Introduction
The Gross and Developmental Anatomy course comprises approximately 185 scheduled hours
devoted to you developing a three-dimensional image of the body and its development.
Lectures will be followed by dissection of human cadavers, or study of already dissected
cadavers (prosections), in the gross anatomy laboratory. Lectures will cover the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It is extremely important that you be familiar with the material to be covered in each lecture
session. Thus it is imperative that you read the pertinent material in this Companion, and in
the Embryology study guide, before attending lectures.
The textbook, Essential Clinical Anatomy by Moore and Agur, will serve as a primary
source of information for Gross Anatomy after lecture. Effective use of the text involves
more than just reading about the anatomical material. An understanding of the basic anatomy
in chapter 1 is essential and the clinical information in the blue boxes will greatly enhance
your understanding of the relevance of the anatomy involved.
The Dissection/Prosection Manual has been prepared to facilitate your dissection efforts. It
details each dissection in a step-by-step manner and provides a checklist of structures to be
identified. You should read the relevant section before coming to the dissection room and
refer to relevant illustrations in Netters Atlas of Human Anatomy as you study and dissect.
Throughout the course, special emphasis is placed on Living Anatomy as a corollary to the
anatomy learned in lecture and laboratory. Living Anatomy is designed to reinforce
dissection knowledge by demonstrating that many structures in the human body may be
palpated in the living individual. Many of the tests that are performed and techniques learned
will serve as an introduction to physical diagnosis.
General Aims and Objectives
The course provides the student with systematic dissection and study of the human body at
the gross level with applied clinical correlation. Its goals are directed toward the student:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Upon successfully completing the course, the student should be able to:
1. demonstrate a three-dimensional understanding of the body by discussing anatomical
concepts related to the following systems: skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory,
neural, urogenital, integumentary and endocrine
2. identify gross anatomical structures in a cadaver and fully discuss the gross anatomy,
radiographic and cross-sectional anatomy, and functions and clinical correlates of these
structures according to the account given in the textbook and the specific objectives in the
Course Companion and Dissection Manual
Course and Instructor Critiques
The Student Handbook states that students are expected to attend all classes and other
related academic activitiesas defined for each course by the Course Director. One
such academic activity is your participation in the Course and Instructor Critique program.
Importance of Evaluation: Evaluation is a necessary component of any course. Just as you,
the student, anticipate a fair and accurate evaluation of your performance and achievement in
a course, SGU requires that faculty and course evaluations be completed each term.
Continual evaluation and assessment of faculty ensures that the program not only remains
consistent but also improves as student needs and expectations are considered.
Your Participation in the Evaluation Process is MANDATORY: When you are expected to
complete a course and/or instructor critique, the Office of Education Assessment (OEA) will
notify you via your SGU e:mail account and post a notice outside the lecture hall. This
notification will include instructions on how to access and complete the necessary critique(s).
Once you access a required course or instructor critique, you can either complete it or indicate
that you do not want to complete the critique by checking the appropriate box on the form.
Failure to submit a required critique will mean that you have not fulfilled all course
requirements as defined by the Course Director and you will receive a grade of incomplete
(I). The I grade remains on your transcript until all course work is completed or the
Incomplete is converted to an F. (See Student Handbook for a description of the SGU
Grading Policies).
Please be assured that the information you provide will remain strictly confidential. If you
have any questions about the Course and Instructor Critique System, please contact Nitsa
Topale at the OEA (X2431) or ntopale@sgu.edu.
Medical Imaging
Introduction
Radiological anatomy is the study of anatomy recorded on photographic film by means
of x-rays. An understanding of this field is imperative in the practice of medicine as
radiography and medical imaging are used widely as diagnostic tools.
Anode
Cathode
x-rays
Generation of x-rays
X-rays are created in a special vacuum tube when electrons are emitted from a tungsten wire
and accelerated by a large voltage. As these high velocity electrons contact electrons of a
tungsten sheet they give up energy, most of which is lost as heat. The remaining 1% is
transmitted as electromagnetic energy known as x-rays.
Unique properties of x-rays
Penetrate matter
High energy x-rays (those with shorter wavelengths) are more penetrating.
The greater the thickness and density of a material, the less likely it is that x-rays will
penetrate it.
Produce ionization of matter
Allows exposure of photographic films and production of fluorescence, but also poses health
risks since it can potentially cause genetic damage and various cancers to those exposed.
Application of x-rays
A narrow beam of x-rays is emitted perpendicular to the area under examination. A radiograph
is secured on the other side of the patient. A radiograph is a thin plastic sheet coated with
silver bromide or silver iodide which appears white (radio-opaque). When exposed to x-rays
and developed it turns black (radiolucent).
Radio-opaque substances are dense and absorb the most x-rays. On the radiograph, they
appear white and therefore unexposed. Bones have extensive calcium and phosphorus deposits
and are the most radio-opaque material in the body. Heavy metals such as lead are the most
radio-opaque substances. Composite (superimposed) tissues such as muscle mass (the heart)
may also cause radio-opacity.
Radiolucent substances are less dense and therefore allow x-rays to pass freely through them.
They appear dark because the x-rays expose the film. Soft tissues such as muscles and organs
are less dense and allow more radiation to pass through. Gases are the most radiolucent. The
lungs are the most radiolucent organs since they are mostly made up of air spaces.
There are different gradations of radiographic density. Clinically they may be referred to as:
1. Bone density: appears white
2. Water density: appears gray (blood vessels, soft tissues, fluid accumulations)
3. Air density: appears black (lungs, paranasal sinuses)
Plain x-ray images produce singular superimposed 2-D images of 3-D structures. They are, in
essence, summation shadowgrams. In order to acquire a complete understanding of the
structure being studied, it is customary to take two or more projections at right angles to each
other to obtain a third dimension.
Types of Projections
There are different positions from where x-ray images can be taken. It is very important to be
aware of the position in which the x-ray was taken and also to know the sides of the patient to
accurately interpret the radiograph,. The positions are named for the surface of the body in
contact with the x-ray film, or the direction in which the rays travel.
Anterior (P-A projection)
The anterior surface of the patient is in contact with the x-ray film and the x-rays enter the
body from the posterior surface.
Lateral projection
Right lateral projection refers to the patient having the x-ray film in contact with their right side
and x-rays enter from the left side.
Oblique projections
Oblique radiographs are made with the body at an angle to the film. There are right and left
anterior oblique (RAO, LAO) and right and left posterior oblique (RPO, LPO) projections.
X-ray source
object
recording
plane
object
shado
w
The x-ray image is sharper and closer to its actual size when the:
1. distance between the x-ray source and the x-ray film increases
2. distance between the object and the x-ray film decreases. To view a particular
structure, place it as close as possible to the film. To study the heart, a P-A
projection is taken.
The x-ray image is projected as its true size when:
1. the rays are projected perpendicular to the recording plane
2. the plane of the object is parallel to the recording plane and closest to the film
Structures which might cause superimposition are eliminated where possible, as in
abducting the scapulae in a chest x-ray by asking a patient to reach forward with both arms.
General format for interpreting x-rays
Radiographs must be approached systematically by looking at various structures in a
specific order. Once an abnormality is pinpointed, its presence must be accounted for based
on the history of the patient. Thus a sound knowledge of surface anatomy is extremely
helpful in interpreting radiograhs. The following is helpful when interpreting plain films:
A Alignment; Age of patient
B - Bone density
C - Contour
D - Distribution
S - Soft tissue; Sex of patient
SGU Anatomical Sciences
Advantages of x-rays
1.
Fast
2.
Ideal for diagnosing bone fractures and trauma to joints
3.
First step in diagnosing tumors and stones
4.
Low cost and readily available
Disadvantages of x-rays
1.
Use ionizing radiation
2.
Not ideal for viewing soft tissues
Contraindications of x-rays
1.
Intracranial injuries
2.
Pregnant patients and young patients
Fluoroscopy
Structures in the body without natural contrast are best observed by using a contrast
medium. Contrast fluoroscopy utilizes this technique. A contrast medium, which is a
physiologically inert heavy metal that absorbs x-rays, is introduced into the body. As
it fills up the lumen into which it was injected (vessels) or ingested (esophagus, stomach,
gut) it blocks the passage of x-rays and projects a clear image of the structure.
This technique allows live x-ray images to be taken in succession. Instead of striking
a radiographic film the x-rays strike a fluorescent plate coupled to an image intensifier
linked to a television camera. Live images can be seen on a monitor. Examples include
A colloidal solution of barium sulfate to view the GI tract and iodine dyes to view the
gallbladder, kidneys, blood vessels or heart cavities.
10
CT Scan of Brain
Advantages of CT Scans
1. Produces anatomical cross-sections facilitating precise diagnosis
2. Gets rid of superimposing shadows
3. Relatively low cost ($200-$800)
4. Fast
5. Produces high quality images of soft tissues and bone
6. Further enhanced by intravenous injection of contrast medium to visualize vessels
or the GI tract
7. Optimal diagnostic tool for clinical problems within the chest and abdomen
Disadvantages of CT Scans
1. Uses 10 to 100 times more ionizing radiation than conventional x-rays
2. Can not be used on pregnant patients
3. Uses volume averaging
Contraindications of CT Scans
1. Pregnant patients
2. Patients with unstable vital signs
3. Obese patients
4. Patients with metal implants (could distort the images produced)
5. Patients allergic to dyes
11
Femoral Arteriogram
Angiography
This technique is performed to specifically diagnose diseases of the blood vessels of the
body, including the brain and the heart. Contrast material is introduced to the circulation
through a catheter. The vessels can then be visualized using plain x-rays. This provides a
clear view of the vessels and allows a radiologist to determine whether there is abnormal
flow, obstructions due to plaque build up, narrowing (stenosis) or aneurysms (weakened
vessel walls that bulge).
The technique is now used extensively by cardiologists, radiologists and vascular surgeons to
perform minimally invasive surgeries in order to introduce balloon angioplasty catheters and
stents that stretch the walls of a narrowed blood vessel and restore normal blood flow without
surgery. Therefore this technique can be used both as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool.
12
13
14
Advantages of MRI
1. Does not use ionizing radiation (i.e. does not use x-rays)
2. Effects on the body are temporary
3. Rapid. At times faster than CT
4. Produces high quality images of soft tissues
5. Produces customized sections of anatomy
6. Established technique to diagnose brain and spinal cord abnormalities
Disadvantages of MRI
1. Expensive (much more than CT)
2. Can not be performed on patients with metal implants because it magnetizes ironcontaining metals
Contraindications of MRI
1. Patients with electronic, mechanical and magnetically activated implants such as:
a. pacemakers
b. cochlear implants
c. metallic splinters in orbit
d. cereberal aneurysm clips
e. cardiac defibrillators
f. cardiac pacing wires
g. internal electrodes
15
Ultrasound of kidney
Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography is employed widely as a diagnostic medical tool. A narrow beam of high
energy sound waves is directed into the body and are reflected back. Visual images result
from the different density of tissues and their acoustic properties. Images appear white
against
a black background. This is a very useful technique used mainly to detect tumors in the
abdomen, perineum and breast and to view unborn babies.
Advantages
1. Does not use any form of ionizing radiation
2. Completely non-invasive
3. Relatively cheaper than CT scans
4. Can be performed by the bedside of very sick patients
5. Produces real-time images in sequential frames
Disadvantages
1. Images are not as clear or focused as CT scan or MRI images
2. Can not be used to diagnose lung or bone disease
16
Organisation of a
Typical Spinal Nerve
Specific Objectives
Be able to:
1. Describe the components of the central and peripheral portions of the nervous system.
2. Describe the structure of unipolar and multipolar neurons, and the location of their soma.
3. Differentiate between somatic and visceral paths in terms of structures innervated.
4. Differentiate between sensory/afferent and motor/efferent in terms of structures
innervated.
5. Describe a synapse in terms of presynaptic and post synaptic structures.
6. Describe a somatic reflexc arc in terms of receptor, afferent limb, location of synapse,
efferent limb, and effector.
7. Describe a cross section of the spinal cord in terms of dorsal, ventral and lateral horns,
and the neuron soma found in each.
8. Describe the organization of a spinal nerve in terms of dorsal and ventral roots and
rami, and the origin, and types, of nerve fibres found in each.
9. Describe the organization of a somatic plexus.
17
Dorsal horn
Dorsal root
Ventral root
Lateral horn
Ventral horn
18
Dorsal root
ganglion
Spinal
nerve
Dorsal
horn
Ventral
horn
Dorsal
root
Ventral ramus
Dorsal ramus
Dorsal rootlets
Ventral rootlets
Ventral root
19
Cutaneous
branches
Ventral ramus
Intrinsic back
muscles
Dorsal ramus
20
Cervical
plexus
Brachial
plexus
Intercostal
nerves
Lumbar
plexus
Sacral
plexus
dermatomes
21
22
Serous
membrane
Deep fascia
Muscle
Skin
Superficial fascia
Loose connective
tissue
23
Levator scapulae
Trapezius
Rhomboid
minor & major
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus posterior
superior & inferior
24
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
25
Subclavius
Deltoid
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
26
Areola
Nipple
Pectoralis major
Suspensory
ligaments
Pectoralis
major
Glandular
lobules
Lactiferous
sinus
Retromammary
space
Female breast
B. Breast
1. extends from 2nd to 6th ribs and from sternum to midaxillary line
2. nipple
a. surrounded by ring of pigmented skin, the areola
b. has lactiferous ducts opening through it
3. blood supply
a. from branches of internal thoracic lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries,
and thoracoacromial trunk
4. innervation
a. usually by cutaneous branches of 4th to 6th intercostal nerves
5. mammary gland
a. divided into 15-20 lobules of glandular tissue
b. lactiferous duct drains each lobule and duct is enlarged to form sinus
c. the axillary tail is small part of gland that extends superolaterally,
sometimes through the deep fascia, to lie in the axilla
d. separated from deep fascia of pectoralis major by loose connective tissue
in retromammary space
e. connective tissue septa in upper part of gland run from dermis to deep
fascia of pectoralis major and serve as suspensory ligaments
SGU Anatomical Sciences
27
28
Spinous process
Vertebral
foramen
Superior
articular facet
Superior
articular process
Lamina
Transverse
process
Vertebral
arch
Sup articular
process
Pedicle
Body
Typical vertebra
Inf vertebral
notch
Inf articular
process
Vertebral column
A. Typical vertebrae (C3-L5)
1. body
a. anterior mass of bone supporting body weight
b. become progressively larger as the column is descended
2. vertebral arch
a. arises posteriorly from the body
b. two short pedicles attach to body
c. two broad flat laminae meet on midline
d. arch encloses vertebral foramen
e. vertebral canal is formed by all foramina in an articulated column
4. vertebral notches
a. indentations on superior and inferior edge of pedicle
b. superior and inferior notches of adjacent vertebrae form intervertebral foramen
3. muscular processes
a. spinous process is midline posterior projection for muscle attachment
b. transverse processes are lateral projections for muscle attachment
4. articular processes and facets
a. two superior and two inferior projections from vertebral arch
b. superior and inferior facets of adjacent vertebras form facet joint
SGU Anatomical Sciences
29
Cervical
Transverse foramen
Superior articular
process
Lumbar
Secondary
Primary
Thoracic
Inferior articular
process
Superior &
inferior demifacet
30
Facets for
occipital condyles
Atlas
Axis
Odontoid
process
or dens
Groove for
vertebral a
Superior view
Anterior view
Body
Posterior arch
Lateral
mass
Anterior arch
Atypical vertebrae
1. atlas (C1)
a. has no body and no spinous process
b. lateral masses, which provide articulation for the skull and C2, are joined
by anterior and posterior arches
2. axis (C2)
a. has dens projecting superiorly from body
b. dens lies between lateral masses of C1 and is held in place by transverse
ligament of atlas and forms pivot joint with anterior arch of atlas
3. movements
a. atlanto-occipital joint provides flexion/extension of skull on C1 (nodding)
b. atlantoaxial joint provides rotation of C1 (and thus skull) on C2 (shaking head)
31
Ant longitudinal
Post longitudinal
Ligamentum
flavum
Interspinous
Supraspinous
Intervertebral disc
Posterior view of
vertebral bodies
Vertebral ligaments
E. Ligaments
1. anterior longitudinal
a. wide band from sacrum to occiput on anterior aspect of vertebral bodies and discs
2. posterior longitudinal
a. narrow band from sacrum to C2 on posterior aspect of vertebral bodies and discs
3. ligamentum flavum
a. connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae from axis to sacrum
4. intertransverse and interspinous
a. connect transverse and spinous processes respectively
5. supraspinous
a. continuous attachment to tips of spinous processes from sacrum to C7
6. nuchal
a. thickened continuation of supraspinous ligament from C7 to occiput
32
Spinalis
Semispinalis
Rotatores
Multifidus
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
33
Anterior layer
Transversus
abdominus
Intrinsic back
muscles
Posterior layer
Middle layer
Quadratus lumborum
Thoracolumbar fascia
G. Deep fascia
1. known as thoracolumbar (thoracodorsal) fascia in thoracic and lumbar
regions and encloses intrinsic muscles of the back
2. lumbar region
a. thick posterior layer from spinous processes
b. middle layer from transverse processes
c. anterior layer from transverse processes
d. layers fuse laterally to form the aponeurotic origin of transversus abdominus
3. thoracic region
a. from spinous processes to angles of ribs
34
Foramen magnum
Spinal nerves
8 cervical
12 thoracic
Conus medullaris at
disc between L1/L2
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
35
Dura
Epidural
space
Arachnoid
Pia
Subarachnoid
space
Denticulate
ligament
c.
5. lumbar cistern
a. subarachnoid space between conus medullaris and end of dural/arachnoid sac
b. contains cerebrospinal fluid and cauda equina
36
Posterior spinal
Branches of
thyrocervical &
costocervical trunks
Posterior
intercostals
Lumbars
Anterior
spinal
Anterior
medullary
Lateral sacral
Spinal branch
37
Axilla
Specific Objectives
Be able to:
1. Describe the boundaries and contents of the axilla.
2. Describe the organization of the brachial plexus.
3. Describe the course, branches, and distribution of subclavian and axillary arteries.
4. Describe the general pattern of superficial and deep lymphatic drainage of the
upper limb and pectoral region, and the five groups of axillary nodes.
38
Posterior cord of
brachial plexus
Axilla
Axillary artery
Pectoralis
muscles
Scapula
Subscapularis
Teres major
Lymph
nodes
Axillary
fascia
39
Subclavian
Superior
thoracic
Subscapular
Post humeral
circumflex
Ant humeral
circumflex
Circumflex
scapular Thoracodorsal
Thoracoacromial
trunk
Lateral thoracic
40
Apical nodes
Central nodes
Lateral nodes
Posterior nodes
Anterior nodes
Parasternal
nodes
41
Roots
C5
Trunks
C6
C7
Divisions
A
A
Cords
P
P
C8
M
I
T1
P
P
Musc
Ax
A
M
Rad
Med
Uln
Brachial plexus
D. Brachial plexus
1. organization
a. roots - ventral rami C5-T1
b. trunks - superior, middle, inferior
c. divisions - 3 anterior, 3 posterior
d. cords - medial, lateral, posterior
e. branches - named nerves
2. supraclavicular branches originate from roots or trunks above clavicle
a. nerve to subclavius, dorsal scapular, suprascapular, long thoracic nerves
3. branches from lateral cord
a. lateral pectoral, lateral head of median, musculocutaneous nerves
4. branches from posterior cord
a. upper subscapular, thoracodorsal, lower subscapular, axillary, radial nerves
5. branches from medial cord
a. medial pectoral, medial brachial cutaneous, medial antebrachial cutaneous,
medial head of median, ulnar nerves
42
Specific Objectives
Be able to:
1. Describe the joints of the shoulder girdle.
2. Describe the structure, and movements, of the shoulder joint
3. Describe the course, branches and distribution of the brachial artery, and the
collateral circulation of the elbow.
4. Describe the muscles of the brachial region in terms of general attachments,
actions and innervation.
5. Describe the compartments of the brachial region and the muscular, vascular,
and nervous structures found in each.
6. Describe the cubital fossa in terms of its boundaries and contents.
7. Describe the structure of the elbow joint and the movements possible at the
humeroulnar and proximal radioulnar joints.
43
Sternoclavicular
ligaments
Meniscus
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular
ligaments
Coracoclavicular
ligaments
Acromioclavicular joint
44
Acromioclavicular
joint
Glenohumeral
capsule
Coracoacromial
ligament
Anterior
Labrum
Infraspinatus
tendon
Supraspinatus
tendon
Teres minor
tendon
Lateral
Subscapularis
tendon
Glenohumeral joint
Shoulder
A. Glenohumeral joint
1. ball and socket joint between glenoid fossa and head of humerus
a. fossa deepened by glenoid labrum
b. reinforced superiorly by coracoacromial ligament
c. reinforced by tendons of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor,
subscapularis
2. glenohumeral ligaments are capsular thickenings
3. movements
a. flexion/extension in sagittal plane
b. aBduction/aDduction in frontal plane
c. medial/lateral rotation around longitudinal axis of humerus
45
Subclavius
Deltoid
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
46
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
47
Biceps brachii
short
long
Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii
long
lateral
Brachialis
anterior
posterior
Brachial muscles
A. Muscles
1. biceps brachii
a. long head from supraglenoid tubercle with tendon passing through
shoulder joint
b. short head from coracoid process
c. both heads insert into radial tuberosity of radius
d. flexor of shoulder, flexor and supinator of forearm
2. coracobrachialis
a. slight flexion and adduction of arm
3. brachailis
a. major flexor of forearm
4. triceps brachii
a. long head from infraglenoid tubercle
b. medial and lateral heads from humerus
c. all heads insert into olecranon
48
Dorsal scapular a
Suprascapular a
Posterior circumflex
humeral a
Circumflex scapular a
49
Musculocutaneous n
Biceps brachii
Medial
intermuscular
septum
Brachialis
Median n
Lateral
intermuscular
septum
Brachial
a & vv
Ulnar n
Radial n &
deep radial a
Triceps
Brachial fascia
50
Axillary a
Radial
collaterals
Deep brachial
Cephalic v
Brachial
Ulnar collaterals
Ulnar recurrents
Common interosseous
Ulnar
Radial
Basilic v
Median
cubital v
51
Ulnar collateral
Capsule
52
Brachial a
Median n
Radial n
Pronator
teres
Bicipital
aponeurosis
Brachioradialis
Biceps
brachii
tendon
53
54
Pronator teres
Supinator
Pronator
quadratus
Interosseous
membrane
Supinated
Pronated
Radioulnar relationships
Forearm
A. Radioulnar joints
1. proximal
a. head of radius in radial notch of ulna
b. held in place by annular ligament
2. distal
a. head of ulna in ulnar notch of radius
3. middle
a. interosseous membrane
b. transmits forces exerted through radiocarpal joint from radius to ulna
4. movements
a. rotation of radius around its longitudinal axis
b. supination - palm faces anteriorly in the anatomical position
c. pronation - radius rotates over ulna so that palm faces posteriorly in the
anatomical position
55
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi
radialis
Palmaris
longus
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Flexor
pollicis
longus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Radius
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Interosseous membrane
Antebrachial fascia
56
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Flexor pollicis
longus
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Superficial layer
Deep layer
57
Radial a &
superficial
radial n
Brachioradialis
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Ulnar a,v,n
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Flexor digitorum
profundus
58
III
IV
Distal phalanx
II
2nd metacarpal
Middle phalanx
Proximal phalanx
Capitate
Hamate
Trapezoid
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Pisiform
Lunate
Scaphoid
59
Palmaris longus
tendon
Palmar aponeurosis
Palmar
aponeurosis
Thenar
compartment
Hypothenar
compartment
Medial septum
Central
compartment
Lateral septum
60
1st lumbrical
4th lumbrical
Tendon of flexor
digitorum superficialis
Tendon of flexor
digitorum profundus
4 DAb
Dorsal interossei
3 PAd
Palmar interossei
61
Abductor pollicis
brevis
Flexor pollicis
brevis
Flexor retinaculum
Common tendon
sheath
Flexor digiti
minimi
Abductor
digiti minimi
Adductor pollicis
Opponens
digiti minimi
62
Median
Ulnar
Recurrent branch
of median
Deep branch
of ulnar
Adductor
pollicis
L - lumbricals I and II
b. O - opponens pollicis
c. A - abductor pollicis brevis
d. F - flexor pollicis brevis
2. all other intrinsic muscles of hand are innervated by deep branch of
ulnar nerve
a. three hypothenar muscles
b. all interossei
c. lumbricals III and IV
d. adductor pollicis
63
Radial
Ulnar
Superficial
palmar arch
Deep palmar arch
Princeps pollicis
Common palmar
digital
Proper digital
Radialis indicis
64
Radial a
Canal of Guyon
Ulnar n, a
Median n
Digital flexor
tendons
Flexor
retinaculum
Hamate Trapezium
Carpal tunnel
J. Carpal tunnel
1. boundaries
a. three bony walls formed by carpals
b. roof formed by flexor retinaculum
2. contents
a. tendons of superficial and deep digital flexors in ulnar bursa
b. tendon of flexor pollicis longus in radial bursa
c. median nerve
3. ulnar nerve and vessels enters hand superficial to retinaculum through
separate fibrous compartment, the canal of Guyon
65
2.
3.
Describe the compartments and spaces of the forearm and the muscular, neural
and vascular structures found in each.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the actions of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the hand in
providing movements of the wrist and digits.
66
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Abductor
pollicis longus
Extensor
pollicis longus
Extensor
pollicis brevis
Extensor
indicis
Extensor digiti
minimi
Extensor retinaculum
67
Superficial
radial n
Lateral
epicondyle
Deep
radial n
Posterior
interosseous n
Radial n in
radial groove
Brachium
Antebrachium
Radial nerve
B. Innervation
1. radial nerve
a. crosses the elbow anterior to lateral epicondyle
b. divides into superficial and deep branches deep to brachioradialis
c. deep branch enters posterior compartment through supinator to become
posterior interosseous nerve
d. innervates all muscles in extensor compartment
e. superficial branch lies deep to brachioradialis, crosses anatomical
snuffbox, and is sensory from dorsum of hand
C. Blood Supply
1. posterior interosseous artery, a branch of common interosseous
D. Lymphatic drainage of upper limb
1. superficial
a. from medial structures passes through cubital nodes to lateral axillary nodes
b. from lateral structures passes through apical nodes
2. deep
a. passes through lateral axillary nodes
68
Synovial
sheaths
Extensor tendon
Central
tendon
Extensor
reticulum
Interosseous
Extensor
expansion
Lumbrical
69
Superficial radial n
Radial a
Extensor pollicis
longus tendon
Abductor pollicis
longus tendon
Extensor pollicis
brevis tendon
1st dorsal
interosseous
70
Posterior
Anterior
Axillary
C7
C5
C6
Radial
Musculocutaneous
C8
Superficia
l
radial
Ulnar
Medial
brachial
T1
Dermatomes
Medial
antebrachial
Median
71
Introduction to the
Autonomic Nervous System
Specific Objectives
Be able to:
1. Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous
system in terms of origin in the CNS, and location of ganglia.
2. Describe a cross section of a spinal cord segment with its pair of spinal nerves
between T1-L2, above T1, and between S2-S4.
3. Describe the pathway for sympathetic innervation of the body wall, thoracic
viscera, and abdominopelvic viscera.
4. Describe the pathway for parasympathetic innervation of thoracic viscera and the
gut to the left colic flexure, and of the gut beyond the left colic flexure and the
pelvic viscera.
5. Describe the pathways used by visceral afferents for pain and for normal
physiological function.
6. Describe the mechanism of referred pain.
72
CNS
Sympathetic
ganglion
Target tissue
smooth muscle
glands
cardiac muscle
Sympathetic
Nuclei
Target tissue
Parasympathetic
smooth muscle
glands
cardiac muscle
Parasympathetic
ganglion
Preganglionic neuron
Autonomic nervous system schematic
Postganglionic neuron
73
Ventral ramus
White
ramus
Splanchnic n
Sympathetic
trunk
Thoracic
ventral
ramus
Paravertebral
ganglion
Gray
ramus
74
Cervical nerve
Sympathetic trunk
Lateral horn
Thoracic
splanchnic n
Chain
ganglio
n
Preaortic
ganglia
Gray ramus
communicans
White ramus
communicans
Spinal nerve below L2
Sympathetic structures
C. Sympathetic division
1. preganglionic neurons
a. all soma in lateral horn at cord levels T1-L2
b. all axons leave cord via ventral roots T1-L2 to enter spinal nerves T1-L2
c. all axons enter chain ganglia via white rami communicans
d. all axons synapse in chain/paravertebral, or preaortic/prevertebral, ganglia
2. postganglionic neurons
a. all soma lie in chain, or preaortic, ganglia
3. paravertebral ganglia
a. bilateral trunks extending from cervical to coccygeal regions
4. preaortic ganglia
a. lie around roots of, and are named for, major visceral arteries in abdomen
b. thoracic splanchnic nerves connect chain ganglia with preaortic ganglia
75
76
G. Parasympathetic division
1. preganglionic soma in nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X or lateral
horn S2-4
a. axons project to ganglia in, or close to, target tissue
b. no parasympathetic innervation to body wall
H. Parasympathetic path to thoracic viscera and gut up to the left colic flexure
1. preganglionic soma in dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (X)
a. axons project through vagus
b. join autonomic plexi and synapse in target tissue
I.
Parasympathetic path to gut beyond left colic flexure, pelvic viscera and
erectile tissues
1. preganglionic soma in lateral horn S2-4
a. axons project through ventral rami of S2-4 and pelvic splanchnic nerves
b. join autonomic plexi and synapse in target tissue
J. Autonomic plexus
1. postganglionic sympathetic axons and preganglionic parasympathetic axons
running together to innervate common structures, plus visceral afferents
K. Visceral afferent fibres
1. afferent fibres traveling with parasympathetic visceromotor fibres
a. generally carry unconscious sensation from viscera such as presence of
food in GI tract and changes in blood gases, chemistry or pressure
2. afferent fibres traveling with sympathetic visceromotor fibres
a. generally carry pain sensation from distension, ischaemia or infection
3. visceral or referred pain
a. usually perceived as being pain in body wall since wall is represented in
brain but viscera are not
b. visceral afferents join somatic afferents in dorsal roots and run together
into dorsal horn of spinal cord
c. brain interprets visceral pain as coming from area of body wall innervated
by somatic afferents entering CNS at same level as visceral afferents
SGU Anatomical Sciences
77
Anteromedial Thigh
Specific Objectives
Be able to:
1. Describe the deep fascia of the thigh and the intermuscular septa.
2. Describe the femoral triangle, the adductor canal, and the contents of each.
3. Describe the course, and distribution, of the branches of the femoral artery.
4. Describe the deep and superficial venous drainage of the thigh.
5. Describe the anatomy of the hip and knee joints with reference to bony and
ligamentous structures.
6. Describe the muscles in the anterior and medial compartments of the thigh
with respect to attachments, actions, and innervation.
83
Anterior
Iliotibial band
Fascia lata
Medial
Intermuscular
septa
Lateral
Medial
Third
Great
saphenous vein
84
Inguinal ligament
Femoral n
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Femoral a
Femoral v
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Femoral Triangle
B. Femoral triangle
1. borders
a. medial border of sartorius
b. medial border of adductor longus
c. inguinal ligament
d. floor is iliopsoas, pectineus and adductor longus
e. roof is fascia lata
2. contents
a. femoral sheath
b. femoral nerve and branches
c. femoral artery/vein and branches/tributaries
3. subinguinal hiatus
a. inferior to inguinal ligament and superior to superior pubic ramus
b. passage between abdominopelvic cavity and anterior thigh
c. contains lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, iliopsoas, femoral nerve, femoral
sheath, femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
4. adductor canal
a. runs deep to sartorius from apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus
b. contains femoral a and v, saphenous n, and n to vastus medialis
c. adductor hiatus is opening between vertical and adductor portions
of adductor magnus and contains femoral artery and vein
85
Inguinal
ligament
Femoral n
Lacunar
ligament
Femoral sheath
Femoral a
Femoral v
Great
saphenous v
Deep inguinal nodes
Femoral sheath
C. Femoral sheath
1. funnel-shaped fascial sheath emerging below inguinal ligament and
fusing distally with walls of femoral vessels
2. divided by septa into three compartments
a. lateral contains femoral artery
b. middle contains femoral vein
c. medial is femoral canal containing fat and deep inguinal lymph nodes
d. femoral ring is entrance to canal bordered medially by lacunar
ligament
e. great saphenous enters sheath to join femoral vein
86
supf. epigastric
Femoral
Medial femoral
circumflex
Deep femoral
Lateral femoral
circumflex
Descending
branch
Popliteal
Descending
genicular
Genicular
anastomosis
Femoral artery
D. Arterial supply
1. obturator
a. through obturator canal to supply medial compartment and hip joint
2. femoral
a. through femoral triangle and adductor canal to adductor hiatus
b. becomes popliteal distal to hiatus
c. normally gives off superficial circumflex iliac, superficial epigastric,
external pudendal, deep femoral
3. deep femoral/profunda femoris
a. branch of femoral
b. normally gives rise to circumflex femorals and perforating arteries
c. runs deep on adductor magnus and is major supply to femoral region
4. medial circumflex femoral
a. major supply to neck and head of femur
5. lateral circumflex femoral
a. also supplies neck and head of femur
b. gives off descending branch which contributes to genicular anastomosis
6. perforating arteries
a. four vessels piercing adductor magnus to supply posterior compartment
b. 1st contributes to cruciate anastomosis of hip
c. 4th is terminal branch of the deep femoral
SGU Anatomical Sciences
87
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Quadriceps tendon
88
Ligament of
head of femur
Ischiofemoral lig
Labrum
Capsule
Pubofemoral lig
Obturator a
Iliofemoral lig
Medial and
lateral femoral
circumflex aa
Hip joint
F. Joints
1. hip
a. ball and socket synovial joint
b. strong capsule and fibres have inferolateral orientation anteriorly
which limits extension
c. capsule attaches to neck of femur and around acetabulum
d. flexion/extension, aBduction/aDduction, rotation
e. acetabular labrum attaches to edge of acetabulum
f. iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments are thickenings
of capsule
acetabular
89
Lateral
collateral
ligament
Lateral
meniscus
Medial
collateral
ligament
Anterior
cruciate
Medial
meniscus
Posterior
cruciate
Lateral
collateral
ligament
Medial
collateral
ligament
Knee joint
2. knee joint
a. capsule incorporates patella and patellar tendon
b. flexion/extension, slight rotation
c. medial collateral ligament is attached to capsule and to medial meniscus
d. lateral collateral ligament is extra capsular
e. anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are intracapsular
f. medial and lateral menisci deepen tibial plateau; attach to tibia and capsule
Iliotibial
band
Vastus
intermedius
Rectus
femoris
Vastus
medialis
Sartorius
Adductor
canal
Vastus
lateralis
Gracilis
Biceps
femoris
Adductor
longus
Sciatic n
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Adductor
magnus
Adductor
brevis
90
Iliac nodes
Inguinal
ligament
Deep inguinal
Superficial inguinal
(horizontal group)
Superficial inguinal
(vertical group)
Great saphenous v
Lymphatics
G. Lymphatics
1. superficial inguinal nodes
a. vertical group at proximal end of great saphenous vein receives all
superficial drainage that does not pass through popliteal nodes
b. horizontal group lies just inferior to inguinal ligament and receives lymph
from gluteal and perineal regions, and abdominal wall below umbilicus
c. superficial nodes drain into deep inguinal to iliac nodes and then to
lumbar nodes
2. deep inguinal nodes
a. in femoral canal
b. receive all deep drainage from lower limb and all drainage from
superficial nodes
c. drain into iliac nodes and to lumbar nodes
H. Venous drainage
1. great saphenous vein
a. drains medial aspect of foot, crural region, knee, thigh
b. passes through saphenous opening and femoral sheath to join femoral vein
91
78
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Piriformis
Superior
gemellus
Gluteus maximus
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosu
s
Obturato
r
internus
Inferior
gemellus
Quadratus
femoris
Biceps femoris
long &
short head
79
Superior
gluteal
Inferior
gluteal
Pudendal
Sciatic
Posterior femoral
cutaneous
Sciatic
Common
fibular
Tibial
80
Femoral
Descending
branch of
lateral femoral
circumflex
Perforating
branches of
deep femoral
Medial femoral
circumflex
Descending
genicular
Genicular
anastomosis
81
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Popliteal vessels
Semitendinosus
Tibial n
Common fibular n
Superior &
inferior medial
genicular aa
Short saphenous v
Gastrocnemius
medial &
lateral head
82
92
Interosseous
membrane
Tibia
Anterior and
posterior crural
septae
Fibula
Crural
fascia
Deep transverse
septum
93
Plantaris
Soleus
Popliteus
Tibialis
posterior
Flexor
digitorum
longus
Flexor
hallucis
longus
Calcaneal
tendon
Flexor retinaculum
Fibular retinaculum
94
Tibialis
anterior
Fibularis longus
Extensor
digitorum longus
Fibularis brevis
Extensor
hallucis longus
Lateral malleolus
Fibularis tertius
tendon
Inferior extensor
retinaculum
Fibular retinaculum
95
Common fibular
Common
fibular
Superficial fibular
Tibial
Deep fibular
Anterior
Posterior
96
1st layer
Abductor
hallucis
Abductor
digiti minimi
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Plantar aponeurosis
97
2nd layer
3rd layer
Flexor
hallucis
brevis
1st lumbrical
Flexor hallucis
longus tendon
Flexor digiti
minimi
Adductor
hallucis
Flexor digitorum
longus tendon
Quadratus plantae
98
Plantar arch
Popliteal
Anterior
tibial
Posterior
tibial
Fibular
Posterior
tibial
Medial &
lateral plantar
Posterior
tibial
99
Anterior
tibial
Dorsalis
pedis
Arcuate
100
Deltoid
ligament
Calcaneofibular
Tendon of
fibularis longus
Spring ligament
101
Superficial inguinal
(horizontal nodes)
Superficial inguinal
(vertical nodes)
Popliteal
nodes
Great saphenous
Small saphenous
Lymphatics
F. Lymphatic drainage of lower limb
1. superficial drainage
a. vessels draining anteromedial aspect of leg and foot follow great
saphenous vein
b. vessels draining posterolateral aspect follow small saphenous vein
2. deep drainage
a. popliteal nodes receive lymph from deep vessels distal to knee and
from posterolateral superficial vessels
3. superficial inguinal nodes
a. vertical group at proximal end of great saphenous vein receives all
superficial drainage that does not pass through popliteal nodes
b. horizontal group just inferior to inguinal ligament receives drainage from
gluteal and perineal regions, and abdominal wall below umbilicus
c. drain into deep inguinal
4. deep inguinal nodes
a. in, and just inferior to, femoral canal
b. receive all deep drainage and superficial drainage as described above
c. drain into iliac nodes and then to lumbar nodes
102
Lateral
femoral
Obturator
Lateral
femoral
Femoral
Common
fibular
Tibial
Common
fibular
103
104
True ribs
Head with
facets for
costal demifacets
False ribs
Costal margin
Neck
Angle
Floating ribs
Tubercle
Body
Costal groove
105
Intercostal
neurovascular
bundle
External intercostal
V
A
N
Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal
Intercostal muscles
B. Muscles
1. external intercostals
a. fibres have inferomedial orientation
b. occupy posterior two thirds of intercostal spaces
2. internal intercostals
a. fibres have inferolateral orientation
b. occupy anterior two thirds of intercostal spaces
3. innermost intercostals
a. fibres have inferolateral orientation
b. occupy middle half of intercostal spaces
4. subcostals
a. part of posterior part of innermost intercostals
b. cross more than one intercostal space
5. transversus thoracis
a. lie anteriorly in same layer as innermost intercostals
6. levatores costarum
106
Dorsal ramus
Posterior
intercostal a
Intercostal n
External
intercostal m
Internal
intercostal m
Innermost
intercostal m
Transversus
thoracis m
Aorta
Internal
thoracic
a
Anterior
intercostal a
107
Inferior border
of lung
Costal margin
Inferior border of
parietal pleura
108
Upper lobe
Lower lobe
Oblique fissure
of left lung
Horizontal fissure
of right lung
Pulmonary a
Main bronchus
Pulmonary v
Left
Right
109
Right
Lobar bronchi
Trachea
Main
Upper
Middle
Segmental
Lower
Intermediate
Carina
Tracheobronchial tree
C. Tracheobronchial tree
1. right main (primary) bronchus
a. shorter, wider, more vertical than left
b. gives off upper lobar bronchus and continues as intermediate bronchus
2. lobar (secondary) bronchi
a. intermediate bronchus divides into middle and lower lobar
3. left main bronchus
a. divides into upper and lower lobar
4. segmental (tertiary) bronchi
a. ten on right
b. eight on left
c. supply bronchopulmonary segments
110
Bronchomediastinal
trunk
Paratracheal nodes
Superior & inferior
tracheobronchial nodes
Pulmonary
nodes
111
2.
3.
Describe the major internal and external features of the heart chambers.
4.
Describe the atrioventricular and semilunar valves and their relationships to the
skeleton of the heart.
5.
Describe the major branches of the coronary arteries and the major tributaries of
the cardiac veins and coronary sinus.
6.
Describe the specialised conducting system of the heart and the sympathetic and
parasympathetic input to the cardiac plexuses.
112
Pulmonary trunk
Aorta
Transverse sinus
SVC
Pulmonary
veins
IVC
Pulmonary
veins
Oblique
sinus
Fibrous
pericardium
Pericardial sinuses
Pericardium
A. Layers
1. fibrous pericardium
a. sac containing heart and roots of great vessels
b. attached to roots of great vessels and central tendon of diaphragm
c. attached to sternum by sternopericardial ligaments
2. serous pericardium
a. parietal pericardium lines pericardial sac
b. visceral layer adherent to outer surface of heart as part of epicardium
3. innervation
a. somatic afferents from fibrous and parietal pericardium via phrenic nerves
b. visceral afferents from visceral pericardium via vagus and cardiac nerves
4. pericardial sinuses
a. oblique sinus - blind end sac between inferior vena cava and pulmonary
veins posterior to the heart
b. transverse sinus - posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk and
anterior to superior vena cava
113
Superior
vena cava
Aortic arch
Pulmonary
trunk
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Heart in situ
Heart
A. Position
1. lies in fibrous pericardial sac in middle mediastinum
2. apex normally lies in left 5th intercostal space just medial to midclavicular line
3. base, formed mainly by left atrium, is posterior surface
4. anterior (sternocostal) surface is mainly right ventricle, partly left ventricle
5. inferior (diaphragmatic) surface is mainly left ventricle
6. right border is right atrium
7. left border is left ventricle
8. inferior border is primarily right ventricle
114
Limbus
Pectinate muscle
Crista terminalis
Conus
arteriosus
Fossa
ovalis
Opening of
coronary sinus
Anterior cusp of
tricuspid valve
Trabeculae carnae
Anterior
papillary m
Moderator
band
B. Chambers
1. right atrium
a. receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus
b. inner surface has smooth sinus venarum and an auricle with pectinate muscle
c. crista terminalis separates auricle from sinus venarum
d. fossa ovalis (foramen ovale in the fetus) in interatrial septum is partially
surrounded by limbus of fossa ovalis
e. opening of coronary sinus
2. right ventricle
a. receives blood from right atrium through right atrioventricular valve
b. three papillary muscles attach to valve cusps by chordae tendineae
c. trabeculae carneae on inner ventricular walls
d. septomarginal (moderator) band extends from interventricular septum to base
of anterior papillary muscle
e. conus arteriosus is smooth walled outflow tract leading to pulmonary trunk
115
Anterior
papillary m
Bicuspid valve
To left lung
To right lung
Coronary sinus
From left lung
From right lung
116
Coronary sinus
Right coronary a
Left coronary a
Left circumflex a
Posterior cardiac v
Great cardiac v
Middle cardiac v
Right
marginal a
Anterior
interventricular a
Anterior
Posterior
interventricular a
Posterior
Right
coronary a
117
SA node
AV node
Moderator band
AV bundle
118
Pulmonary
valve
Aortic valve
A
S
A
Bicuspid
valve
Tricuspid valve
Posterior
Opening of
coronary arteries
A R
L
L R
P
Aortic
sinuses
Posterior
119
P
A
B
Valve locations
6. valve locations
a. pulmonary valve - 3rd costal cartilage and left side of sternum
b. aortic valve - posterior to left sternum at level of 3rd intercostal space
c. tricuspid valve - posterior to right sternum at level of 4th intercostal space
d. bicuspid valve - posterior to left sternum at level of 4th costal cartilage
e. auscultation sites are downstream from the valve sites
F. Autonomic innervation of the heart
1. cardiac plexuses
a. located between ascending aorta and tracheal bifurcation
b. receive bilateral sympathetic input from chain ganglia T1-4
c. receive parasympathetic input from vagus nerves
120
Mediastinum
Specific Objectives
Be able to:
1.
Describe the boundaries of the superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum.
2.
Describe the contents of the superior mediastinum and their relationship to each other.
3.
Describe the contents of the anterior mediastinum and their relationship to each other.
4.
Describe the contents of the middle mediastinum and their relationship to each other.
5.
Describe the contents of the posterior mediastinum and their relationship to each other.
121
Sternal angle
Divisions of mediastinum
A. Divisions of Mediastinum
1. superior mediastinum
a. superior limit - superior thoracic opening
b. inferior limit - plane from sternal angle to inferior lip of T4
c. contains remnants of thymus gland, brachiocephalic veins, superior vena
cava, aortic arch and branches, trachea, roots of primary bronchi,
thoracic duct, lymph nodes, phrenic, vagus, left recurrent laryngeal nerves
2. inferior mediastinum
a. from level of sternal angle to diaphragm
b. further subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior portions
3. anterior mediastinum
a. anterior limit body of sternum
b. posterior limit - anterior surface of fibrous pericardial sac
c. contains sternopericardial ligaments, internal thoracic vessels, parasternal nodes
4. posterior mediastinum
a. posterior limit - vertebral bodies T5-T12
b. anterior limit - posterior surface of fibrous pericardial sac
c. contains - esophagus, vagus nerves, thoracic duct, azygos venous system,
thoracic aorta, splanchnic nerves, lymph vessels and nodes
5. middle mediastinum
a. limits - walls of fibrous pericardial sac
b. contains heart, roots of great vessels
c. phrenic nerves lie between fibrous pericardium and mediastinal pleura
SGU Anatomical Sciences
122
Aorta
Left primary
bronchus
Carina
Esophagus
123
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Left subclavian
Left common
carotid
Bronchial
Posterior
intercostal
Esophageal
124
Vagus nerves
Left recurrent
laryngeal nerve
Esophageal
plexus
Anterior
vagal trunk
Vagus nerves
E. Nervous structures in the mediastinum
1. left vagus nerve
a. gives off left recurrent laryngeal nerve which loops around aortic arch
b. lies posterior to root of left lung and gives branches to pulmonary plexus
c. becomes part of esophageal plexus as anterior vagal trunk
2. right vagus nerve
a. gives off recurrent laryngeal nerve which loops around right subclavian
b. lies posterior to root of right lung and contributes to pulmonary plexus
c. becomes part of esophageal plexus as posterior vagal trunk
3. phrenic nerves
a. sensory from pericardium and mediastinal pleura
b. somatic motor to respective half of diaphragm
4. sympathetic trunks
a. chain of sympathetic ganglia on lateral aspects of thoracic vertebral bodies
5. splanchnic nerves innervate abdominal viscera
a. greater splanchnic receives preganglionic sympathetics from T5-T9
b. lesser splanchnic recieves preganglionic sympathetics from T10-11
c. least splanchnic receives preganglionic sympathetics from T12
6. cardiac plexuses
a. receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
b. lie on inferior aspect of aortic arch and between end of trachea and arch
125
SVC
Posterior
intercostals
Accessory
hemiazygos
Azygos
Hemiazygos
Subcostal
Ascending
lumbar
Azygos veins
F. Azygos system
1. azygos vein
a. arises from right ascending lumbar and subcostal veins and joins SVC
b. receives posterior intercostal veins from right thoracic wall
2. hemiazygos vein
a. arises from left ascending lumbar and subcostal veins and joins azygos
b. receives left posterior intercostal veins from lower spaces
3. accessory hemiazygos
a. receives left posterior intercostals from upper spaces and joins azygos
Fibrous
pericardium
Mediastinal
pleura
Left phrenic
nerve
Esophagus
Thoracic aorta
Cross section
of mediastinum
Thoracic duct
Hemiazygos vein
Azygos vein
126
Jugular trunk
Subclavian trunk
Bronchomediastinal
trunk
Thoracic duct
Level of diaphragm
Cisterna chyli
127
Describe the division of the abdomen into four quadrants or nine named regions,
and know the structures located in each region.
2.
Describe the anatomy of the inguinal canal and spermatic cord, how the coverings
of the cord relate to the abdominal wall and testicular descent, and the course of
direct and indirect inguinal hernias.
128
RH
Epigastric
LH
RL
Umbilical
LL
Hypogastric
LI
Subcostal plane
Transtubercular
plane
RI
RU
LU
RL
LL
Midclavicular lines
Abdominal Regions
A. Abdominal regions
1. two vertical and two horizontal planes divide abdomen into nine regions
a. epigastric, right and left hypochondriac
b. umbilical, right and left lumbar
c. hypogastric, right and left inguinal
2. one vertical and one horizontal line divide the abdomen into four regions
a. right and left upper
b. right and left lower
129
External
oblique
Rectus
sheath
Rectus
abdominus
Camper's
fascia
Tendinous
intersection
Internal
oblique
Scarpa's
fascia
Linea
semilunaris
130
Anterior
rectus sheath
Linea alba
RA
EAO
RA
IAO
Extraperitoneal
tissue
TA
Parietal
peritoneum
Posterior
rectus sheath
Transversalis
fascia
Median
umbilical fold
Anterior
rectus sheath
Umbilical folds
Transversalis
fascia
131
Ventral
rami
Arteries
T7
T10
L1
Superior
epigastric
Anastomoses with
post intercostals
and lumbars
Inferior
epigastric
132
Transversalis
fascia
Superficial ring
Intercrural
fibers
Lateral crus
Medial crus
Spermatic cord
in superficial
inguinal ring
Inguinal region
H. Inguinal region
1. inguinal ligament
a. lateral attachment to anterior superior iliac spine
b. medial and lateral crura attach to medial pubic crest and pubic tubercle
2. intercrural fibers
a. run between crura and prevent them from spreading
3. conjoint tendon/falx inguinalis
a. fused aponeuroses of internal oblique and transversus abdominus
4. inguinal canal
a. superficial inguinal ring is opening between crura
b. deep inguinal ring is opening in transversalis fascia leading to
extraperitoneal tissue
c. posterior wall is transversalis fascia laterally plus conjoint tendon medially
d. anterior wall is external oblique plus internal oblique laterally
e. roof is arching fibres of internal oblique and transversus abdominus
f. floor is inguinal ligament
g. contains spermatic cord in male, round ligament of uterus in female, and
inguinal branch of ilioinguinal nerve in both
133
Vas deferens
Pampiniform
plexus
Epididymis
External
spermatic
fascia
Cremaster
muscle
Parietal layer of
tunica vaginalis
Visceral layer of
tunical vaginalis
on testis
134
135
Lesser curvature
Esophagus
Fundus
Cardiac
region
Duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
Antrum
Greater
curvature
Stomach
Gastrointestinal tract
A. Gut
1. esophagus
a. begins at level of cricoid cartilage and ends at stomach
b. constricted at pharygoesophageal junction, where aortic arch and left main
bronchus cross, hiatus in diaphragm
2. stomach
a. regions are fundic, cardiac, body, pylorus
b. pyloric sphincter lies at distal end of pyloric region at gastroduodenal
junction
c. lesser curvature is attached to liver by the hepatogastric ligament
d. greater curvature gives rise to greater omentum
136
Duodenojejunal
junction
Duodenum
1st
2nd
3rd
Jejunum
4th
Cecum
Ileum
Ileocecal
junction
Small bowel
3. duodenum
a. initial short part of small bowel forming C-shape with concavity to left
b. divided into 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th parts
c. head and uncinate process of pancreas lie on concave curvature
d. hepatopancreatic duct system empties into 2nd part
4. jejunum
a. begins at end of 4th part of duodenum
b. duodenojejunal flexure supported by suspensory ligament of duodenum
5. ileum
a. longest part of small bowel
b. normally ends in right iliac fossa at ileocecal junction
137
Transverse
colon
Epiploic
Appendages
Haustra
Ascending
colon
Descending
colon
Taenia coli
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Appendix
Rectum
Large bowel
6. cecum
a. initial portion of large bowel
b. ileocecal valve lies at ileocecal junction
c. appendix is blind-end extension of inferomedial cecal wall usually
lying in retrocecal position
7. colon
a. divided into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid parts
b. three bands of longitudinal muscle form taeniae coli from cecum to
end of sigmoid colon
c. colon is telescoped by taeniae to form haustra
d. omental/epiploic appendages are fatty tags on wall of colon
138
Common hepatic
Celiac trunk
Short gastrics
Proper hepatic
Right gastric
Left gastric
Gastroduodenal
Left gastroomental
Right gastroomental
Splenic
139
Superior
mesenteric
Vasa recta
Arcades
Jejunal
Ileal
Ileocolic
Sigmoid
Superior rectal
140
Portocaval anastomoses
1. Paraumbilical
Gastric
2. Esophageal
Hepatic portal
Splenic
3. Rectal
Inferior
mesenteric
Superior
mesenteric
Venous drainage
C. Venous drainage
1. hepatic portal vein
a. formed by union of superior mesenteric and splenic veins
b. inferior mesenteric normally joins splenic vein
2. hepatic veins
a. join IVC on posterior surface of liver
3. examples of portocaval venous anastomoses
a. left gastric (portal) to esophageal (caval) to azygos system to SVC
b. superior rectal (portal) to middle rectal (caval) to internal iliac to IVC
c. paraumbilical (portal) to superficial epigastrics (caval) to femoral to IVC
or to thoracoepigastrics (caval) to axillary to IVC
141
Greater
splanchnic
nerve
Celiac ganglion
Lumbar chain
ganglion
Lumbar
splanchnic
nerve
Superior
mesenteri
c
ganglion
Aorticorenal
ganglion
Inferior
mesenteric
ganglion
Sympathetic innervation
D. Innervation of viscera
1. sympathetic
a. via thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves to preaortic ganglia
b. ganglia are celiac, aorticorenal, superior and inferior mesenteric
2. parasympathetic
a. via vagus nerve to gut up to left colic flexure
b. preganglionics from S2-4 to gut beyond left colic flexure
3. visceral afferents
a. found in plexuses and follow sympathetic or parasympathetic paths
to CNS
4. plexuses
a. postganglionic sympathetics join parasympathetic preganglionics in
celiac, superuior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric plexuses
b. plexuses are joined to each other by intermesenteric plexus
c. superior hypogastric plexus carries sympathetics from lumbar
splanchnics nerves to merge with inferior hypogastric plexus
d. inferior hypogastric plexus carries parasympathetics from pelvic
splanchnic nerves, and sympathetics from superior plexus, to innervate
pelvic viscera and visceral afferents from the viscera
SGU Anatomical Sciences
142
Thoracic
duct
Cisterna
chyli
Celiac nodes
Superior
mesenteric
nodes
Intestinal nodes
Intestinal trunk
143
Liver
Lesser omentum
Omental bursa
Stomach
Transverse
colon
Transverse
mesocolon
Mesentery of
small bowel
Small bowel
Bladder
Peritoneal reflections
Peritoneal Cavity
A. Peritoneum
1. parietal peritoneum
a. lines abdominopelvic cavity
b. attached to abdominal wall by extraperitoneal tissue
2. visceral peritoneum
a. covers organs
3. peritoneal cavity
a. omental bursa (lesser sac) is smaller part of cavity posterior to stomach
and lesser omentum
b. greater sac (rest of cavity) communicates with omental bursa through
epiploic/omental foramen
c. foramen lies posterior to hepatoduodenal ligament, anterior to IVC,
inferior to liver and superior to 1st part of duodenum
4. mesentery
a. parietal layer reflects from wall to viscera as double layer of peritoneum
b. contain all structures running from body wall to viscera
c. called peritoneal ligament when attaching organ to organ
144
Visceral
peritoneum
Parietal
peritoneum
Descending
colon
Liver
Kidney
Extraperitoneal
tissue
Aorta
Pancreas
145
146
Ligamentum
venosum
Diaphragm
IVC
L
L
Porta hepatis
Q
Falciform
ligament
Liver
Gall bladder
Liver
A. Structure and location
1. surfaces
a. convex diaphragmatic surface is superior
b. visceral is inferior
c. porta hepatis is transverse fissure through which portal triad enters/leaves liver
2. anatomical lobes
a. left lies to left of falciform ligament and ligamentum venosum
b. right is subdivided by line joining left borders of IVC and gall bladder
c. caudate and quadrate lie between left and right anatomical lobes
d. quadrate is anterior and separated from caudate by porta hepatis
3. physiological/portal lobes
a. left portal lobe includes caudate and quadrate lobes
3. peritoneal attachments
a. falciform ligament attaches liver to diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
b. coronary ligaments are extensions of falciform ligament around bare area
c. lesser omentum extends from visceral surface to lesser curvature of stomach
(hepatogastric ligament) and 1st part of duodenum (hepatoduodenal ligament)
B. Blood supply
1. proper hepatic artery from celiac trunk
2. hepatic portal vein carries venous blood from gut tube
3. venous drainage via hepatic veins to IVC
SGU Anatomical Sciences
147
Fundus
Common
hepatic duct
Spleen
Body
Neck
Hilum of
spleen
Cystic duct
Pancreas
Common
bile duct
Tail
Body
Uncinate
process
Head
148
Cystic duct
Common
bile duct
Hepatopancreatic
ampulla
Major duodenal
papilla
Main
pancreatic
duct
149
150
Central tendon
Caval
foramen
Esophagus
Left and
right crus
Arcuate ligaments
Lateral
Medial
Quadratus
lumborum
Median
Psoas major
and minor
151
Diaphragm
Transversus
abdominus
Suprarenal
gland
Left kidney
Quadratus
lumborum
Psoas
Kidneys in situ
B. Kidneys
1. location
a. left lies on diaphragm, ribs 11 and 12 and quadratus lumborum
b. right lies on diaphragm, rib 12 and quadratus lumborum
c. enclosed in capsule and surrounded by renal fascia
d. suprarenal glands lie on superior pole of each kidney
Kidney
Pararenal fat
(extraperitoneal tissue)
Quadratus
lumborum
Renal fascia
Perirenal fat
Psoas major
152
Renal
column
Minor calyx
Renal cortex
Renal pyramid
Renal papilla
Renal pelvis
Major calyx
Ureter
153
Unpaired
Celiac trunk
Superior
mesenteri
c
Paired
Inferior
phrenic
Superior
middle and
inferior
suprarenal
Renal
Inferior
mesenteric
Gonadal
Lumbar
Median sacral
Common iliac
154
Hepatics
Right suprarenal
Inferior phrenic
Left suprarenal
Renal
Right gonadal
Left gonadal
Common iliac
Lumbar
Cisterna chyli
155
Subcostal
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal
Lateral femoral
cutaneous
Genitofemoral
Femoral
Obturator
Lumbosacral trunk
Lumbar plexus
G. Lumbar plexus
1. ventral rami of L1-4 with contribution from T12 (subcostal nerve)
a. iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal (L1)
b. genitofemoral (L1-2) divides into genital and femoral branch
c. lateral femoral cutaneous (L2-3)
d. femoral (posterior divisions of L2-4) innervates quadriceps muscles
e. obturator (anterior divisions of L2-4) innervates adductor muscles of
thigh
f. lumbosacral trunk (L4-5) runs over sacral ala to join sacral plexus
156
PSIS
Ilium
ASIS
Sacroiliac joint
Acetabulum
Ischium
Obturator
canal
Pubis
Obturator
membrane
Pelvic
brim
Pubic symphysis
Bony pelvis
Pelvis
A. Bony Pelvis
1. os coxae
a. ilium, ischium, pubis joined by sacrum
b. pelvic brim separates major pelvis from minor pelvis
2. joints
a. pubic symphysis is fibrocartilaginous joint
b. sacroiliac is synovial joint between auricular surfaces of sacrum and ilium
Major pelvis
Minor
pelvis
Pelvic brim
Line of
pelvic outlet
157
Iliolumbar ligament
Anterior
sacroiliac
ligament
Sacrospinous
ligament
Greater sciatic
foramen
Lesser sciatic
foramen
Sacrotuberous
ligament
Pelvic ligaments
3. ligaments
a. anterior and posterior sacroiliac
b. iliolumbar from transverse processes of L4-5 to posterior iliac crests
c. sacrotuberous from lateral sacrum to ischial tuberosity
d. sacrospinous is deep (anterior) to sacrotuberous from lateral sacrum to
ischial spine
4. pelvic openings
a. pelvic inlet from major to minor pelvis is described by pelvic brim
b. pelvic outlet is described by conjoint rami, ischial tuberosities, ischial
spines, coccyx
c. subinguinal hiatus inferior to inguinal ligament provides access to
anterior thigh
d. obturator canal through obturator membrane gives access to medial thigh
e. greater sciatic foramen is major entrance/exit between abdominopelvic
cavity and gluteal region
f. lesser sciatic foramen provides access to perineum
158
Tendinous arch
Urogenital hiatus
Levator ani
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus
Puborectalis
Obturator
internus
Coccygeus
Piriformis
Pelvic diaphragm
Anococcygeal
raphe
5. muscular wall
a. piriformis (posterior)
b. obturator internus (lateral)
c. pelvic diaphragm (floor)
6. pelvic diaphragm
a. funnel-shaped muscular floor of pelvis providing support for viscera
b. comprises levator ani and coccygeus
c. has superior and inferior covering of pelvic fascia continuous with
transversalis fascia
d. origin is body of pubis, tendinous arch of obturator fascia and sacrospinous
ligament
e. insertions are coccyx and anococcygeal raphe where fibres fuse on midline
f. pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus form levator ani
g. puborectalis is medial part of pubococcygeus that forms a sling around the
anorectal junction
g. coccygeus originates from sacrospinous ligament frequently diminished
or absent in humans
h. urogenital hiatus is central opening bordered by medial fibres of pubococcygeus
159
Pelvis
Specific Objectives
Be able to:
1. Describe the structure, position, relationships and major peritoneal coverings and
reflections of the female pelvic organs.
2. Describe the structure, position, relationships and major peritoneal coverings and
reflections of the male pelvic organs.
3. Describe the general pattern of blood supply and lymphatic drainage of pelvic
structures.
4. Describe the organization of the sacral plexus.
5. Describe the autonomic innervation of pelvic viscera.
160
Rectovesical pouch
Rectum
Bladder
Ovary
Uterus
Rectouterin
e
pouch
Rectum
Vesicouterine
pouch
Bladder
Prostate
Vagina
161
Female
Trigone
Male
Opening
of ureter
Urethra
Prostatic
Membranous
Urethra
Penile
Erectile tissue
of penis
162
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Pararectal
fossa
Levator ani
Ischioanal
fossa
Anal canal
Rectum in situ
C. GI tract
1. rectum
a. continuous with sigmoid colon at S3
b. ends at tip of coccyx as it passes through pelvic diaphragm
c. inferior portion is ampulla which lies below inferior rectal fold
Anorectal junction
Internal anal sphincter
Anal canal
External anal sphincter
Rectum
SGU Anatomical Sciences
163
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Fundus
Isthmus
Fimbria
Ovary
Body
Lateral fornix
164
Suspensory
ligament of
ovary
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
Ovarian
ligament
Mesometrium
Uterosacral
ligament
165
Ductus
deferens
Ampulla
Ureter
Epididymis
Head
Body
Seminal
vesicle
Prostate
Tail
Seminal
vesicle
Prostate
Prostatic
urethra
Ejaculatory
duct
166
Internal iliac
External iliac
Iliolumbar
Lateral sacral
Deep
circumflex
iliac
Superior
gluteal
Obturator
Obliterated
umbilical
Inferior gluteal &
internal pudendal
Middle rectal
Superior
vesicle
167
Lumbar
Common
iliac
Superficial
inguinal
horizontal
vertical
Internal
iliac
External
iliac
Deep
inguinal
168
L4
L5
Superior gluteal
S1
S2
Inferior gluteal
S3
Lumbosacral trunk
Pelvic splanchnics
S4
N to Piriformis
S5
Cx1
Common
fibular
Tibial
Pudendal
Posterior femoral
cutaneous
Sciatic
L4
L5
S1
Lumbosacral
trunk
S4
Obturator
169
Sympathetic
trunk
Lumbar
splanchnics
Superior hypogastric
plexus
Hypogastric nerve
Inferior hypogastric
plexus
170
Perineum
Specific Objectives
Be able to:
1. Describe the boundaries, subdivisions and contents of the urogenital and anal
triangles in the male and female.
2. Describe the organization of the superficial perineal and deep perineal pouches in
terms of fascial layers and contents in the male and female.
3. Describe the structure of the penis and clitoris in terms of erectile tissues and
associated muscles.
4. Describe the motor and sensory innervation, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage
of the male and female perineum.
171
Urogenital triangle
Anal triangle
Ischial tuberosity
A. Perineum
1. diamond-shaped area described by the pubic symphysis, ischial
tuberosities, and coccyx
2. urogenital triangle
a. area between ischiopubic rami and a line joining ischial tuberosities
b. contains external genitalia and urinary structures
3. anal triangle
a. area between coccyx, sacrotuberous ligaments and the line joining
ischial tuberosities
b. contains anus
172
Deep perineal
pouch
External anal
sphincter
Perineal body
Superficial perineal fascia
Perineal membrane
4. perineal membrane
a. strong connective tissue sheet attached to ischiopubic rami
b. posterior border attaches to fascia of external anal sphincter
c. muscles lie superior to it in deep perineal pouch
d. membrane and muscles used to be called 'urogenital diaphragm'
5. deep perineal pouch (space)
a. fascial space superior to perineal membrane
b. contains deep transverse perineal and sphincter urethrae muscles
c. contains bulbourethral gland in male
d. muscle fibres around urethra form external urethral sphincter
6. perineal body
a. connective tissue mass
b. attaches posterior edge of perineal membrane to deep fascia of
external anal sphincter of pelvic diaphragm
173
Deep perineal
pouch
Body of
clitoris
Labium majorum
Perineal body
Labium minorum
Perineal membrane
174
Mons pubis
Prepuce
Labium
majorum
Glans of
clitoris
Urethral
orifice
Vestibule
Labium
minorum
Vaginal
orifice
Anal
orifice
175
Body of clitoris
Bulb of
vestibule
Ischiocavernosus
over crus
Greater
vestibular
gland
Bulbospongiosus
over bulb
Perineal
body
Perineal
membrane
Pelvic
diaphrag
m
176
Superficial and
deep dorsal
veins Deep
fascia
Crus of penis
Corpus
cavernosum
Penile
urethra
Deep artery
Corona
Glans of penis
Corpus
spongiosum
177
Body of
penis
Bulbospongiosus
over bulb
Ischiocavernosus
over crus
Perineal
body
Perineal
membrane
Pelvic
diaphragm
Rectum
Pararectal fossa
Levator ani
Obturator
internus
Ischioanal fossa
Pudendal canal
Anal canal
178
Anal column
Anal valve
Ampulla of
rectum
Anorectal junction
Anal canal
Anus
Anus
Pectinate line
Internal anal
sphincter
External anal
sphincter
3. anal canal
a. from anorectal junction to anus - pectinate line is inferior limit of anal valves
b. canal above pectinate line is from hind gut; blood supply is superior rectal
c. canal below line is from body wall; blood supply is middle and inferior rectal
d. external anal sphincter is skeletal muscle of anal canal
e. internal anal sphincter is thickened circular smooth muscle of gut wall
E. Perineal blood supply
1. external pudendals from femoral artery supply superficial perineal tissues
2. internal pudendals from internal iliac supply deep perineal tissues
F. Perineal innervation
1. pudendal n (S24)
a. somatic motor to external anal and urethral sphincters, muscles of both pouches
b. somatic sensory from perineal skin, external genitalia including lower part of
vagina, anal canal below pectinate line
2. branches of ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves
a. somatic sensory from external genitalia and perineal skin
3. pelvic splanchnic (parasympathetics) and sacral splanchnics (sympathetics)
G. Lymph drainage
1. superficial (skin, external genitalia, anal canal below pectinate line) to horizontal
group of superficial inguinal nodes
2. deep
SGU Anatomical Sciences
179
Osteology of the
Head and Neck
Specific Objectives
Be able to:
1. Describe the anatomy of the cervical vertebrae.
2. Describe the major distinguishing features of the extracranial anatomy.
3. Describe the neurocranium in terms of bones and their major features.
4. Describe the viscerocranium in terms of bones and their major features.
5. Describe the major distinguishing features of individual skull bones and their
articulations in the intact skull.
6. Describe the basic developmental anatomy of the skull in terms of fontanelles
and sutures.
7. Describe the major openings of the skull in terms of location and the structures
traversing them.
180
Anterior fossa
Crista galli
Openings
Cribriform plate
Anterior
Olfactory foramina
Lesser wing
Middle fossa
Greater wing
Middle
Sup orbital fissure
Optic canal
Squamous portion
Foramen rotundum
Sella turcica
Foramen ovale
Dorsum sellae
Foramen spinosum
Petrous portion
Foramen lacerum
Posterior fossa
Posterior
Int auditory meatus
Groove for
transverse sinus
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Hypoglossal canal
181
Frontal
Supraorbital notch
Superior & inferior
orbital fissure
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Nasal
Infraorbital
foramen
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Mandible
Norma frontalis
A. Divisions of skull
1. neurocranium/cranial cavity
a. calvaria ("brain case") enclosing brain and brain stem
b. comprises 4 unpaired bones - frontal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
c. 2 paired bones - temporal and parietal
2. viscerocranium/facial skeleton
a. comprises 2 unpaired bones - mandible and vomer
b. 6 paired bones - maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior
nasal concha
c. surround the openings of the respiratory and digestive tracts
3. several bones, such as ethmoid and sphenoid, contribute to both
neurocranium and viscerocranium
182
Frontal
Parietal
Nasal
Temporal
Lacrimal
Ethmoi
d
Zygomatic
Sphenoid
Occipital
Maxilla
Mandible
B. Joints of skull
1. most are sutures
2. temporomandibular joints
a. synovial joints between mandibular fossa and condyle of mandible
3. mandible
a. paired bones united by mandibular symphysis becomes a synostosis
postnatally
4. frontal bone
a. paired bones united by metopic suture - normally becomes a synostosis
postnatally
C. Openings
1. for respiratory, digestive tracts and sensory systems
2. for cranial nerves and branches passing from cranial cavity to periphery
3. for branches of carotid and vertebral arteries and venous counterparts
183
Bregma
Vertex
Coronal suture
Squamosal
suture
Glabella
Lambdoidal
suture
Nasion
Sutural
bone
Anterior nasal
spine
Inion
Pterion
Mastoid process
Mental
protuberance
Styloid process
Zygomatic arch
Parietal bone
Occipital
bone
Frontal bones
Fontanelles
SGU Anatomical Sciences
Anterior
fontanelle
Posterior
fontanelle
184
Palatine process
Horizontal plate
Incisive fossa
Pterygoid process
Greater palatine
foramen
Vomer
Foramen ovale
Greater wing
Foramen lacerum
Styloid process
Opening to
carotid canal
Mastoid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Occipital condyle
Jugular foramen
External occipital
Protuberance
Superior nuchal line
Norma basalis
F. Openings for cranial nerves
Openings
Olfactory foramina in cribriform plate
Cranial nerve(s)
I
II
V2
V3
VII, VIII
IX, X, spinal XI
XII
185
3.
4.
Describe the distribution of the cervical plexus including the ansa cervicalis,
supraclavicular, transverse cervical, great auricular and lesser occipital nerves.
5.
6.
186
Infrahyoid muscles
Deep fascia
Sternocleidomastoid
Pretracheal
Buccopharyngeal
fascia
Platysma
Carotid
sheath
Scalenes
Investing
Prevertebral
Trapezius
Prevertebral muscles
187
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Posterior scalene
Middle scalene
Anterior scalene
Trapezius
Inferior belly of omohyoid
Posterior triangle
B. Boundaries of posterior triangle
1. posterior is anterior border of trapezius
2. anterior is posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
3. apex is attachment of these muscles to the occiput and mastoid process
4. base is mid-region of clavicle
5. floor is semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, levator scapulae, posterior,
middle and anterior scalene muscles, and prevertebral layer of fascia
6. roof is investing layer of deep fascia
7. posterior triangle is divided by inferior belly of omohyoid
a. occipital triangle lies superior to omohyoid
b. supraclavicular triangle lies inferior to omohyoid
188
Occipital a
Lesser occipital n
Sternocleidomastoid
Great auricular n
Spinal accessory n
Inferior belly
of omohyoid
Transverse cervical a
Suprascapular a
Brachial plexus
Subclavian a
189
Middle scalene
Anterior scalene
Phrenic n
C5 ventral ramus
Superior trunk
3rd part of
subclavian a
Transverse cervical a
Suprascapular a
Thyrocervical trunk
190
Describe the boundaries of the anterior, digastric, submental, carotid, and muscular
triangles of the neck, and their contents.
2.
Describe the anatomy of the ansa cervicalis and the motor distribution of the cervical
plexus.
3.
4.
Describe the boundaries of the root of the neck and superior thoracic opening, and
describe the relationships of the brachiocephaliac veins, subclavian veins and arteries,
external, anterior and internal jugular veins, thyrocervical and costocervical trunks
and branches, brachiocephalic artery, vertebral arteries, phrenic nerves, vagus nerves,
recurrent laryngeal nerves, cervical sympathetic chain, and the thoracic duct.
5.
Describe the anatomy of the trachea, and the thyroid and parathyroid glands.
6.
7.
Describe the origin, course and distribution of the branches of the external carotid
artery within the carotid triangle.
191
Subtriangles
Submandibular
Sternocleidomastoid
Submental
Carotid
Anterior &
posterior bellies
of digastric
Muscular
Midline
Anterior triangle
A. Boundaries:
1. large triangle with four smaller subtriangles contained within its borders
a. anterior is midline of neck
b. superior is body of mandible
c. posterior is anterior edge of sternocleidomastoid muscle
d. apex is located at jugular notch of manubrium
2. subtriangles
a. submental triangle between midline, anterior digastric, hyoid and genu
of mandible; may also be regarded as single triangle spanning midline
b. submandibular triangle between bellies of digastric and mandible
c. carotid triangle between superior omohyoid, sternocleidomastoid and
posterior digastric
d. muscular triangle between superior omohyoid, sternocleidomastoid and
midline
192
Anterior
digastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Superior belly
of omohyoid
Inferior belly
of omohyoid
Posterior
digastric
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
B.
Musculature
1. infrahyoid (strap) muscles
a. omohyoid (superior belly)
b. sternohyoid
c. sternothyroid
d. thyrohyoid
2. suprahyoid muscles
a. anterior and posterior bellies of digastric
b. stylohyoid
c. mylohyoid
d. geniohyoid
193
Hypoglossal
C1
to geniohyoid
C2
to thyrohyoid
C3
Superior root
C4
to sup belly
of omohyoid
Inferior root
to sternothyroid
to sternohyoid
to inf belly
of omohyoid
Phrenic
Spinal
accessory
Ansa cervicalis
C. Innervation of anterior triangle muscles
1. ansa cervicalis
a. lies superficial to the carotid sheath and is made up of two roots
b. superior root formed by C1
c. inferior root formed by C2 and C3
2. infrahyoid muscles
a. innervated by branches from ansa cervicalis (C1,2,3)
b. thyrohyoid receives a separate branch from C1 (via hypoglossal nerve)
3. suprahyoid muscles
a. geniohyoid innervated by C1
b. stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric innervated by facial nerve
c. mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric innervated by mylohyoid nerve
Ansa
cervicalis
Hypoglossal
Vagus
194
Deep cervical
Transverse
cervical
Ascending cervical
Vertebral
Inferior thyroid
Suprascapular
Thyrocervical trunk
Costocervical trunk
Internal thoracic
195
Posterior
auricular
Posterior belly
of digastric
Occipital
Ascending
pharyngeal
Superficial
temporal
Maxillary
Facial
Lingual
Internal carotid
Carotid sinus
Superior thyroid
Common carotid
196
Facial
Retromandibular
External
jugular
Anterior
jugular
External
jugular
Superior
thyroid
Internal
jugular
Venous drainage
F. Jugular veins
1. external jugular
a. formed by union of posterior auricular with posterior branch of
retromandibular vein
b. lies between platysma and sternocleidomastoid muscles
2. anterior jugular
a. drains submental region and joins external jugular
3. internal jugular
a. begins at jugular foramen as continuation of sigmoid dural venous sinus
b. lies in carotid sheath with internal carotid and vagus nerve and with
common carotid and vagus more inferiorly
c. ends by joining subclavian to form brachiocephalic vein
d. tributaries correspond fairly closely with branches of external carotid
artery
197
Vagus
Carotid
nerve
Cardiac nerves
Superior cervical
ganglion
Middle cervical
ganglion
Inferior cervical
ganglion
1st thoracic
ganglion
198
Hyoid bone
Right lobe of
thyroid
gland
Pyramidal
lobe
Isthmus
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Trachea
Brachiocephalic vein
199
200
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective
tissue
Pericranium
Cranial bone
epicranial
aponeurosis
Frontalis
Occipitalis
Scalp
A. Scalp
1. five layers of tissue with three superficial layers fused to form single unit
a. skin
b. connective tissue is thin fibrofatty layer with abundant blood supply
c. epicranial aponeurosis/galea aponeurotica is a dense connective tissue
connection between frontalis and occipitalis muscles
d. loose connective tissue loosely connects aponeurosis to underlying
periosteum and provides mobility for three fused layers
e. pericranium is external periosteum over cranial bones
2. muscles
a. frontalis originates from skin and fascia of eyebrow and inserts into
aponeurosis
b. occipitalis originates from superior nuchal line and inserts into
aponeurosis
201
C2/3 dorsal
rami
V1
V2
V3
Greater
occipital
C2/3 ventral
rami
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Auriculotemporal
3rd occipital
Lesser
occipital
Great
auricular
202
1 of the 2 terminal
branch of external
carotid, other being
the supf. temporal
Infraorbital
Deep
Temporal
supply temporalis
m.
Posterior
Superior
Alveolar
Inferior
alveolar
supply, lower set of
teeth
laterla pterygoid
divdes maxillar
artery to 3 parts
External
Carotid
Sphenopalatine
Deep
temporal
Middle
Meningeal
Descending
palatine
MAXILLARY ARTERY
3rd PART
Sphenop~latine
2nd PART
Deep Temporal
1st PART
Accessory Meningeal
Infra-orbital
Anterior Tympanic
Deep Aurkular
levator palpebrae
perioris
levator labii
oculi
depressor
orbicularis
Frontalis
Orbicularis
oculi
Occipitalis
Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
major
Orbicularis
oris
Buccinator
Platysma
Depressor labii
inferioris
Depressor
anguli oris
Facial muscles
B. Facial muscles
1. paired muscles lying in superficial fascia
a. origin typically from facial/skull bones
b. insertion into dermis or other facial muscles
2. innervated by branches of facial nerve (CN VII)
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Posterior
auricular
Mandibular
post. auricular
Cervical
ext. carotid
203
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear
Infratrochlear
Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticofacial
Great
auricular
Infraorbital
Mental
Buccal
Auriculotemporal
204
Superficial
temporal a&v
Supraorbital
a&v
Occipital
a&v
Posterior
auricular a&v
Infraorbital
a&v
External
jugular v
Transverse
facial a&v
Facial a&v
internal jugular
Ext. jugular
External
carotid a
Internal
jugular v
205
External
acoustic
meatus
Facial
nerve
Parotid duct
Mastoid
process
Masseter
Parotid
gland
Posterior
auricular v
External
jugular v
Parotid gland
F. Parotid gland
1. lies in fibrous capsule anterior to external acoustic meatus covering posterior
part of masseter muscle
2. contains divisions of facial nerve motor root, retromandibular vein and
external carotid artery
3. parotid duct pierces buccinator muscle to open into vestibule of mouth
opposite 2nd upper molar
4. parasympathetic innervation from IX via auriculotemporal nerve of V3
Supf - parotid gland - facial nerves and a. - masster musscle - buccinator - deep
206
207
Oculomotor nerve
Edinger-Westphal
nucleus
Superior salivatory
nucleus
Facial nerve
Inferior salivatory
nucleus
Glossopharyngeal
nerve
Vagus nerve
Dorsal motor nucleus of X
208
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Lacrimal
gland
Short ciliary
Ciliary
ganglion
Communicating
branch
Branch of
oculomotor
N of pterygoid
canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion
209
Greater
petrosal
Auriculotemporal
Lesser
petrosal
Chorda
tympani
VII
Chorda
tympani
Lingual
Submandibular
ganglion
Otic
ganglion
Submandibular &
sublingual glands
Lingual
Auriculotemporal
210
Carotid plexus
Carotid nerve
Superior cervical
ganglion
Sympathetic pathways
C. Sympathetic pathways
1. postganglionic neurons
a. soma in superior cervical ganglion
b. axons carried by carotid nerve and carotid plexus which surrounds carotid
arteries
c. distributed to target tissue on branches of the carotid vessels, or by
various branches of the trigeminal nerve, supplying the area
211
212
Trigeminal ganglion
V1
V2
V3
213
Anterior &
posterior ethmoidal
Frontal
Lacrimal
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear
Infratrochlear
Nasociliary
Long
ciliary
Short
ciliary
Branch from
oculomotor
Ciliary
ganglion
214
Zygomaticofacial
Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomatic
Infraorbital
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Greater &
lesser palatine
Post, middle, & ant
superior alveolar
215
Motor branches
Auriculotemporal
Buccal
Inferior
alveolar
Chorda tympani
Mental
Lingual
Nerve to mylohyoid
Submandibular ganglion
Inferior alveolar
216
Greater petrosal
Geniculate ganglion
Vestibulocochlear
Chorda tympani
Internal acoustic
meatus
217
Greater petrosal
Geniculate ganglion
Facial motor
root
Chorda tympani
Inferior alveolar
Lingual
218
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
V2
Greater
petrosal
Deep
petrosal
Nerve of
pterygoid canal
Greater and
lesser palatine
Petrosal nerves
D. Greater petrosal nerve and nerve of pterygoid canal
1. greater petrosal carries parasympathetic and taste fibres
2. leaves facial canal at geniculate ganglion
3. passes over foramen lacerum
a. joined by deep petrosal nerve carrying sympathetic fibres from
carotid plexus to form nerve of pterygoid canal
4. nerve joins pterygopalatine ganglion in pterygopalatine fossa
219
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Posterior
auricular
Mandibular
Cervical
Motor root
motor root
E. Facial nerve motor root
1. leaves skull via stylomastoid foramen and gives off branches to stylohyoid
and posterior belly of digastric
2. divides into motor branches within parotid gland
a. temporal to anterior and superior auricularis, frontalis, orbicularis oculi
b. zygomatic to orbicularis oculi
c. buccal to buccinator and other muscles between orbit and mouth
d. mandibular to muscles below mouth
e. cervical to platysma
f. posterior auricular to posterior auricularis and occipitalis
220
Infratemporal Fossa
Specific Objectives
Be able to:
1. Describe the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa.
2. Describe the muscles of mastication in terms of general attachments, actions,
and innervation.
3. Describe the course and distribution of the maxillary artery within the
infratemporal fossa, and corresponding venous drainage.
4. Describe the course and distribution of the mandibular division of the trigeminal
nerve.
5. Describe the functional components of the chorda tympani nerve and its
relationship to the facial and trigeminal nerves.
6. Describe the temporomandibular joint in terms of articular surfaces, joint capsule,
lateral ligament and articular disc.
221
Posterior wall
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Stylomastoid foramen (CNVII)
Lateral Wall
Ramus of mandible
Mandibular foramen
Anterior wall
Maxilla
Medial wall
Lateral pterygoid plate
Pterygomaxillary fissure (gateway to PT fossa)
to expose remove
the zygomatic arch
Contents
Maxillary artery
Pterygoid venous plexus
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
Chorda tympani
Otic ganglion
Lateral Pterygoid muscle
Medial pterygoid muscle
Temporal muscle
Temporal
Lateral
Pterygoid
plate
Maxilla
Condyle
Mandibular
ramus
Maxilla
Temporal
Lateral
Pterygoid plate
Condyle
Lateral view
Medial view
Infratemporal
surface of
sphenoid
coronoid process
of mandible
Lateral
pterygoid
plate
Zygomatic
arch
Body of
maxilla
Styloid
process
angle
Ramus of
mandible
222
Superior head
Lateral pterygoid
Inferior head
Medial
pterygoid
Temporalis
Muscles of mastication
Masseter
B. Muscles of mastication
1. temporalis
a. fan shaped muscle attached to coronoid process of mandible
b. closes jaw
c. innervated by V3
2. lateral pterygoid
a. origin from lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate
b. superior head attaches to articular disc, inferior head to neck of
mandibular condyle
c. protrudes and opens jaw
d. innervated by V3
3. medial pterygoid
a. origin from medial side of lateral pterygoid plate
b. closes jaw, with masseter
c. innervated by V3
4. masseter
a. lies outside fossa
b. origin from zygomatic arch
c. closes jaw
d. innervated by V3
223
Muscular
branches
Post sup
alveolar
Inferior
alveolar
Middle
meningeal
Superficial
temporal
Maxillary
External carotid
224
Motor branches
Auriculotemporal
Buccal
Inferior
alveolar
Chorda tympani
Nerve to mylohyoid
Lingual
Submandibular
ganglion
D. Mandibular nerve
1. gives off nerve to medial pterygoid which also supplies tensor tympani
and tensor veli palatini
2. posterior division
a. auriculotemporal nerve is sensory only from auricle and scalp
b. lingual nerve is somatic sensory from anterior 2/3rds of tongue
c. inferior alveolar nerve is mainly sensory from mandibular teeth but
gives off nerve to mylohyoid
3. anterior division
a. buccal nerve is sensory from cheek
b. motor branches to temporalis, lateral pterygoid and masseter
4. chorda tympani nerve
a. branch of CN VII which joins lingual
b. carries taste fibres from anterior 2/3rds of tongue and parasympathetic
fibres to the submandibular ganglion which innervates sublingual and
submandibular salivary glands
225
Articular eminence
Meniscus
Condyle of
mandible
Superior & inferior heads
of lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Temporomandibular joint
E. Temporomandibular joint
1. synovial joint between mandibular fossa of temporal bone and mandibular
condyle of mandible
2. meniscus/articular disc
a. attached to capsule and divides joint into two parts
b. moves with condyle
c. lateral pterygoid inserts into capsule, disc and neck of mandible and
draws condyle and disc anteriorly in protraction/protrusion of mandible
226
Describe the course and branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal,
optic, oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves.
227
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic canal
Frontal
Lacrimal
groove
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Inferior orbital
fissure
Zygomatic
Palatine
Lacrimal
Maxillary
228
Levator palpebrae
superioris
Bulbar
conjunctiva
Palpebral
conjunctiva
Tarsal plate
Papillae
Orbicularis
oculi
Fornix
Palpebrae
B. Palpebrae
1. tarsal plates
a. connective tissue in eyelid with levator palpebrae superioris inserting
into superior plate
b. palpebral part of orbicularis oculi lies superficial to plates
2. lacrimal papilla
a. raised structure, with punctum, at medial end of margin of each lid
3. conjunctiva
a. palpebral layer lines eyelids and reflects onto eye as bulbar conjunctiva
b. fornices are recesses formed by reflection of conjunctiva onto eye
4. medial and lateral canthus
a. angle formed by meeting of palpebrae
b. medial has lacrimal lake, a reddish area with lacrimal caruncle
c. plica semilunaris is fold of conjunctiva lateral to caruncle
229
Lacrimal gland
Puncta
Canaliculus
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Lacrimal apparatus
C. Lacrimal apparatus
1. lacrimal puncta
a. openings of lacrimal canaliculi at apex of lacrimal papillae
2. lacrimal sac
a. lies in lacrimal groove of maxilla/lacrimal bones and receives canaliculi
b. empties into nasolacrimal duct which drains into nasal cavity
3. lacrimal gland
a. lies in superolateral aspect of orbit
b. secretes via several ducts through superolateral fornix
230
Superior
SO
Lateral
SR
LR
LEV
SO
SR
LR
IR
MR
Common
tendinous ring
IR
MR
IO
231
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
lacrimal gland
Ethmoidals
Lacrimal
Ciliary
Central artery
of retina
Ophthalmic
Internal carotid
232
Infratrochlear
Ciliary ganglion
Long ciliary
Supraorbital
Lacrimal
Frontal
IV
Ethmoidals
Nasociliary
VI
Optic chiasm
III
Nerves of orbit
G. Ophthalmic nerve
1. sensory branch of trigeminal that divides at superior orbital fissure
a. nasociliary divides into ethmoidal nerves, which innervate nasal cavity
and nasal sinuses, short ciliary nerves which carry parasympathetics to
ciliary and constrictor pupillae muscles, and long ciliary nerves which
carry sympathetics to dilator pupillae muscle
b. frontal divides into supratrochlear and supraorbital and innervates
anterior scalp
c. lacrimal innervates conjunctiva, upper lid and carries parasympathetic
postganglionic fibres to lacrimal gland
233
234
Periosteal dura
Dural venous
sinus
Pia
True
dura
Arachnoid
Meninges
Subarachnoid
space
235
Falx
cerebri
Inferior
petrosal
Inferior
sagittal
Superior sagittal
Cavernous
Superior
petrosal
Great
cerebral vein
Straight
Transverse
Tentorium
cerebelli
236
Pituitary Gland
CN III
CN IV
CN VI
Internal
carotid
CN V1
CN V2
Sphenoid sinus
237
External ear
Middle ear
Internal ear
Helix
Antihelix
Auricle
Lobule
Tympanic
membrane
The Ear
A. External ear
1. from auricle/pinna to tympanic membrane
2. auricle
a. elastic cartilage and skin
b. lobule is fatty tissue with no cartilage
3. external auditory meatus
a. canal is 2/3rd bone and 1/3rd cartilage
238
Middle ear
Vestibular apparatus
Malleus
Tympanic membrane
Incus
Chorda tympani
Round
window
Promontory
Tensor
tympani
Auditory
tube
Stapes
Posterior wall
239
Semicircular ducts in
semicircular canals
Ampulla
Utricle & saccule
in vestibule
Stapes in
oval window
Tympanic
membrane
Membrane of
round window
Cochlear duct
in cochlea
Inner ear
C. Inner ear
1. osseous/bony labyrinth is passages and chambers in petrous portion of temporal
bone
a. divided into semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea
2. membranous labyrinth is series of tubes and sacs within bony labyrinth
a. divided into semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule, and cochlear duct
D. Sensory innervation of ear
1. auricle
a. great auricular, lesser occipital, branch of vagus
2. external acoustic meatus and external surface of tympanic membrane
a. auriculotemporal with small contributions from VII and X
2. middle ear cavity, auditory tube and internal surface of tympanic membrane
a. tympanic branch of IX via tympanic plexus
3. inner ear
a. special sensory from organ of Corti by cochlear portion of VIII
b. special sensory from maculae and cristae by vestibular portion of VIII
240
Internal
carotid
Anterior
communicating
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Posterior communicating
Posterior cerebral
Basilar
Vertebral
241
242
Ethmoid
Frontal
Lacrimal
Superior & middle
nasal conchae
Nasal
Lateral & alar
cartilages
Sphenoid
Maxilla
Palatine
Inferior nasal concha
243
Anterior
ethmoidal
Posterior lateral
nasal branches
Branch of
anterior ethmoidal
Nasopalatine
V2
Nerve of
pterygoid canal
Greater palatine
To lateral wall
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Sphenoid sinus
To septum
244
Sphenoethmoidal
recess
Frontal
sinus
Middle &
inferior meatus
Maxillary
sinus
Sphenoid
sinus
Semilunar
hiatus
Ethmoid
bulla
245
Infratemporal
surface
of sphenoid
Lateral
pterygoid plate
Sphenopalatine foramen
Pterygomaxillary fissure
Maxilla
Pterygopalatine fossa
Pteryopalatine Fossa
A. Boundaries
1. posterior wall is pterygoid process of sphenoid
2. anterior is posterior surface of maxilla
3. medial is vertical plate of palatine
4. roof is infratemporal surface of sphenoid
5. lies medial to pterygomaxillary fissure and lateral to sphenopalatine
foramen
B. Openings and contents
1. inferior orbital fissure opens anteriorly to orbit
a. contains infraorbital neurovascular bundle
2. palatine canal opens inferiorly to palate
a. contains greater and lesser palatine nerves, descending palatine artery
3. sphenopalatine foramen opens medially to nasal cavity
a. contains sphenopalatine vessels and nasopalatine nerve
4. pterygomaxillary fissure opens laterally to infratemporal fossa
a. contains maxillary artery and posterior superior alveolar nerve
5. foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal open posteriorly to middle cranial
fossa
a. contain maxillary nerve in rotundum and nerve of pterygoid canal
SGU Anatomical Sciences
246
Zygomatic
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Maxillary
Nerve of
pterygoid canal
Greater &
lesser palatine
Posterior
superior alveolar
247
248
Superficial
temporal
Supratrochlear &
supraorbital
Occipital
Posterior
auricular
Retromandibular
External
jugular
Transverse
facial
Internal
jugular
Facial
Superior thyroid
249
Supratrochlear
vv
& supraorbital
Nasofrontal v
Superior ophthalmic v
Angular v
Cavernous
sinus
Facial v
Retromandibular v
Maxillary v
Pterygoid plexus
Deep veins
B. Dural venous sinuses
1. receive blood from cerebral veins and emissary veins
2. drain, directly or indirectly, into internal jugular vein at jugular foramen
C. Deep veins
1. vertebral
a. receives branches from vertebral venous plexuses and deep cervical veins
b. joins brachiocephalic
2. ophthalmics
a. inferior drains into pterygoid plexus and also joins superior to drain into
cavernous sinus
3. internal jugular
a. direct continuation of sigmoid sinus at the jugular foramen
b. joins subclavian to form brachiocephalic vein
c. receives facial, pharyngeal, lingual and thyroid veins
D. Communication between intracranial and extracranial veins
1. emissary veins from scalp communicate with dural sinuses
2. supraorbital and supratrochlear from scalp form angular which communicates
via nasofrontal and superior ophthalmic veins with cavernous sinus
SGU Anatomical Sciences
250
Mastoid
Parotid
Buccal
Submandibular
Occipital
Superficial cervical
Jugulodigastric
Submental
Anterior cervical
Superior deep
group
Juguloomohyoid
Inferior deep
group
251
252
Soft palate
Palatoglossal arch
Palatine
tonsil
Posterior wall
of oropharynx
Uvula
253
Papilla of
submandibular
gland
Lingual
frenulum
Sublingual
gland
Submandibular
gland and duct
Parotid gland
and duct
254
Tensor veli
palatini
Levator veli
palatini
Pterygoid
hamulus
Palatine
aponeurosis
Uvular muscle
Palatopharyngeus
255
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
256
257
Buccinator
Pharyngeal
constrictors
Superior
Raphe
Middle
Inferior
Stylopharyngeus
Thyropharyngeus
Cricopharyngeus
Pharyngeal constrictors
Pharynx
A. Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
1. circular skeletal muscles of pharynx
2. all attach posteriorly to median pharyngeal raphe
3. superior constrictor muscle
a. attaches posteriorly to pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone
b. attaches anteriorly to pterygomandibular raphe
c. auditory tube passes above muscle
4. middle constrictor muscle
a. attaches anteriorly to hyoid bone
b. stylopharyngeus, glossopharyngeal nerve, stylohyoid ligament pass above
5. inferior constrictor muscle
a. attaches anteriorly to thyroid and cricoid cartilages
b. internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal vessels pass above
6. innervation mainly from X via pharyngeal plexus plus external laryngeal
nerve (X) to lower part of inferior constrictor
258
Tensor veli
palatini
Levator veli
palatini
Salpingopharyngeus
Superior
constrictor
Palatopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
Pterygomandibular
raphe
Middle
constrictor
Stylohyoid
ligament
259
Pharyngeal
tonsil
Opening of
auditory tube
Palatine
tonsil
Nasopharynx
Soft palate
Oropharynx
Epiglottis
Lingual
tonsil
Vestibule
of larynx
Laryngopharynx
Lamina of
cricoid
cartilage
Esophagus
Divisions of pharynx
C. Divisions of pharynx
1. nasopharynx
a. area posterior to nasal cavity that extends inferiorly to level of soft palate
b. lateral walls have opening of auditory tube surrounded by raised torus
c. levator and tensor veli palatini lie laterally
2. oropharynx
a. from soft palate to level of superior tip of epiglottic cartilage
b. includes valleculae and lingual tonsil anterior to epiglottis
c. opens into oral cavity at palatoglossal arch
d. palatine tonsils lie between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
3. laryngopharynx
a. from tip of epiglottic cartilage to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
b. has laryngeal opening anteriorly into vestibule of larynx
c. continuous inferiorly with esophagus
c. piriform recesses lie anterolaterally
4. sensory innervation
a. nasopharynx by V2 and IX (via pharyngeal plexus)
b. oropharynx and upper laryngopharynx from IX (via pharyngeal plexus )
c. lower laryngopharynx from X (via pharyngeal plexus)
d. piriform recess by internal laryngeal (X) and recurrent laryngeal (X)
SGU Anatomical Sciences
260
Pharyngeal
tonsil
Vallecula
Torus of
auditory tube
Soft palate
Palatoglossal
arch
Palatine tonsil
Palatopharyngeal
arch
Lingual tonsil
Epiglottis
Tonsils
D. Tonsils
1. pharyngeal
a. lies on posterosuperior wall of nasopharynx
2. palatine
a. lie on lateral wall of oropharynx in depressed tonsillar bed
b. palatoglossal arch lies anterior and palatopharyngeal arch lies posterior
c. primary arterial supply is tonsillar branch of facial in tonsillar bed
3. lingual
a. lies on posterior aspect of tongue in oropharynx
261
Epiglotti
s
Thyrohyoid membrane
Thyroid
Arytenoid
Vocal
ligament
Cricothyroid
ligament
Anterior view
Cricoid
Midsagittal view
Laryngeal cartilages
Larynx
A. Cartilaginous framework
1. epiglottic cartilage
a. mobile laryngeal cartilage that helps protect laryngeal opening
b. vallecula is space between epiglottis and base of tongue
2. thyroid cartilage
a. largest cartilage forming laryngeal prominence anteriorly
b. open posteriorly
c. attached to hyoid bone by thyrohyoid membrane
3. cricoid cartilage
a. complete ring of cartilage with tall lamina posteriorly
b. attached to thyroid cartilage by cricothyroid membrane and two
synovial joints
4. arytenoid cartilages
a. pyramidal cartilages attached to cricoid lamina by synovial joints
b. have vocal process anteriorly and muscular process laterally
262
Soft
palate
Palatine tonsil
Palatopharyngeal
arch
Inferior
constrictor (cut)
Epiglottis
Aryepiglottic fold
Piriform recess
Lamina of cricoid
263
Closed glottis
Vocal fold
Aryepiglottic fold
Vestibular fold
Vocal fold
Vestibule
Cricoid cartilage
264
Thyroarytenoid
Lateral
cricoarytenoi
d
Transverse &
oblique arytenoids
Posterior
cricoarytenoid
Cricothyroid
265