TOPIC:

THE
ADVENT
OF
EUROPEAN
DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
Ferdinand Magellans Profile
Ferdinand Magellans Expedition
The Rediscovery of the Philippines
The Battle of Mactan
The Significance of Magellans Expedition
Voyages after Magellans Expedition
Ferdinand Magellan
- A Portuguese explorer who is known as the first
circumnavigator of the earth.
- Born in 1480 at Saborosa/Sabora in Villa Real,
Province of Traz as Montes, Portugal.
- His first stint as a maritime explorer began in 1505
when he offered his services to be a part of
Francisco d Almeidas expedition.
- Ferdinand Magellan renounced his citizenship and
offered his service to the King of Spain.
Treaty of Tordesillas
The division of the world was ordered by Pope
Alexander VI as a result of the unending sea
rivalry between Portugal and Spain.
Important provision of the treaty:
At a distance of 370 degrees west of Cape
of Verde islands the treaty provided an
imaginary line drawn from the north to
south. All lands that will be discovered
east of the imaginary line would be owned
by Portugal and those on the west would
belong to Spain.
If Spain discovered lands that are within
demarcation line of Portugal, they should
be turn over to the latter. On the other
hand, if Portugal discovered lands that are
not within their demarcation line, they
should be turn over to Spain.
Pope Alexander VI being Spaniard
ordered that no Portuguese ships shall be
sent to lands belongs to Spain even for the
purpose of trade and commerce.
Ferdinand Magellans Ships
Trinidad
o Flagship of the expedition
o Command by Ferdinand Magellan
Concepcion
o Commanded by Gaspar de Quesada
Victoria
o Commanded by Luis de Mendoza
Santiago
o Commanded by Juan Serrano
San Antonio
o Commanded by Juan de Cartagena
FERDINAND MAGELLANS EXPEDITION
First Event

Magellan was given hundreds of Spanish

crews to help him fulfill his expedition goals.
They heard Mass in the Church of Santa Lucia
de la Victoria (Santa Maria de la Victoria de
Triana) and the captian of his ships as well as
their crews took an oath of allegiance to
Magellan as their Commander-in-Chief.
Second Event
On September 20, 1519, Ferdinand Magellan
and the rest of his men began their expedition.
The ships sailed down from Quadalquivir
River to San Lucar de Barcemeda. After two
months of difficult voyage, hardship, and
hunger the expedition reached what is how
pernambuco in Brazil. From here, Magellan
continued his voyage to Rio de Janeiro and
reached Rio de la Plata in February, 1520.
Third Event
A mutiny was staged by Ferdinand Magellans
crew namely Quesada (Conception ship),
Mendoza (Victoria ship) and Cartagena (San
Antonio ship). Magellan managed to stop their
attempt to take control of the whole expedition
and eventually punished the perpetrators of the
mutiny.
Forth Event
The Santiago was totally wrecked due to the
extreme condition and vastness of the Pacific
Ocean, On October 21, 1520, a strait was
discovered by Ferdinand Magellan presently
called strait of Magellan.
Fifth Event
In March 1521, Ferdinand Magellan reached
the Ladrones islands. They spent some time to
rest and procure fresh food and water.
Ladrones means "thieves in Spanish.

THE REDICOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES

On March 17, 1521, Magellan and his men saw the
mountains of what is now called Samar (Agoncillo
and Mangahas, 2010).
Magellan and his men made their first landfall on a
Philippine island called Homonhon on March 18,
1521.
They continued their navigation and reached the
islet of Limasawa. It was governed by Rajah
Kulambu.
Magellan and Rajah Kulambu secured a
relationship and eventually sealed their
friendship through a blood compact called
sanduguan on March 29, 1521.
The first mass in the Philippines was celebrated on
March 31, 1521 on the coast of Limasawa which
was corticated by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama.
Magellan, together with Rajah Kulambu, reached
the island of Cebu on April 7, 1521. Rajah
Humabon (ruler of Cebu) accepted Ferdinand
Magellan in his island.

Rajah Humabons Christian name was Carlos, in

honor of the King of Spain (Charles/Carlos). His
wife Hara Amihan was baptized under the name of
Juana, in honor of King Charles mother (Johanna).
Ferdinand Magellan gave Juana an image
of the infant Jesus as a gift for her
baptism.

THE BATTLE OF MACTAN

Conflict between the two rajahs sparked the
famous Battle of Mactan. It was a conflict between
Rajah Sula and Rajah Lapu-Lapu, both from
Mactan Island.
While Magellan was in Cebu, Rajah Sula went
there and asked for Magellans help to wage a war
against Rajah Lapu-Lapu.
From Cebu, he sailed for Mactan with 1,000
Cebuano warriors and 60 Spaniards.
Rajah Lapu-Lapu outnumbered Magellans force.
He was also killed by Rajah Lapu-Lapus men.
SIGNIFICANCE OF MAGELLANS EXPEDITION
It proved that the Earth is round.
It also pioneered the use of the sea route rather
than the land route.
The voyagers realized how vast the Pacific Ocean
was.
The beauty and richness of the Philippines
captured the interest and attention of the European
colonizer.
VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION
Headed by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
His expedition started on November 1, 1542 and
reached Mindanao three months later.
Villalobos ordered his men to plant corn in order
to avoid starvation. However, the crops failed to
feed them so Villalobos sent Bernardo de la Torre
to Tandaya to get some food.
As a sign of gratitude, he named the island of
Samar and Leyte Felipinas in honor of prince
Philip of Spain.
Villalobos left the Philippines and sailed for the
Moluccas Island but, was captured by the
Portuguese sailors.
LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
Headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
The expedition was comprised of four ships and
380 crews.
Legazpi started to sail on November 21, 1564 at
the Mexican port. He reached Cebu in February of
1565.
After reaching Cebu, Legazpi went to Cibabao
(Leyte) then to Samar. Legazpi sealed his
friendship with some of the local chieftains in their
area through a blood compact.

TOPIC: THE PHILIPPINES

COLONIAL RULE PART 1

UNDER

SPANISH

Spanish Colonial Government

COLONY
- A territory under the immediate political control of
a state.
- A colony is divided into province, pueblo, and
barangay.
- A province is composed of a number of pueblos.
- A pueblo is composed of a number of barangay.

Central Government
System of
government
Local Government

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
The power comes from the King of Spain.
The representative of the King of Spain in the
Philippines is the Spanish Governor-General.
Two branches:
Executive
- Controlled by the Spanish
Governor-General
Judiciary
- Controlled by the Real/Royal
Audiencia, lower court, and the
Spanish Governor-General.
There was no legislative of government under the
Spanish occupation because of all laws came from
Spain through royal decrees.
Governor-General
Implement all the directives and orders of the King
of Spain.
Serve as the chief of the Spanish army to the
Philippines.
Manage and command the Spanish army to protect
the colony.
Appoint and remove government officials.
Manage and control any government office.
Implement and execute justice; pardoning power.
The most powerful political official in the
Philippines during Spanish occupation.
Representative of the King of Spain as the head of
the colonial government.
His tenure of power depends on the confidence of
the Spanish Crown.
His executive power is absolute; on the other hand,
his judicial and legislative powers are limited.

Real/Royal Audiencia
This refers to the highest court of justice in the
Philippines during the Spanish occupation.
This is equivalent to the Supreme Court of the
Philippines.
It was established in 1584 (Manila).
Santiago de Vera first president.
It was mandated to interpret all laws.
It had the authority to solve cases pertaining to
human rights violations/
It was tasked to audit all expressed of the colonial
government.
It also had a legislative function. The Real/Royal
Audiencia had the power, together with the
Governor-General, to enact laws known as the
Authos Acordados.
ENCOMIENDA
This involved the land; the crops that can be found
in it, and the people living on it.
The encomienda system was an old practice in
Spain wherein the King, in an effort to recognize
the good deeds, services, and loyalty of his officers
and men awarded a piece of land.
Those who received the encomiendaswere called
encomienderos.
FUNCTIONS OF ENCOMIENDEROS
Protect peoples from any kinds of attacks
organized by the armed groups.
Take care of the general welfare of the people.
Maintain peace and order within his encomienda.
Help the Spanish missionaries to spread the
teaching of Christianity to all indigenous people.
Collects taxes from the people living within his
encomienda.

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
The type of local government which replaced the
encomienda system.
Occupied the largest unit of local government.
Two types:
Alcadia
- These were provinces whose
inhabitants had accepted the
Spanish rule; peace.
- Ruled by alcalde mayor.
Corregimiento
- These were provinces whose
inhabitants had resistance to the
Spanish rule.
- Also known as political-military
districts.
- Ruled
and
governed
by
Corregidor.
Alcalde Mayor
Performed
executive
and
judicial
functions.

He was appointed by the Spanish

Governor-General.
- He was mandated by the Spanish
Governor-General to enforce laws
in his province and collect taxes.
- He had the power to dispense
justice.
He was given the privilege to engage in
trade
- indulto de comercio was
granted as a privileged because
this position received only a small
salary.
- However, this privileged was a
bused and subsequently was
abolished in 1844.
In 1886, the executive function was also
stripped from the alcalde mayor because
of reported abuses of power.
With this, the executive function was
transmitted to the civil governor.
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
Each pueblo/town was ruled and controlled by
gobernadorcillo, or called as Capitan.
Chief enforce of the law and tax collector
of his town.
The highest government position given to
a Filipino native provided that he/she is a
part of the group called principalia.
Had a one-year term.
He had a responsibility to manage
infrastructure (i.e roads and bridges)
construction in his town.
He also had the function to maintain peace
and order within his town.
CITY GOVERNMENT
Also called as ayuntamiento.
Requirements:
Strategically located and commercially
and politically important.
Center of commerce, politics, faith, and
culture.
- The first city to be created was
Cebu in 1565. It was established
by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
- The second city founded by
Legazpi was Manila in 1571.
Governed by two mayors, 12 councilors, one chief
of police, and one secretary.
BARANGAY/BARRIO
Barangay the smallest unit of government.
Governed by former Datus.
Datus = cabeza de barangay.
This position was hereditary in the
beginning, but became an appointive and
elective office.

 He can also serve for one year.

His main duty was to collect taxes, or
tributes within his jurisdiction.
He was tasked to manage and keep the
census of his barrio mates.
Cabeza de Barangays did not receive any
salary and yet they were responsible to
turn in 100% collection of taxes.
RESIDENCIA AND VISITA
It was a process to check if there were abuses of
powers committed by the Spanish government
officials.
It determines government officials from
committing abuses and injuring the rights of
others.
Residencia
- It was conducted by the incoming
Spanish Governador-General.
- The result of the investigation
shall be sent to Spain for further
evaluation and report.
Visita
-

The investigation was conducted

clandestinely by a visitadorgeneral.
The visitador-general was sent
from Spain and might come
anytime within the official a term,
without any previous notice.

TOPIC: THE PHILIPPINES

COLONIAL RULE PART II

UNDER

SPANISH

Economic Changes under Spanish Colonial Rule

The Tribute
It was officially introduced in 1570
Church tribute = sanctorum
Filipinos between 16 to 60 years of age were
entitled to be taxed in cash or in kind
Payment of taxes in tantamount to the impression
that an individual recognize the power of the king
of Spain.
Other Taxes
Diezmazprediales a kind of tax that was
comprised of one-tenth of the produce of the land
Donativa de Zamboanga a kind of tax that was
introduced in 1635 in order to invade Jolo, Sulu.
Vinta a kind of tax that was paid by the people of
Luzon.
THE BANDALA SYSTEM
The Filipinos became the vassals of Spain

This refers to the obligation of Filipino farmers to

sell their products to the government at minimum
price.
The abuses were reported to the King of Spain and
it was eventually abolished in 1782 in order to
avoid revolution from the Filipino farmers.

POLO Y SERVICIOS
It is form of forced labor.
Filipino men who were 16 to 60 years of age had
the obligation to render community service in the
span of 40 days.
The title of Filipino men who underwent polo is
polistas.
One could be exempted from polo by paying the
falia.
KASAMA SYSTEM
Hacienda large land estates that were owned by the
Spanish friars.
Poor relatives of the inquilinos
Tilled and cleaned the land.
Inquilino group of people who took care of the friars
haciendas.
GALLEON TRADE
The Spanish government authorities supervised
and managed all its trade operation.
High ranking officials of the State, Spanish friars,
crew of the galleons were only allowed to engage
in this trade.
In order to maximize profit, the King of Spain
imposed monetary restrictions on trade.
The Galleon Trade also served as a means of
transportation of the following:
Funds from the King of Spain.
Directive/orders from the King of Spain
Spanish passengers such as friars,
government
officials,
and
travelers/tourists from Mexico and Spain.
Boleta
A ticket entitling an ordinary trade to engage in the
galleon trade.
A boleta was normally issued to the GovernorGeneral, clergy, members of the Real/Royal
Audiencia and their friends, and the widows of
Spanish officials.
It can be sold to anyone at a higher price.
ObrasPlas are funds that came from the donations
to the Church.
THE TOBACCO MONOPOLY
It was established by Governor-General Basco on
March 1, 1782
Its main purpose was to boost up the governments
revenues.

Under this monopoly, the provinces like

Marinduque were mandated by the government to
plant tobacco in their agricultural lands.
This was successful in increasing government
revenues.
This also paved the way of the development of the
tobacco industry in the Philippines.
The reported abuses committed by the Spanish
government officials led to its abolition in 1882 by
Governor-General Primo de Rivera.

the interest and profit of Spain.

Resistance against religion
-The Spanish friars violated the rights of the
Filipinos. All activities against Spain were also deemed
against the Church.
Desire to be heard
-Some Filipinos could no longer bear the illtreatment they received from their conquerors. They
decided to fight back to express their discontentment
against the Spaniards.

ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OF THE

COUNTRY
Sociedad Economic de Amigo de Pals.
It was established on May 6, 1781.
Five sections:
Factories and Manufactures
Education
Natural history
Domestic and Foreign commerce
Agriculture and rural economy

"Lakandula Revolt"
Year: 1574
Place of origin: Navotas, Tondo
Reason: Failure of Governor-General Guido de Lavezaris
to fulfill the promises made by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to
Lakandula
Result: Failed

ROYAL COMPANY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Real Compaa de Filipinas
It was established by Governor-General Basco in
1785 with a total capital amounting to P8, 000,000.
The main aim of this company was to established
direct trade relations with the Philippines to Spain
and to develop the formers natural resources.
In accordance with the companys charter the
Philippines was mandated to set aside four percent
of its profit for agricultural development.

TOPIC: EARLY REVOLTS AGAINST SPAIN

Lakandula Revolt
Tondo Revolt
Dagohoy Revol
Tamblot Revolt
Bancao Revolt
Sumuroy Revolt
Hermano Pule Revolt

Revolution
It is a fundamental change in power or
organization structures that takes place in a relatively short
period of time.
Reasons Leading to Revolution
Desire For Freedom
-Despite the 333 years of Spanish Colonization
and political rule, the Spaniards had not really conquered
the Filipinos. The desire for independence led a few
Filipinos to lead pocket rebellions.
Objection to unfair economic practices
-The Filipinos were discontented on how
Spaniards manage the economy; w/c was solely based on

"Tondo Revolt"
Year: 1587-1588
Place of origin: Tondo
Reason: The purpose was to restore the independence in the
country
Result: Failed
"Tamblot Revolt"
Year: 1621-1622
Place: Bohol
Reason: Desire to abandon Christianity and return to their
old faith
Result: Failed
"Bancao Revolt"
Year: 1622
Place of origin: Leyte
Reason: Religous freedom
Result: Failed.
"Sumuroy Revolt"
Year: 1649-1650
Place of origin: Visayas(Northern Samar)
Reason: Refusal of Visayans workers to work in Cavite
Result: Failed
"Dagohoy Revolt"
Year: 1774-1829
Place of origin: Bohol
Reason: Refusal of the Spansh friars to give Francisco
Dagohoy's brother a Christian burial
Result: Failed
"Silang Revolt"
Year: 1762-1763
Place of origin: Ilocos
Reason: Imprisonment if Diego Silang despite his loyalty to
the Spanish authorities
Result: Failed.

"Hermanio Pule Revolt"

Year: 1840-1841
Place of origin: Quezon
Reason: Apolinario dela Cruz's movement was blocked bt
the Spanish authorities
Result: Failed

TOPIC: BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Nationalism
The Propaganda Movement
The Rise and fall of la Solidaridad
La Liga Filipino

Nationalism
- It refers to a political ideology that involves loves
for ones country and people.
FACTORS
Political Reforms under Governor-General Carlos
Maria Dela Torre
June 23, 1869
- Carlos Maria de la Torre introduced many reforms
in the Philippines w/c were welcomed by Filipinos
and the native clergies
The Trial and Execution of GOM-BUR-ZA
The execution of the priests awakened Filipino nationalism:
- Padre Mariano Gomez
- Padre Jose Burgos
- Padre Jacinto Zamora
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
Core Goals of the Movement
- Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of
Spain
- Development in the Philippine economy
- Promotion of human rights especially the freedom of
speech and of the press
- Secularization of parishes
- Equality between the Spaniards and the Filipinos
- Reforms in the Government and Education system.
Marcelo H . Del Pilar - Plaridel and Piping Dilat
Mariano Ponce -Naning and Kalipulako
Graciano Lopez Jaena - Diego and Laura
Jose Rizal - Laong Dimasalang
Antonio Luna - Taga-Ilog
Jose Maria Panganiban Jomapa
OBJECTIVES OF LA SOLIDARIDAD
To advocate liberal ideas for the progress of
the Philippines.
To discuss all problems w/c deal with the
general interest of the nation, seeking solutions
that are purely national and democratic.
To describe the true condition of the Filipino

people under the rule of the Spanish

government.
To encourage the Filipino people to reunite for
charge
LA LIGA FILIPINA
Beginnings
Jose Rizal launched another freedom reform
movement after his return on July 3, 1892. It was
founded in Doroteo Onjunco's house at No. 176
Ilaya St. Tondo, Manila.
Unus Instar Omnium(One ike All)-motto of the La
Liga Filipina
Filipino reformist who attended the meeting:
- Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Domingo Franco, Jose A.
Ramos, Ambrosio Salvador, Bonifacio Arevalo,
Deodato Arellano, Ambrosio Flores, Agustin de la
Rosa, Moises Salvador, Luis Villareal, Faustino
Villaroel, Mariano Crisostomo, Estanislao
Legaspi, Teodoro Plata, Andres Bonifacio,
Apolinario Mabini, Juan Zulueta.
Objectives
o To unite the whole archipelago into one compact,
vigorous, and homogenous body.
o To have a mutual protection for all in every want
and necessary
o To establish defense against violence and injustice
o To study and apply the needed reforms in the
Philippines.
Organizational Structure
It was governed by Supreme Council that had a
national jurisdiction w/c was composed of a
president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a fiscal
It also had a Provincial Council and Popular
Council
Officers to the Suprem Council
- Ambrosio Salvador - President
- Deodato Arellano - Secretary
- Bonifacio Arevalo - Treasurer
- Agustin de la Rosa - Fiscal
Duties of the Members
To obey the orders of the Supreme Council.
To help in recruiting new members.
To keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the
movement's authorities.
To have a symbolic name w/c he cannot change
until he becomes president of his council
To report to the fiscal anything that may hear w/c
affects the movement
To behave well as befits a good Filipino
To help fellow members in all ways.

TOPIC: BREWING OF A REVOLUTION

THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN

The Establishment of the Katipunan

Objectives and Organizational Structure of the
Katipunan
The Triangle Method
The Women of Katipunan

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KATIPUNAN

KKK - A secret society Founded on July7, 1982 in
Azcarraga St. Tondo, Manila
Founders:
- Andres Bonifacio
- Deodato Arellano
- Ladislao Diwa
- Valentin Diaz
- Teodoro Plata
- Jose Dizon
EVENTS
THAT
TRIGGERED
THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KATIPUNAN
Corruption became rampant and Filipinos who
shouted for reforms were arrested
The Filipino people remained poor and Spain did
nothing to protect their welfare
Upon Rizal's return to the Philippines in 1892,
Filipino reformists became inactive and divided
La Liga Filipina failed to accomplish its mission
due to low morale of its members following Jose
Rizal's imprisonment
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE KATIPUNAN
Morale Objective - teach the Filipinos good
manners, cleanliness, hygiene, and fine morals.
Civic Objective - defend the oppressed and help
the members who are in need.
Political Objective - achieve independence from
Spain through a revolution
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The Katipunan was headed by three governing
bodies.
- Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)
- Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)
- Sangguniang Balangay (Barangay Council)

Sangguniang Hukuman / Judiciary Council tasked to resolved / judge cases of those who
commit offenses penalized under the laws of the
Katipunan
Katipunan Asssembly - consisted of the Supreme
Council members and the presidents of the
Provincial and Barangay Council
Secret Chamber - composed of Bonifacio , Jacinto
, and Valenzuela

THE TRIANGLE METHOD

To maintain the secrecy of the organization, new
members were enlisted through the triangle
member.
Each recruit had to pass initiation rites in order to
prove his sincerity to the organization
Three categories of membership:
- Katipon / Associate - First degree members
- Kawal / Soldier - Second degree member
- Bayani / Hero - Thirde degree member
TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN
Love God with all your heart
Always bear in mind that love God is also the love
of country, and this too, is to love of one's
fellowmen.
Engrave in your heart that the true measure of
honor and hapiness is to die for the freedom of
your country
Guard the mandates and aims of the KKK as your
guard and honor.
Out of responsibility to us, the performance of our
duties will be example set for our fellowmen to
follow.
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
The life of that is not consecrated to a lofty and
reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not
a poisonous weed.
It is rationale to be charitable and love one's fellow
creature, and to adjust one's conduct , acts and
words to what is in itself reasonable
A person with a noble character values honor
above self-interest, while a person with a base
character values self-interest above honor.
Dont waste time; lost wealth can be retrieved, but
time is lost forever.
The wise person is cautious in his speech and
remains discreet about thinks that must be
regarded.
Never regard a woman as an object. Respect her
weaknesses, and remember the mother who
brought you into this world and who cared for you
in your childhood
A man's worth is not measured by his status in life,
by the height of his nose nor the fairness of skin,
nor in being priest representing God.
THE WOMEN OF KATIPUNAN
They helped the male Katipuneros in
disseminating the ideals of the secret society
The held parties with dancing and singings so that
Spanish authorities would not detect any secret
meetings
During the revolution, they took care of wounded
Katipuneros.

TOPIC: THE 1896 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

The Cry of Pugadlawin
Filipino-Spanish Encounter
Bonifacio's Execution
THE CRY OF PUGADLAWIN
The news of the discovery of the KKK caught
Bonifacio and his men by surprise.
August 19, 1896 - Andres Bonifacio and his
brother Procopio along with Emilio Jacinto,
Teodoro Plata, and Aguedo del Rosario managed
to slip through the Spanish sentries and reached
Balintawak.
August 21, 1896 - 500 Katipuneros left Balintawak
for Kangkong where Apolinio Samson, a fellow
member, provided them with food and shelter.
Bonifacio ordered his men to bring out their
cedulas and tear them into pieces.
- This historic event symbolized the Filipino's
defiance against the Spanish oppression and marked
the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
FILIPINO - SPANISH ENCOUNTER
Despite having inferior arms like bolos, bows, and
arrows, the Katipuneros bravely fought the
Spaniards in various battles that followed.
Encounters between the Spanish soldiers, and
Katipuneros took place in: San Juan del Monte,
Pandacan, Pateros, Taguig, Caloocan, Kawit, San
Francisco de Malabon(General Trias Cavte),
Noveleta,San Pedro,Makati.
With the spread of revolution to the provinces, the
Spanish authorities took drastic measures to stop it.
Arrested members and suspects were jailed,
tortured, or convicted without trial.
Other events brought by the failed Philippine
Revolution of 1896:
- September 4 - execution of four Katipuneros
in Luneta
- September 12 - execution of 13 men from
Cavite.
- September 30, 1896 - execution of Dr. Jose
Rizal
Governor - General Ramon Blanco placed the
following provinces under martial law:
- Manila- Cavite
- Laguna
- Batangas
- Bulacan
- Tarlac
- Nueva Ecija - Pampanga
THE QUESTION OF LEADERSHIP
Andres Bonifacio, being the Supremo, was invited
in Cavite to settle the dispute between the Magdalo
and Magdiwang functions
A convention was held in Imus, Cavite. However,
they were not able to resolved matters so they
planned to set a second convention
March 22, 1897 - the second convention took place

in Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon. Those who

were present decided to disregard the existing
Supreme Council of the Katipunan
Elected Officers
Emilio Aguinaldo - President
Mariano Trias - Vice President
Antonio Ricarte - Captain General
Emilio Riego de Dios - Director of War
Andres Bonifacio - Director of Interior

BONIFACIO'S EXECUTION
Andres Bonifacio and his loyal follower's refused
to recognize the new revolutionary government.
Emilio Aguinaldo ordered his men to arrest Andres
Bonifacio since he was viewed as a threat to the
new government
The Bonifacio brothers were put into trial by the
military court led by Aguinaldo on April 29, 1897
On May 6, 1897, Andres Bonifacio and his
brothers were found guilty of treason and sedition
They were taken to Mt. Nagpatong, Maragondon,
and Cavite and were executed on May 10, 1897.