Cementing
Schematic of cement
placement
Cementing
Cross-section
Illustrating
Potential fluid
migration
Wellbore Diagram
And History
CC: 20127800
KB: 22'
GL: 413'
Openhole completion
Perforated completion
Perforating
Charge detonation
Courtesy of Schlumberger
Perforating
Courtesy of Schlumberger
Courtesy of Halliburton
Pre-perforated liner
Stimulation
hydraulic fracturing
Stimulation
Stimulation
hydraulic fracturing
Stimulation
hydraulic fracturing
Stimulation
Stimulation
hydraulic fracturing
John
Stimulation
Typical shale Fracturing Mixture Makeup
hydraulic fracturing
Typical Chemical Additives Used in Frac
Water
Compound
Purpose
Common application
Acids
Sodium Chloride
Allows a delayed
breakdown of the gel
polymer chains
Table salt
Polyacrylamide
Ethylene Glycol
Automotive anti-freeze,
deicing agent, household
cleaners
Borate Salts
Sodium/Potassium
Carbonate
Glutaraldehyde
Disinfectant, sterilization of
medical and dental
equipment
Guar Gum
Thickener in cosmetics,
baked goods, ice cream,
toothpaste, sauces
Citric Acid
Prevents precipitation of
metal oxides
Isopropanol
Glass cleaner,
antiperspirant, hair coloring
Source: DOE, GWPC: Modern Gas Shale Development in the United States: A Primer (2009)
Technical challenges
stimulation
1500
Well A
1000
Well C
More
complex
configuration?
South-North (ft)
500
Monitor
Well
Well B
-500
Frac
Well
-1000
Well D
-1500
-2000
Well E
-2500
-3000
-1000
Courtesy of Devon
500
1000
1500
West-East (ft)
2000
2500
3000
Technical challengesstimulation
Multi-Zone
Stimulation
7100
Unequal Distribution
of Fracturing
Activity
Gamma Log
Unequal Fracturing
Activity
7200
Some Sands
Unstimulated
Depth (ft)
7300
7400
7500
7600
7700
-400
Side View
-300
-200
-100
100
200
300
400
Technical challenges
production performance
Gamma Ray
0
4500
5000
20 to 40 pay Intervals
over 3000 ft
How to identify bypassed pay
zones?
How to stimulate multiple pay
zones?
Depth (ft)
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
100
200
Technical challengesstimulation
Technical challengesstimulation