Php 300
Php 600
c. Php 800
d. Php 2,400
18. Mrs. Soriano would like to keep track of her familys expenses to have an idea
of the maximum or minimum amount of money that she will allot for electric and
water consumption, food, clothing, and other needs. Which of the following should
Mrs. Soriano prepare?
a.
b.
Budget Plan
Compilation of Receipts
c.
Pricelist of Commodities
d. Bar Graph of Familys Expenses
19. A restaurant owner would like to make a model which he can use as guide in
writing a system of equations. He will use the system of equations in determining
the number of kilograms of pork and beef that he needs to purchase daily given
a certain amount of money (C), the cost (A) of a kilo of pork, the cost (B) of a kilo
of beef, and the total weight of meat (D). Which of the following models should he
make and follow?
a.
Ax By = C
x+y=D
c.
Ax + By = C
x+y=D
b.
Ax + By = C
xy=D
d.
Ax By = C
xy=D
20. Mrs. Jacinto would like to instill the value of saving and to develop decision-making
among her children. Which of the following situations should Mrs. Jacinto present
to her children?
a.
b.
c.
d.
249
Part II. Illustrate each mathematics concept in the given figure, then describe it by
completing the statement at the bottom.
Lines
Slope of a
Line
y - intercept
of a Line
Points on a
Line
Points
Coordinates
of Points
Parallel
Lines
Intersecting
Lines
Linear
Equations
Linear
Inequality
My idea of (mathematics concept given) is ______________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________
250
Part III. Use the situation below to answer the questions that follow.
One Sunday, a Butterfly Exhibit was held at the Quezon Memorial Circle in Quezon
City. A number of people, children and adults, went to see the exhibit. Admission was
Php 20 each for adults and Php 12 each for children.
Questions:
1.
How much did an adult pay for the exhibit? How about a child?
2.
Complete the table below for the amount that must be paid by a certain number of
adults and children who will watch the exhibit.
Number of
Adults
2
3
4
5
6
Admission Fee
Number of
Children
2
3
4
5
6
Admission Fee
3.
How much would 10 adults pay if they watch the exhibit? How about 10 children?
Show your solution.
4.
If a certain number of adults watched the exhibit, what expression would represent
the total admission fee?
What mathematical statement would represent the total amount that will be
collected from a number of children? Explain your answer.
5.
Suppose 6 adults and 15 children watch the exhibit. What is the total amount they
will pay as admission? Show your solution.
6.
If a number of adults and another number of children watch the exhibit, how will
you represent the total amount they will pay for the admission? Explain your
answer.
7.
Suppose the total amount collected was Php 3,000. How many adults and how
many children could have watched the exhibit?
8.
The given situation illustrates the use of linear equations in two variables. In what
other real-life situations are linear equations in two variables applied? Formulate
problems out of these situations then solve.
251
252
Lesson
Systems of Linear
Equations in Two
Variables and Their
Graphs
What to
to Know
Know
What
Start Lesson 1 of this module by assessing your knowledge of the different
mathematics concepts previously studied and your skills in performing mathematical
operations. These knowledge and skills may help you in understanding Systems of Linear
Equations in Two Variables and their Graphs. As you go through this lesson, think of the
following important question: How is the system of linear equations in two variables used
in solving real-life problems and in making decisions? To find the answer, perform each
activity. If you find any difficulty in answering the exercises, seek the assistance of your
teacher or peers or refer to the modules you have studied earlier. To check your work,
refer to the answer key provided at the end of this module.
A ctivity 1
Directions:
DESCRIBE ME!
Draw the graph of each of the following linear equations in a Cartesian
coordinate plane. Answer the questions that follow.
1. y = 2x + 3
253
2. 3x y = 2
3.
y = 5x 1
NS
a.
b.
4. 2x 3y = 6
QU
ES TIO
Were you able to draw and describe the graphs of linear equations in two variables?
Suppose you draw the graphs of two linear equations in the same coordinate plane. How
would the graphs of these equations look like? Youll find that out when you do the next
activity.
A ctivity 2
Directions:
Draw the graph of each pair of linear equations below using the same
Cartesian plane, then answer the questions that follow.
1.
3x + y = 5 and 2x + y = 9
254
2.
3x y = 4 and y = 3x + 2
x + 3y = 6 and 2x + 6y = 12
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
NS
ES TIO
QU
3.
slope =
slope =
y-intercept =
y-intercept =
f.3) x + 3y = 6;
slope =
y-intercept =
2x + 6y = 12;
slope =
y-intercept =
g. How would you compare the slopes of the lines defined by the linear
equations in each system?
How about their y-intercepts?
h. What statements can you make about the solution of the system in
relation to the slopes of the lines?
How about the y-intercepts of the lines?
i.
How is the system of linear equations in two variables used in solving
real-life problems and in making decisions?
255
How did you find the preceding activities? Are you ready to learn about systems of
linear equations in two variables and their graphs? Im sure you are. From the activities
done, you were able to determine when two lines intersect and when they do not intersect.
You were able to relate also the solution of system of linear equations with the slopes
and y-intercepts of their graphs. But how are systems of linear equations in two variables
used in solving real-life problems and in making decisions? You will find these out in the
activities in the next section. Before doing these activities, read and understand first some
important notes on Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables and their Graphs and the
examples presented.
Equations like x y = 7 and 2x + y = 8 are called simultaneous linear equations or
a system of linear equations if we want them to be true for the same pairs of numbers. A
solution of such equations is an ordered pair of numbers that satisfies both equations. The
solution set of a system of linear equations in two variables is the set of all ordered pairs of
real numbers that makes every equation in the system true.
The solution of a system of linear equations can be determined algebraically or
graphically. To find the solution graphically, graph both equations on a Cartesian plane then
find the point of intersection of the graphs, if it exists. The solution to a system of linear
equations corresponds to the coordinates of the points of intersection of the graphs of the
equations.
No solution
256
There are three kinds of systems of linear equations in two variables according to the
number of solutions. These are:
1. System of consistent and dependent equations
This is a system of linear equations having infinitely many solutions. The slopes of
the lines defined by the equations are equal, their y-intercepts are also equal, and
their graphs coincide.
Example: The
system
of
equations
xy=5
is consistent and
2x 2y = 10
dependent. The slopes of their
lines are equal, their y-intercepts
are also equal, and their graphs
coincide.
2.
2x + y = 5
3x y = 9
3.
2x + y = -6
is inconsistent. The slopes of
2x + y = 10
their lines are equal; their y-intercepts are not equal; and their graphs
are parallel.
257
What to
to Process
Process
What
Your goal in this section is to apply the key concepts of systems of linear equations in
two variables and their graphs. Use the mathematical ideas and the examples presented
in the preceding section to answer the activities provided.
A ctivity 3
Directions:
CONSISTENT OR INCONSISTENT?
Determine whether each system of linear equations is consistent and
dependent, consistent and independent, or inconsistent. Then, answer the
questions that follow.
2x y = 7
1.
3x y = 5
2x + y = -3
2.
2x + y = 6
6.
x 2y = 9
x + 3y = 14
7.
6x 2y = 8
y = 3x 4
3.
x 2y = 9
2x 4y = 18
8.
x + 3y = 8
x 3y = 8
4.
8x + 2y = 7
y = -4y + 1
9.
2y = 6x 5
3y = 9x + 1
5.
-3x + y = 10
4x + y = 7
10.
3x + 5y = 15
4x 7y = 10
258
QU
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
c.
How were you able to identify systems of equations that are consistentdependent, consistent-independent, and inconsistent?
When do you say that a system of linear equations is consistent and
dependent? consistent and independent? inconsistent?
Give examples of systems of linear equations that are consistent and
dependent, consistent and independent, and inconsistent.
Were you able to determine which systems of linear equations in two variables
are consistent and dependent, consistent and independent, or inconsistent? In the next
activity, you will describe the solution set of a system of linear equations in two variables
through its graph.
A ctivity 4
HOW DO I LOOK?
Directions:
Determine the solution set of the system of linear equations as shown by the
following graphs. Then answer the questions that follow.
1.
3.
2.
4.
259
a.
NS
QU
ES TIO
b.
c.
d.
Was it easy for you to describe the solution set of a system of linear equations given
the graph? In the next activity, you will graph systems of linear equations then describe
their solution sets.
A ctivity 5
Directions:
DESCRIBE MY SOLUTIONS!
Graph each of the following systems of linear equations in two variables on
the Cartesian coordinate plane. Describe the solution set of each system
based on the graph drawn. Then answer the questions that follow.
1. x + y = 8
x + y = -3
2.
3x y = 7
x + 3y = -4
3.
x + 6y = 9
2x + 6y = 18
4.
x 2y = 12
6x + 3y = -9
5.
3x + y = -2
x + 2y = -4
260
QU
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
c.
How did you graph each system of linear equations in two variables?
How does the graph of each system look like?
Which system of linear equations has only one solution? Why?
How about the system of linear equations with no solution? infinite
number of solutions? Explain your answer.
In this section, the discussion was about system of linear equations in two variables
and their graphs.
Go back to the previous section and compare your initial ideas with the discussion.
How much of your initial ideas are found in the discussion? Which ideas are different and
need revision?
Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, lets go deeper by moving
on to the next section.
261
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
_
_
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ar...__ ___________ _______
f
o
s
d
rne
___
____
a
_
_
e
_
_
l
_
_
e
_
_
v
_
_
____
a
_
_
_
h
_
_
_
_
I
_
_
_
_
t
_
_
_
a
_
Wh
______ __________ __________ _______
_
_
_
_
_
_____
______ __________ __________ _____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________
__
__
__
______ __________ __________ _________.
_
__
__
______ __________ ___________
__
__
______ __________
__
______
262
What to
to Understand
Understand
What
Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the topic.
You are going to think deeper and test further your understanding of systems of
linear equations in two variables and their graphs. After doing the following activities,
you should be able to answer the following question: "How is the system of linear
equations in two variables used in solving real-life problems and in making
decisions?"
A ctivity 6
Directions:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a.
b.
c.
263
In this section, the discussion was about your understanding of systems of linear
equations in two variables and their graphs.
What new realizations do you have about the systems of linear equations in two
variables and their graphs? What new connections have you made for yourself?
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the
tasks in the next section.
What to
to Transfer
Transfer
What
Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real-life situations. You will be
given a practical task which will demonstrate your understanding.
A ctivity 7
Directions:
School Supply
Quantity
264
Cost
Formulate linear equations in two variables based on the data in the
table. Then use some pairs of these equations to form different systems
of equations. Draw the graph of each system of linear equations. Use the
rubric provided to rate your work.
Rubric for Real-Life Situations Involving Systems of Linear Equations
in Two Variables and their Graphs
4
Systematically listed
the data in the table,
properly formulated
linear equations
in two variables
that form a system
of equations, and
accurately drew the
graph of each system
of linear equations.
3
Systematically listed
the data in the table,
properly formulated
linear equations in
two variables that
form a system of
equations but unable
to draw the graph
accurately.
2
1
Systematically listed Systematically listed
the data in the table the data in the table.
and formulated linear
equations in two
variables but unable
to form systems of
equations.
In this section, your task was to cite three real-life situations where systems of linear
equations in two variables are illustrated.
How did you find the performance task? How did the task help you see the real-world
use of the topic?
265
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
t
a
____
_
h
t
_
_
d
_
o
_
dersto __________ _______
n
u
e
v
___
I ha
_
,
_
_
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266
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION:
This lesson was about systems of linear equations in two variables and their graphs. The
lesson provided you opportunities to describe systems of linear equations and their solution
sets using practical situations, mathematical expressions, and their graphs. You identified and
described systems of linear equations whose graphs are parallel, intersecting, or coinciding.
Moreover, you were given the chance to draw and describe the graphs of systems of linear
equations in two variables and to demonstrate your understanding of the lesson by doing a
practical task. Your understanding of this lesson and other previously learned mathematics
concepts and principles will facilitate your learning of the next lesson, Solving Systems of
Linear Equations Graphically and Algebraically.
267
Lesson
Solving Systems
of Linear Equations
in Two Variables
What to
to Know
Know
What
Start the lesson by assessing your knowledge of the different mathematics
concepts previously studied and your skills in performing mathematical operations. These
knowledge and skills may help you in understanding Solving Systems of Linear Equations
in Two Variables. As you go through this lesson, think of the following important question:
How is the system of linear equations in two variables used in solving real-life
problems and in making decisions? To find out the answer, perform each activity. If you
find any difficulty in answering the exercises, seek the assistance of your teacher or peers
or refer to the modules you have studied earlier.
A ctivity 1
Directions:
Complete the table below for the fare collected by the tricycle and
jeepney drivers from a certain number of passengers.
Amount Collected
by the Tricycle
Driver
Number of
Passengers
1
2
3
4
5
10
268
Amount Collected
by the
Jeepney Driver
15
20
25
30
2.
3.
4.
How did you determine the amount collected by the tricycle and
jeepney drivers from their passengers?
Suppose in 3 round trips the tricycle and jeepney drivers had a total of
68 passengers.
a. How would you find the number of passengers each transported?
b. What mathematical statement will you use to find the number of
passengers each had?
c.
What is the total amount of fare collected from the passengers
by the two drivers? Explain how you arrived at your answer.
d. How would you draw the graph of the mathematical statement
obtained in 3b? Draw and describe the graph.
Suppose the total fare collected by the tricycle and jeepney drivers is
Php 780.
a. How would you find the number of passengers each had?
b. What mathematical statement will you use to find the number of
passengers each had?
c.
How would you draw the graph of the mathematical statement
obtained in 4b? Draw the graph in the Cartesian coordinate
plane where the graph of the mathematical statement in 3b was
drawn. Describe the graph.
5.
6.
7.
How did you determine the number of passengers each driver had?
269
How did you find the activity? Were you able to use linear equations in two variables
to represent a real-life situation? Were you able to find some possible solutions of a linear
equation in two variables and draw its graph? In the next activity, you will show the graphs
of systems of linear equations in two variables. You need this skill to learn about the
graphical solutions of systems of linear equations in two variables.
A ctivity 2
Directions:
Draw the graph of each equation in the system in one coordinate plane.
y=x+7
3x + 8y = 12
1. y = -2x + 1 3. 8x 5y = 12
2.
y = 3x 2
8x + 7y = 15
4.
270
xy=6
2x + 7y = -6
QU
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
c.
d.
Were you able to draw the graph of each system of linear equations in two variables?
Were you able to determine and give the meaning of the coordinates of the point of
intersection of intersecting lines? As you go through this module, you will learn about this
point of intersection of two lines and how the coordinates of this point are determined
algebraically. In the next activity, you will solve for the indicated variable in terms of the
other variable. You need this skill to learn about solving systems of linear equations in two
variables using the substitution method.
A ctivity 3
IF I WERE YOU
Directions:
Solve for the indicated variable in terms of the other variable. Explain how
you arrived at your answer.
1. 4x + y = 11;
y=
6. -2x + 7y = 18;
x=
2.
5x y = 9;
y =
7.
-3x 8y = 15;
x=
3.
4x + y = 12;
x =
8.
1
x + 3y = 2;
4
x=
4.
-5x 4y = 16;
y =
9.
4
1
x
y = 7 ;
9
3
y=
5.
2x + 3y = 6;
y =
10. -
2
1
x
;y = 8
3
2
x=
How did you find the activity? Were you able to solve for the indicated variable in
terms of the other variable? In the next activity, you will solve linear equations. You need
this skill to learn about solving systems of linear equations in two variables algebraically.
271
A ctivity 4
Directions:
Find the value of the variable that would make the equation true. Answer the
questions that follow.
1. 5x = 15
6. x + 7 = 10
2. -3x = 21
7. 3y 5 = 4
3. 9x = -27
8. 2y + 5y = -28
QU
4.
5.
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
c.
-7x = -12
2
x = 8
3
9.
-3y + 7y = 12
10. 5x 2x = -15
Were you able to solve each equation? In solving each equation, were you able to
apply the mathematics concepts or principles which you already learned? Solving equations
is an important skill that you need to fully develop so you would not find difficulty in solving
systems of linear equations in two variables algebraically. But how are systems of linear
equations in two variables used in solving real-life problems and in making decisions? You
will find these out in the activities in the next section. Before you start performing these
activities, read and understand first some important notes on solving systems of linear
equations and the examples presented.
The solution of a system of linear equations can be determined algebraically or graphically.
To find the solution graphically, graph both equations in a Cartesian coordinate plane then find
the point of intersection of the graphs, if it exists. You may also use graphing calculator or
computer software such as GeoGebra in determining the graphical solutions of systems of
linear equations. GeoGebra is an open-source dynamic mathematics software which helps
you visualize and understand concepts in algebra, geometry, calculus, and statistics.
The solution to a system of linear equations corresponds to the coordinates of the points
of intersection of the graphs of the equations.
272
Examples: Find the solutions of the following systems of linear equations graphically.
a.
2x + y = 7
-x + y = 1
b.
273
3x + y = 4
3x y = -5
c.
x 2 = -5
2x 4y = -10
A system of linear equations can be solved algebraically by substitution or elimination
methods.
To solve a system of linear equations by substitution method, the following procedures
could be followed:
a. Solve for one variable in terms of the other variable in one of the equations.
If one of the equations already gives the value of one variable, you may proceed
to the next step.
b. Substitute the value of the variable found in the first step of the second equation.
Simplify then solve the resulting equation.
c.
Substitute the value obtained in (b) to any of the original equations to find the
value of the other variable.
d. Check the values of the variables obtained against the linear equations in the
system.
Example: Solve the system
2x + y = 5
by substitution method.
-x + 2y = 5
274
Check the values of the variables obtained against the linear equations in
the system.
1. 2x + y = 5; x = 1 and y = 3
2(1) + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5
If x = 1 and y = 3, the equation 2x + y = 5 is true.
Hence, the cooordinate (1,3) satisfies the equation.
2. -x + 2y = 5; x = 1 and y = 3
-1 + 2(3) = -1 + 6 = 5
If x = 1 and y = 3, the equation -x + 2y = 5 is true.
Hence, the coordinate (1,3) satisfies the equation.
2x + y = 5
Therefore, the solution to the system
is the ordered pair (1, 3).
-x + 2y = 5
To solve a system of linear equations in two variables by the elimination method, the
following procedures could be followed:
a. Whenever necessary, rewrite both equations in standard form Ax + By = C.
b. Whenever necessary, multiply either equation or both equations by a nonzero
number so that the coefficients of x or y will have a sum of 0. (Note: The coefficients
of x and y are additive inverses.)
c.
Add the resulting equations. This leads to an equation in one variable. Simplify
then solve the resulting equation.
d. Substitute the value obtained to any of the original equations to find the value of
the other variable.
e. Check the values of the variables obtained against the linear equations in the
system.
Example: Solve the system
3x + y = 7
by elimination method.
2x 5y = 16
Simplify.
6 5y = 16
2(3) 5y = 16
-5y = 16 6
275
-5y = 10
Use the two equations to find the daily wages of a technician and a supervisor.
12x + 3y = 7,020
11x + 4y = 7,110
276
Lets solve the system using Elimination Method. Multiply both sides of the first equation
by 4 and the second equation by 3 to eliminate y.
12x + 3y = 7,020
11x + 4y = 7,110
4(12x + 3y = 7,020)
3(11x + 4y = 7,110)
15x 6,750
=
15
15
x = 450
Find the daily wage of a supervisor by substituting 450 for x in
any of the original equations. Then, solve the resulting equation.
12x + 3y = 7,020;
x = 450
12(450) + 3y = 7,020 5,400 + 3y = 7,020
3y = 7,020 5,400
3y
1,620
3y = 1,620
=
3
3
y = 540
Answer:
You have seen how a system of linear equations is used to solve
a real-life problem. In what other real-life situations are systems of linear
equations in two variables illustrated or applied? How is the system of
linear equations in two variables used in solving real-life problems and
in making decisions?
277
Now that you learned about solving systems of linear equations in two variables
graphically and algebraically, you may now try the activities in the next section.
What to
to Process
Process
What
Your goal in this section is to learn and understand solving systems of linear
equations graphically and algebraically. Use the mathematical ideas and the examples
presented in the preceding section in answering the activities provided.
A ctivity 5
Directions:
1.
x + y = -7
y=x+1
3.
3x + y = 2
2y = 4 6x
2.
xy=5
x + 5y = -7
4.
x+y=4
2x 3y = 3
278
5.
y = 5x 2
5x 3y = -14
6.
2x 3y = 5
3y = 10 + 2x
Were you able to determine the solution of each system of linear equations in two
variables graphically? In the next activity, you will determine the resulting equation when
the value of one variable is substituted to a given equation.
A ctivity 6
Directions:
TAKE MY PLACE!
Determine the resulting equation by substituting the given value of one
variable to each of the following equations. Then solve for the other variable
using the resulting equation. Answer the questions that follow.
Equation
Value of Variable
Equation
Value of Variable
1. 4x + y = 7;
y=x+3
4. 5x + 2y = 8;
x = 3y + 1
2. x + 3y = 12;
x=4y
5. 4x 7y = -10;
y=x4
3. 2x 3y = 9;
QU
NS
ES TIO
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
y=x2
6. -5x = y 4;
y = 3x + 5
How did you find the activity? Do you think it would help you perform the next activity?
Find out when you solve systems of linear equations using the substitution method.
279
A ctivity 7
Directions:
x+y=8
1.
y=x+6
6.
3x + y = 2
9x + 2y = 7
x y = -3
3x + y = 19
2.
x = -y + 7
x y = -9
7.
3.
y = 2x
4x + 3y = 20
8.
4x + y = 6
x 2y = 15
4.
y = 2x + 5
3x 2y = -5
9.
5.
2x + 5y = 9
-x + y = 2
10.
2x + y = 10
4x + 2y = 5
-x + 3y = -2
-3x + 9y = -6
a.
NS
QU
ES TIO
b.
c.
d.
e.
How did you use substitution method in finding the solution set of
each system of linear equations?
How did you check the solution set you got?
Which systems of equations are difficult to solve? Why?
Which systems of equations have no solution? Why?
Which systems of equations have an infinite number of solutions?
Explain your answer.
Were you able to find the solution set of each system of linear equations? Do you
think this is the most convenient way to solve a system of equations? In the next activity,
you will determine the number(s) that must be multiplied to the terms of one or both
equations in a system of equations. This will lead you to find the solution set of a system
of linear equations in two variables using the elimination method.
A ctivity 8
ELIMINATE ME!
Directions:
2.
2x + y = 7
-2x + 3y = 5
3.
5x 2y = 12
2x + y = 7
5.
2 x + 5y = 10
3
5
3x y = 1
4
280
-3x + 2y = 7
6.
5x + 2 = 4y
7.
9x 5y = 8
7y + 3x = 12
To eliminate To eliminate
x
y
9.
2x + 3y = 6
4x + 6y = 12
10.
14x 6y 5 = 0
6x + 10y 1 = 0
12x + 5y = 2
8.
15x 15y = 1
How did you find the activity? Do you think it will help you perform the next activity?
Find out when you solve systems of linear equations using the elimination method.
A ctivity 9
Directions:
3x + 2y = -4
1.
2x y = -12
2.
7x 2y = 4
5x + y = 15
3.
5x + 2y = 6
-2x + y = -6
4.
2x + 3y = 7
3x 5y = 1
5.
x 4y = 9
3x 2y = 7
QU
NS
ESTIO
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
3x + 7y = 12
5x 4y = 20
7.
2x + y = 9
x 2y = 6
8.
5x + 2y = 10
3x 7y = -4
9.
2x + 7y = -5
3x 8y = -5
10.
-3x + 4y = -12
2x 5y = 6
How did you use the elimination method in solving each system of linear
equations?
How did you check your solution set?
Which systems of equations were most difficult to solve? Why?
When is the elimination method convenient to use?
Among the three methods of solving systems of linear equations in two
variables, which do you think is the most convenient to use? Which do
you think is not? Explain your answer.
In this section, the discussion was about solving systems of linear equations in two variables
by using graphical and algebraic methods.
Go back to the previous section and compare your initial ideas with the discussion. How
much of your initial ideas are found in the discussion? Which ideas are different and need revision?
Now that you know the important ideas about solving systems of linear equations in two
variables, lets go deeper by moving on to the next section.
281
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
_____
_
_
____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ar...__ ___________ _______
f
o
s
d
rne
___
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a
_
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e
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l
_
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v
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_
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_
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_
_
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t
_
_
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a
_
Wh
______ __________ __________ _______
_
_
_
_
_
_____
______ __________ __________ _____
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
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__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
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__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
__
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______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
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__
______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
__
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______ __________ __________ ___________ ____
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______ __________ __________ ___________
__
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______ __________ __________ _________.
_
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______ __________ ___________
__
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______ __________
__
______
282
What to
to Understand
Understand
What
Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the topic. You
are going to think deeper and test further your understanding of the different methods of
solving systems of linear equations in two variables. After doing the following activities,
you should be able to answer the following question: How is the system of linear
equations in two variables used in solving real-life problems and in making
decisions?
2.
3.
4.
How would you check if the solution set you found from the graphs of
a system of linear equations is correct?
5.
What do you think are the advantages and the disadvantages of the
graphical method of solving systems of linear equations? Explain your
answer.
Were you able to answer all the questions in the activity? Do you have better
understanding of the graphical method of solving systems of linear equations? In the next
activity, you will be given the opportunity to deepen your understanding of solving systems
of linear equations using the substitution method.
283
A ctivity 11
Directions:
5x 2y = 3
to answer the following:
2x + y = 12
How did you find the activity? Were you able to have a better understanding of the
substitution method of solving systems of linear equations? In the next activity, you will be
given the opportunity to deepen your understanding of solving systems of linear equations
using the elimination method.
A ctivity 12
Directions:
The activity provided you with opportunities to deepen your understanding of solving
systems of linear equations in two variables using the elimination method. You were able
to find out which systems of linear equations can be solved conveniently by using the
substitution or elimination method. In the next activity, you will extend your understanding
of systems of linear equations in two variables to how they are used in solving real-life
problems.
284
A ctivity 13
Directions:
LGs Rent a Car: Php 1,500 per day plus Php 35 per kilometer traveled
Rent and Drive: Php 2,000 per day plus Php 25 per kilometer traveled
2.
3.
Cara and Trisha are comparing their plans for World Celcom postpaid
subscribers. Should Cara switch to Trisha's plan? Justify your answer.
Cara's plan:
Php 500 monthly charge
Free calls and texts to World Celcom subscribers
Php 6.50 per minute for calls to other networks
Trisha's plan:
4.
Mr. Salonga has two investments. His total investment is Php 400,000.
Annually, he receives 3% interest on one investment and 7%
interest on the other. The total interest that Mr. Salonga receives
in a year is Php 16,000.
a.
b.
c.
285
5.
How many sandwiches of each kind was the canteen able to sell
yesterday?
Suppose the teacher in charge of the canteen wishes to increase
the canteen's revenue from sandwiches sold to Php 720. Is it
possible to do this without raising the price per sandwich? How?
What new insights do you have about solving systems of linear equations? What
new connections have you made for yourself?
Lets extend your understanding. This time, apply what you have learned in real life
by doing the tasks in the next section.
What to
to Transfer
Transfer
What
Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real-life situations. You will
be given a practical task in which you will demonstrate your understanding of solving
systems of linear equations in two variables.
A ctivity 14
Cite situations in real life where systems of linear equations in two variables are applied.
Form a group of 5 members and role play each situation. With your groupmates, formulate
problems out of these situations, then solve them in as many ways as you can.
A ctivity 15
1.
Make a list of all postpaid plans being offered by different mobile network companies.
2.
Use the postpaid plans to formulate problems involving systems of linear equations in
two variables. Clearly define all variables used and solve all problems formulated. Use
the given rubric to rate your work.
3.
Determine the best postpaid plan that each company offers based on your current
cellphone usage. Explain your answer.
286
Score
Descriptors
6
Poses a more complex problem with 2 or more correct possible solutions
and communicates ideas unmistakably, shows in-depth comprehension of
the pertinent concepts and/or processes and provides explanations wherever
appropriate.
5
Poses a more complex problem and finishes all significant parts of the solution and communicates ideas unmistakably, shows in-depth comprehension
of the pertinent concepts and/or processes.
4
Poses a complex problem and finishes all significant parts of the solution
and communicates ideas unmistakably, shows in-depth comprehension of the
pertinent concepts and/or processes.
3
Poses a complex problem and finishes most significant parts of the solution
and communicates ideas unmistakably, shows comprehension of major concepts although neglects or misinterprets less significant ideas or details.
2
Poses a problem and finishes some significant parts of the solution and communicates ideas unmistakably but shows gaps on theoretical comprehension.
1
Poses a problem but demonstrates minor comprehension, not being able to
develop an approach.
Source: D.O. #73 s. 2012
In this section, your tasks were to cite real-life situations and formulate and solve
problems involving systems of linear equations in two variables.
How did you find the performance task? How did the task help you see the real world
application of systems of linear equations in two variables?
287
REFLECTION
____
_
_
_
_
_
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t
a
____
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t
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d
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dersto __________ _______
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n
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In this ___________ __________ ___________ ____
_
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_
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_ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
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______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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______ ___________ __________ __________ ____
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______ ___.
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288