PHYSICS SEM 3 FORMULAE

y A sin t kx

Simple Harmonic Motion

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0

11

a= x
x= A sin t
v =A cos t

l
T 2
g

1
f
2
,

3.
4.

g
l

m
1
f
k ,
2

1
T
v f
2
k

2f

m
k

8.

Fundamental,
5.
1st overtone,

2nd overtone,
6.

9.

P
4r 2

2x
y 2a cos
sin wt

1
c
0 0

2.

I
I0

P
P

A 4r 2
I 0 10 12 Wm 2
I

Unit: decibel (dB) @ bel (B)

3.
Page 1 of 3

Frequency of beats,

v
2 fo
l
3v
f2
3 fo
2l

f1

v
v

fo
4(l c)

1st overtone,

2nd overtone,

3v
3 fo
4l
5v
f2
5 fo
4l

f1

Open pipe;

v v
fo
2l
Fundamental,
With end correction
fo

y y 0 sin t kx

Intensity level = 10

v v
fo
2l

Closed pipe;

fo

log 10

fo

v v
fo
4l
Fundamental,
With end correction

7.

2
T

fo

SOUND WAVES
1.

Doppler effect,
+uo: Observer approaches the source
-uo : Observer moves away from the source
+us: Source moves away from the observer
-us : Source approaches the observer
Stretched string;

Standing wave equation

1
0.

y A sin 2 ft

2
vt x
y A sin

t x
y A sin 2
T
2

4.

Intensity, I A2

Spring mass system :

WAVE MOTION

2.

Simple Pendulum :

T 2

1.

v = (a x )
v max = x 0
a=2 A sin t
1
2 2
E= m x 0
2
1
2 2
U= m x
2
1
2
2
2
K= m ( A x)
2
2

2
y A sin 2ft
x

y A sin 2 ft

v uo
v u s

f '

f f1 f 2

v
v

fo
2(l 2c)
v
f1 2 f o
l
1st overtone,
3v
f2
3 fo
nd
2l
2 overtone,
fo

PHYSICS SEM 3 FORMULAE

1

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
Curved mirrors;
f concave = + , f convex = -

1
2

r =2f

1 1 1
= +
f u v
h v
m= i =
h0 u
2

1
2

n1 n2 (n2 n1)
+ =
u v
r

+
Real object
Real image
Convex to
denser

Lenses;
f convex = +

Virtual object
Virtual image
Concave to
denser

f concave = -

1 n2
1 1
= 1
+
f
n1
r1 r 2

( )(

PHOTONS
E =hf

( n1 )

E
V s= max
e
E=hf =

hc

Momentum, p =
2

( r1 + r1 )

Stopping Potential,

Emax =e V s

WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY

Lens maker formula,

1
f

1
2

= mc2

h
=mc

De Broglie wavelength, =
Kinetic energy,

LASERS
Length of pulse = speed of light x duration of
pulse

E=

nhc

Intensity,

I=

energy
time

NUCLEUS

h
mv

2
3
4

nucleonnumber
protonnumber

Binding energy, E = (m) c2

Mass defect, (m) = mn + mp - mN
Binding energy per nucleon =

1
m v 2=eV
2

binding energy
nucleonnumber

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Bohrs first postulate;
Angular momentum,

L=( mv ) r =

nh
2

E1E 2=hf =

hc

RADIOACTIVITY
=

rate of decay
number of radioactive nucleithe sample

dN
=N
dt

N=N 0 et

X-RAYS

Page 2 of 3

Bragg diffraction;
2 d sin = n

Emax =( hf W )
1
m v 2=h(f f 0 )
2

Thin lenses formula,

hc
eV

hc
W =h f 0 =0 =work function

Refraction;

Sign,
u
v
r

min=

PHYSICS SEM 3 FORMULAE

4

T 1=
2

ln2

When t = x

Page 3 of 3

N=
T1
2

N0
2x