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  • Black Confederates - Harvard Gazette PDF

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    1) While some slaves and freed black men did fight or labor for the Confederacy, their numbers were small, estimated at less than 1% of Confederate soldiers and less than 1% of military-age Southern black men. 2) Their motivations were complex, as some may have been forced into service while others hoped it would lead to better treatment or prevent re-enslavement. 3) The concept of large numbers of willing black Confederate soldiers is promoted by those wanting to minimize the role of slavery in the Civil War, but most historians agree the war's root cause was slavery and its outcome resulted in black emancipation.

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    1) While some slaves and freed black men did fight or labor for the Confederacy, their numbers were small, estimated at less than 1% of Confederate soldiers and less than 1% of military-age Southern black men. 2) Their motivations were complex, as some may have been forced into service while others hoped it would lead to better treatment or prevent re-enslavement. 3) The concept of large numbers of willing black Confederate soldiers is promoted by those wanting to minimize the role of slavery in the Civil War, but most historians agree the war's root cause was slavery and its outcome resulted in black emancipation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
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    89 tayangan2 halaman

    Black Confederates - Harvard Gazette PDF

    Diunggah oleh

    nanadada
    1) While some slaves and freed black men did fight or labor for the Confederacy, their numbers were small, estimated at less than 1% of Confederate soldiers and less than 1% of military-age Southern black men. 2) Their motivations were complex, as some may have been forced into service while others hoped it would lead to better treatment or prevent re-enslavement. 3) The concept of large numbers of willing black Confederate soldiers is promoted by those wanting to minimize the role of slavery in the Civil War, but most historians agree the war's root cause was slavery and its outcome resulted in black emancipation.

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 2

    HarvardGazette

    Arts&Culture>History,Language&Culture

    BlackConfederates
    TheirnumbersinCivilWarweresmall,buthavesymbolicvalue
    September1,2011|Editor'sPickPopular

    RoseLincoln/HarvardStaffPhotographer
    HarvardProfessorJohnStauffer,whostudiesantislaverymovements,theCivilWar,andAmericansocialprotest,saysthatblackConfederate
    soldierslikelyrepresentedlessthan1percentofSouthernblackmenofmilitaryageduringthatperiod,andlessthan1percentofConfederate
    soldiers.

    ByCorydonIreland,HarvardStaffWriter
    EmailTwitterFacebook
    Even150yearsafteritstarted,theCivilWarisstillthebattlegroundforcontroversialideas.OneofthemisthenotionthatthousandsofSouthern
    slavesandfreedmenfoughtwillinglyandloyallyonthesideoftheConfederacy.
    TheideaofblackConfederatesappealstopresentdayneoConfederates,whoareeagertofindwaystodefendtheprinciplesoftheConfederate
    StatesofAmerica.TheysaytheCivilWarwasaboutstatesrights,andtheywishtominimizetheroleofslaveryinavanishedandromantic
    antebellumSouth.
    Butmosthistoriansofthepast50yearsholdthattherootcauseoftheCivilWarwasslavery.TheybristleattheideaofblackConfederates,which
    theysayrobsthewarofitsmoralcoinasthecrucibleofblackemancipation.
    SteppingintothiscontroversyisHarvardhistorianJohnStauffer,whostudiesantislaverymovements,theCivilWar,andAmericansocialprotest.
    (HeischairoftheHistoryofAmericanCivilizationProgram,andaprofessorofbothEnglishandAfricanAmericanstudies.)AttheHarvard
    FacultyClubonWednesday(Aug.31),StaufferopenedtheW.E.B.DuBoisInstitutesFallColloquiumSerieswithalectureonblackConfederates.
    Heacknowledgedthatcriticsoftheconceptnowdominatetheacademicarena,includingonescholarwhocalleditafiction,amyth,utternonsense.
    Still,StaufferacknowledgedtheseemingpopularityofneoConfederateideasingeneral.Hecitedarecentpollshowingthat70percentofwhite
    SouthernersbelievethatthecauseoftheCivilWarwasnotslavery,butadeepdivideoverstatesrights.Staufferalsooutlinedevidencethatthe
    notionofblackConfederatesisatleastpartlytrueanassertionthathesaidgothimbeatenupinadiscussionataWashington,D.C.,history
    eventmonthsago.
    Thoughnooneknowsforsure,thenumberofslaveswhofoughtandlaboredfortheSouthwasmodest,estimatedStauffer.Blackswhoshouldered
    armsfortheConfederacynumberedmorethan3,000butfewerthan10,000,hesaid,amongthehundredsofthousandsofwhiteswhoserved.Black
    laborersforthecausenumberedfrom20,000to50,000.

    Thosearenotbignumbers,saidStauffer.BlackConfederatesoldierslikelyrepresentedlessthan1percentofSouthernblackmenofmilitaryage
    duringthatperiod,andlessthan1percentofConfederatesoldiers.Andtheirmotivationforservingisnttakenintoaccountbythenumbers,since
    somemayhavebeenforcedintoservice,andothersmayhaveseenfightingasawayoutofprivation.Buteventhosesmallnumbersofblack
    soldierscarryimmensesymbolicmeaningforneoConfederates,whoarepressingtheircaseforthecentralideathattheSouthwasabastionof
    statesrightsandnotaviperpitofslavery,eventhoughslaverywascentraltoitseconomy.
    Just50yearsago,manyauthoritiesontheCivilWarassertedthatSouthernersknewatthetimethatslaverywaswrong,andwouldsoongiveitup.
    StaufferquotedRobertPennWarren,whowrotein1961thatthegreatestdangertoslaverywastheSouthernheart.
    InarguingthatthereweresomeblackConfederates,Staufferdrawsonatleastoneironicsource:19thcenturysocialreformerFrederickDouglass,
    whoselifeStaufferstudiedforhis2008bookGiants:TheParallelLivesofFrederickDouglassandAbrahamLincoln.InAugust1861,Douglass
    publishedanaccountoftheFirstBattleofBullRun,whichnotedthattherewereblacksintheConfederateranks.Afewweekslater,Douglass
    broughtthesubjectupagain,quotingawitnesstothebattlewhosaidtheysawblackConfederateswithmusketsontheirshouldersandbulletsin
    theirpockets.
    DouglassalsotalkedtoafugitiveslavefromVirginia,anotherwitnesstoBullRun,whoassertedthatblackunitswereforminginGeorgia,South
    Carolina,andVirginia.ItiswellknownthatinLouisianaandTennessee,Staufferadded,Confederateunitswereorganizedbyelite,lightskinned
    freedmenwhoidentifiedwiththeslaveowningwhiteplantationculture.(TheTennesseetroopswereneverissuedarms,though,andtheblackunit
    knownastheLouisianaNativeGuardsneversawactionandquicklyswitchedsidesassoonasUnionforcesappeared.)
    ButunlessreadersthinkthatblackConfederatesweretrulyenamoredoftheSouthscause,StaufferrelatedthecaseofJohnParker,aslaveforcedto
    buildConfederatebarricadesandlatertojointhecrewofacannonfiringgrapeshotatUniontroopsattheFirstBattleofBullRun.Allthewhile,
    recalledParker,heworriedaboutdying,prayedforaUnionvictory,anddreamedofescapingtotheotherside.
    Hiscasecanbeseenasrepresentative,saidStauffer.Mastersputgunsto(theheadsofslaves)tomakethemshootYankees.
    FreedmenintheConfederacyfacedreenslavementinVirginiaandelsewhere,saidStauffer,sotheymadedisplaysofloyaltythatwerereally
    gesturesofselfprotectionahopeforbettertreatment,ahopenottobeenslaved.
    LoyaltyamongthefewblackConfederateswasatleastambiguous,saidStauffer.ItwasfurtherunderminedbytheConfiscationActofAug.6,
    1861,whichallowedUnionforcestoconfiscateslavesandotherpropertyusedtosupporttheConfederacy.Undertheactthefirstoftwo
    thefreedomofsuchslaveswasleftambiguous,saidStauffer,butitforeshadowedblackemancipationandgaveslavesevenmorereasontoflee
    northward.
    ScholarsandsocialcriticswillcontinuetofightovertheconceptofblackConfederates.Meanwhile,whatshouldthepublicbelieveaboutthe
    conflictingloyaltiestheymayhavefeltorthedecisionshoweverbriefsomemadetoservetheConfederacy?
    Fromthelectureaudience,HenryLouisSkipGatesJr.,directoroftheW.E.B.DuBoisInstitute,hadoneanswer:Blackpeoplearejustas
    complexasanybodyelse.

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