Concept Matrix

Title
Source

Authors

Banana Peel as Absorbent to Remove Heavy Metals in Water

Characterizations of
Banana Peel Applied to the
Removal of Pb(II) and
Banana Peel and its
Solid Phase Extraction of
Cd(II) from Water by
Efficiency for Copper
Copper and Lead from River Adsorption on Peels of
Adsorption
Water: Preconcentration of
Banana
Metal Ions with a Fruit
Waste
(Tongyam,
(Castro, et al., 2011)
(Anwar, et al., 2010)
Apichartpattanasiri, &
Pormsila, 2013)

Characterization of Banana
Peel by Scanning Electron
Microscopy and FT-IR
Spectroscopy and its use
for Cadmium Removal

Removal of Colour (dyes)

from Textile Effluent by
Adsorption using Orange
and Banana peel

(Memon, et al., 2008)

(Mane & Bhusari, 2012)

Memon, J. R., Memon, S.

Q., Bhanger, M., Memon,
G. Z., El-Turki, A., & Allen,
G. C. (2008).
Characterization of Banana
Peel by Scanning Electron
Microscopy and FT-IR
Spectroscopy and its use
for Cadmium Removal.
Colloids and Surfaces B:
Biointerfaces, 260-265.

Mane, R., & Bhusari, V.

(2012). Removal of Colour
(dyes) from Textile
Effluent by Adsorption
using Orange and Banana
peel. International Journal
of Engineering Research
and Applications, 19972004.

As References
Tongyam, C.,
Apichartpattanasiri, S., &
Pormsila, W. (2013).
Charaterizations of Banana
Peel and Its Efficiency for
Copper Adsorption.
Journal of Environmental
Science and Engineering,
608-013.

Castro, R. S., Caetano, L.,

Ferraira, G., Padilha, P. M.,
Saeki, M. J., Zara, L. F., . . .
Castro, G. R. (2011).
Banana Peel Applied to the
Solid Phase Extraction of
Copper and Lead from River
Water: Preconcentration of
Metal Ions with a Fruit
Waste. Industrial &
Engineering Chemistry
Research , 3446-3451.

Anwar, J., Shafique, U.,

Waheed-uz-Zaman,
Salman, M., Dar, A., &
Anwar, S. (2010). Removal
of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from
Water by Adsorption on
Peels of Banana.
Bioresource Technology,
1752-1755.

Objective of Studies

To described the chemical

and physical
characterizations of banana
(Musa sapientum Linn)
peel for adsorption of
copper.

To investigate the ability of

minced banana peel to
extract lead and copper ions
from water and the
parameters involved in this
process.

To study the adsorption of

lead(II) and cadmium(II) on
peels of banana in batch
mode using flame atomic
absorption spectroscopy for
metal estimation.

To characterize the banana

peel by FT-IR and
scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) coupled
with energy dispersive Xray (EDX) analysis.

To explore the feasibility

of Orange peel and
Banana peel as a low cost
natural adsorbent with
respect to various
parameters such as colour
adsorbent capacity of
material with initial
concentration at different
doses, time, and pH.

Materials
Stock standard solutions of
copper were prepared by
dissolving a desired
amount of CuSO4 in deionized water.

Reagents and Equipment

All of the reagents used
were of analytical grade.
The metal ions solutions
were prepared by dissolving
an appropriate amount of
their nitrate. in deionized
water. The nitric acid
solution used to acidify the
metal ions solutions was
predistilled in a quartz subboiling system (Marconi).
The metal ions were

Adsorbent
Banana peels were
separated from the fruit
gently, washed thoroughly
and dried in sun light and
then in an oven. Dried peels
were cut into small pieces,
ground and sieved.

Materials
A stock standard solution
of Cd(II) was prepared by
dissolving the appropriate
amount of its nitrate in
deionized water, acidified
with a small amount of
nitric acid. Buffer solutions
of pH 13, 46 and 79
were prepared by mixing
appropriate ratios of HCl
and KCl, acetic acid and
sodium acetate and

Materials
Banana and orange peels
were washed then dried in
oven for certain period
and ground to a fine
powder and sieved. The
powdered material of
orange and Banana peel
were selected for the batch
adsorption and pH study.

Hypothesis?

Methodology

Methods
Banana peel was cut into
small pieces and then dried
in sun. Then the dried
banana was blended to
make a powder. A

Stock Solution &

Standards
Stock solution of lead and
cadmium were prepared by

functional group
modification of banana
peel was performed using
banana mixed with 0.1 M
HCl and methanol solution
and then stirred at 60 C for
48 h for esterification of
banana peel in order to
study an adsorption
efficiency after
modification.
Characterization of
Banana
A Perkin Elmer (USA)
model Optima 2100 DV
ICP- was used to determine
copper concentration. A pH
value was measured with
model Eco Sense pH
10/Temperature Pen YSI
Incorated (USA), SEMEDX analysis model
HITACHI S-3400N (Japan)
and FT-IR (fourier
transform infrared
spectroscopy) model
Nicolet 6700 Thermo
Electron Corporation USA
were used to identify
adsorption of copper on
banana peel surface

determined by atomic
absorption spectrometry
(AAS, PerkinElmer
AA700).
Surface Characteristic of
Banana Peel
Dried banana peel was first
minced in a ball mill using a
FRITSCH Pulverisette 6.
After pulverization, the
banana peels particles were
sieved. The banana peels
surface was characterized by
diffuse reflectance infrared
Fourier Transform (DRIFT).
Specific surface area and
pore size distribution were
determined using a
Micromeritics ASAP 2010
apparatus
Batch Extraction
standard metal ions solutions
were transferred to
centrifuge tubes and minced
banana peel was added to
each tube. The suspensions
were stirred mechanically to
examine the kinetic reaction.
The effect of pH on the
extraction process was
investigated in a range of 1 5 with diluted nitric acid and
sodium hydroxide solutions.

separately dissolving
appropriate quantity of
analytical grade lead nitrate
and cadmium nitrate
without further purification,
in double distilled water,
respectively. Standard
solutions of the desired
concentrations were
prepared by successive
dilutions of the
corresponding stock
solutions.
Equipment & Apparatus
pH adjustments were made
with digital pH-meter
(HANNA, Model-8417)
using HCl and NaOH).
Lead and cadmium content
in each experiment were
determined with flame
atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (Perkin
Elmer, AAnalyst 100).
Study of Process
Parameters
Effect of four parameters:
adsorbent dose; pH; contact
time and agitation speed
were studied.

ammonia and NH4Cl

solutions, respectively.
Preparation of adsorbent
Banana peel were cut into
small pieces, dried, crushed
and passed through mesh
sieve. The banana peel was
then washed thoroughly
with deionized water to
remove physically
adsorbed contamination
and dried in an air oven at
for certain period. The
surface area of the dried
material was measured
using the BET method.
Esterification of Banana
Peels.
Modification of the
carboxylic groups on the
surface of the banana peel
using acidic methanol was
performed by dry-washed
banana peel was suspended
in methanol to which
concentrated HCl was
added. The solution was
continuously stirred and
heated for certain period.
The banana peel was then
washed three times with
cold deionized water in

Method of Analysis
The colour concentration
was determined using
COD plus colorimeter.
The pH is measured by
using pH meter.
Batch Adsorption
Experiments
The batch adsorption
experiments were
conducted to study
optimum removal of
colour from textile
wastewater. Required
quantity of different doses
of orange peel and banana
peel added to polyethylene
bottle with textile industry
waste effluent. The bottles
were kept in orbital shaker
at certain temperature at
r.p.m. The contents were
filtered filter paper. The
equilibrium time and
optimum dose of
adsorbent were optimised
by repeating the same
experiment at different
conditions.
Effect of adsorbent dose
The different doses of
adsorbent namely Orange
and Banana peel taken

Study of adsorption
isotherms
Six solutions with
differences concentrations
were made by proper
dilution of stock solutions
of lead and cadmium. For
lead, pH was adjusted to 5
whereas for cadmium to 3.
Accurately weighed sorbent
was added to each metal
solution and was agitated
for half an hour. At the end,
suspensions were filtered
and supernatants were
analyzed for metal ions by
flame atomic absorption
spectroscopy

order to quench the

esterification reaction
Chemical analysis
A Varian AA-10 atomic
absorption
spectrophotometer was
used to determine cadmium
concentrations in the
solution. The pH
measurements were made
with a digital pH meter
equipped with a calibrated
combined pH glass
electrode. A Gallenkamp
thermostated automatic
shaker model BKS 305010, UK was used for the
batch experiments. The
dried banana peel was
analyzed by FT-IR using a
ZnSe SBATR accessory.
Scanning electron
microscopy with energy
dispersive X-ray analysis
(SEMEDX) is a near
surface technique. The
electrons produced by an
electron gun strike the
specimen being irradiated,
and the X-ray radiation
from the specimen is then
collected and analyzed by
means of EDX.

such as 0.01g to 0.08 g

with 50 ml textile effluent
in polyethylene bottle in
orbital shaker at about 30
0
C and 150 rpm.
Effects of Time
To study the effect of time
on efficient removal of
colour from textile waste
the study was carried out.
The effect of contact time
was investigated for 5 ,10
,20 ,30 ,40 ,50 ,60 ,70 ,80
,90 ,100 ,120 ,240 minute
at pH.

Result & Discussion

FT-IR Analysis
FT-IR spectroscopy was
performed to characterize
the chemical functional
groups of banana peel. The
carboxylic and hydroxyl
group played a major role
in removal of metal.
SEM-EDX Analysis
The surface morphology of
banana peel was obtained
using SEM. After
adsorption process, an
additional peak of Cu was
observed. It was confirmed
that the adsorption of
copper on banana peel was
occurred.
Effect of Adsorbent Doses
Increasing of banana peel
weight was corresponded
to the higher adsorption
abilities. However,
the percentage of
adsorption was found to be
constant at excess weight
of banana peel because
saturated active sides of
banana were presented.

Surface Characterization
An FTIR spectrum of
minced banana peel
(constituted by
carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, and fibres) was
recorded to identify
functional groups
responsible for the metal ion
coordination. It showed
absorption bands of
carboxylic and amine groups
at 1730 and 889 cm1,
respectively.
Batch Extraction
Experiments
An important aspect of this
material applied in
preconcentration
experiments is the time
required for the extraction
process to achieve
equilibrium. The kinetics of
copper and lead uptake
reached equilibrium in 10
min The effect of pH was
investigated by varying the
pH of metal solutions
subjected to extraction
experiments with diluted
solutions of NaOH and
HNO3 and the extraction of
metals ions was favourable
above pH 3. The adsorption

Effect of adsorbent
concentration
The effect of adsorbent
dosage on adsorption of
cadmium and lead was
studied using different
dosage in the range. Results
showed that the adsorption
efficiency is highly
dependent on quantity of
adsorbent added. Maximum
removal was 89.2% and
85.3% for doses of
cadmium and lead,
respectively. This was
expected as with increasing
concentration of adsorbent,
more surfaces or in other
words, more active sites
become available for metal
uptake. The decrease in
efficiency at excess
adsorbent concentration
could be explained as a
consequence of a partial
aggregation of adsorbent,
which results in a decrease
in effective surface area for
metal uptake
Effect of pH
Effect of pH was studied in
the range 19. Maximum
adsorption of cadmium has
taken place at pH 3 whereas

FT-IR Spectroscopy of
Banana Peel
FT-IR spectra of banana
peel were obtained in order
to understand the nature of
the functional groups
present in banana peel.
carboxylic acid and
hydroxyl groups played a
major role in the removal
of Cd(II) ions.
SEM-EDX Analysis
The surface morphology of
banana peel was studied
with the use of SEM. A
microporous structure was
observed. EDX spectra of
cadmium-adsorbed banana
peel showed an additional
peak confirming the
sorption of cadmium onto
the surface of the banana
peel.
Effect of pH
The pH of the system
controls the sorption
capacity due to its
influence on the surface
properties of the adsorbent
and ionic forms of the
cadmium in solution. The
sorption was increased
slowly up to pH 8 and

Effect of adsorbent dose

It was found that
maximum colour removal
efficiency for Orange peel
was 68% at 0.06g dose of
adsorbent for 55 minutes
and for Banana peel 87%
at dose of 0.05g of
adsorbent when shaking
time was 55 minutes.
From the comparative
results it was found that
banana peel is more
effective than orange peel
Effect of Time
The optimum time
duration required for
colour removal is 45 mins
for banana peel and 55
mins for orange peel.
Effect of pH
Colour removal was
studied at pH ranging
between 4 and 10 by
maintaining pH of waste
water sample with dilute
HCL and NaOH solution.
The maximum removal of
colour from waste water is
at 7 pH.

Effect of Adsorption
Time
The higher the adsorption
time, the higher the
adsorption rate of copper.
However, the adsorption
rate become constant at 90
mins and above.

isotherm fitted by
Langmuirs model showed
maximum adsorption
capacities of 0.33 and 0.20
mmol g-1 for Cu(II) and
Pb(II), respectively.

Determination of Trace
Metal in Raw Water
The proposed
preconcentration method
was applied to
preconcentrate trace metals
in a sample of raw river
water after the
mineralization procedure
and it was validated by
comparison with a standard
reference material.

for lead, at five. Acidic

conditions are required for
both metals as it increases
affinity of banana peels to
metal ions. Beyond
optimum pH, adsorption
decreases. At lower pH, H+
competes with metal cations
for the available adsorption
site whereas at higher pH,
adsorption sites do not
activate. pH effect has been
studied up to 9, afterwards
metal cations react with
hydroxide ions and
precipitate as metal
hydroxide. This will make
true sorption study
uncertain.
Effect of contact time and
agitation speed
Adsorption increases with
increase in the contact time
and agitation speed. The
optimum contact time and
agitation speed for both
metals, is 20 min and 100
rpm, respectively.
Experiments also revealed
that equilibrium is
established in lesser time
for higher adsorbent doses.
Low speed accumulates the
adsorbent at bottom, instead

attained a maximum value

of 95%. At pH greater than
8, percent sorption
declined.
Optimum Shaking Speed
Sorption of metal ions as a
function of shaking speed
was studied in the range of
20140 rpm. It was found
that sorption increases with
increasing shaking speed
and attains a maximum
sorption at 80 rpm.
Optimum Shaking Time
The effect of shaking time
on adsorption of Cd(II)
ions onto banana peel was
studied over a range of 0
60 min. Equilibrium was
established within 10 min
and there was only a slight
increase in percent sorption
up to 30 min but in order to
avoid sorption error, all
further experiments were
carried out for 30 min.
Sorption isotherms
The sorption of Cd(II) ions
was also investigated as a
function of concentration at
room temperature in the
range of 0.1500 mg L1

Adsorption Isotherm
Adsorption isotherm data
are commonly fitted to
the Langmuir model and
the Freundlich model

of spreading in the solution

that result in burial of
various active sites under
the above layers of
adsorbent.

using 0.1 g of adsorbent

and 10 mL of adsorbate
solution, and 30 min
shaking time at a shaking
speed of 80 rpm The
Langmuir adsorption
isotherm was used to
Adsorption Isotherm
The maximum amounts of
describe partitioning
cadmium(II) and lead(II)
behaviour for the system at
adsorbed (qm), as evaluated room temperature. The
by Langmuir isotherm, were value of QL was found to
5.71 mg and 2.18 mg per
be (35.52 mg g1) higher
gram of powder of banana
than the previously
peels, respectively.
reported materials.

Hypothesis Supported?

Conclusion

Banana peel, a waste in this

study, was used to remove
metal ion. It acts as an ecofriendly adsorbent that
could be used to adsorb
copper ion in aqueous
solutions and in water
samples. The adsorptions
efficiency was depended on
dose of banana peel, pH
and adsorption times.

Unifying Theme

Banana Peel

The high retention

percentage of Cu(II) and
Pb(II) in acid medium, pH 3,
is an important aspect of the
adsorption process because
it can be applied to the
purification of wastewater.
The biomaterial is also very
attractive due to its low cost
and the fact that it does not
require modification
reactions. The analysis of
the SRM water allows us to
conclude that the system can
be applied in the
determination of trace metal
specie s in raw water
samples.

Banana peels has more

tendency to adsorb
cadmium as compared to
lead. Maximum adsorption
capacity of banana peels,
termed as Langmuir
complete monolayer
coverage (qm), indicates
that 1 g of banana peels, can
adsorb 5.71 mg of cadmium
and 2.18 mg of lead. The
present study can be used to
conclude that instead of
chemicals, non-hazardous
agro-waste materials like
banana peels can be used as
heavy metal removers from
wastewaters and industrial
effluents to overcome water
pollution.

The present work explores

a new cheaper, economical
and selective adsorbent as
an alternative to costly
adsorbents for the removal
of Cd(II) ions. FT-IR
analysis of banana peel
showed the presence of
various functional groups
indicating the complex
nature of the banana peel.
Scanning electron
microscopic analysis
demonstrated the
microporous structure of
the material while energy
dispersive X-ray analysis
confirmed the sorption of
Cd(II) on banana peel.
Banana peel can effectively
be used to remove Cd(II)
ions from environmental
and industrial wastewater
samples.

It was found that colour

removal efficiency was
achieved maximum at
very low dose of 0.06 g
for Banana peel and 0.05
g of Orange peel within
short time of 55 minutes.
The adsorption isotherm
data was best explained by
Langmuir model and the
adsorption capacity
obtained from Langmuir
isotherms for Banana peel
and Orange peel was
0.1808 and 0.0647 mg g-1
respectively. The result of
pH study shows that the
adsorbent was effective at
neutral pH. The Banana
and Orange peel can be
used for removal of colour
from the waste water and
increasing use of agro
based bioadsorbent can be
seen in coming decade for
removal of dyes from
wastewater. Banana and
Orange peel have good
potential as a low cost
adsorbent for improving
the effectiveness of waste
water treatment.