Sonographic Spectrum of
Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cysts
Kiran A. Jain, MD
Objective. To present the spectrum of sonographic findings associated with hemorrhagic ovarian
cysts. Methods. Experience with making specific and correct diagnosis of hemorrhagic cysts with the
use of sonography was reviewed, and the spectrum of sonographic findings was identified. Results.
Endovaginal sonography facilitated excellent visualization of internal architectural details of an adnexal mass, which enabled specific diagnosis of hemorrhagic cysts instead of other adnexal masses.
Conclusions. A hemorrhagic cyst is a common and important entity to recognize and diagnose correctly, and because it can be confused with more ominous conditions, it is important to recognize its
specific diagnostic patterns. Key words: cystic mass; hemorrhagic cysts; reticular pattern; sonogram.
Abbreviations
hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; HOC, hemorrhagic ovarian cyst
2002 by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine J Ultrasound Med 21:879886, 2002 0278-4297/02/$3.50
Pathophysiologic Process
The mechanism of development of a hemorrhagic cyst is as follows. The granulosa layer of
the ovary is avascular until ovulation. At the time
of ovulation, as the maturing graafian follicle
enlarges, the immediately surrounding stromal
cells also enlarge and become round and plump.
This change in a stromal cell is called luteinization. The luteinized theca cells become noticeably more vascular than the adjacent stroma.
In response to the midcycle peak of pituitary
luteinizing hormone, the graafian follicle ruptures, expels the oocyte, and rapidly becomes a
corpus luteum. The granulosa layer becomes
vascularized. These vessels within the wall on the
cyst are very fragile and rupture easily, giving rise
to a hemorrhagic cyst.
Cytopathologic examination of an HOC shows
the presence of luteinized granulosa cells, fibroblasts, hemosiderin-laden macrophages, fresh
blood, and abundant fibrin.2 There is no malignant potential in these functional cysts despite
the occurrence of the hemorrhage.
Natural History
In patients with HOCs, the apparent clinical features include pelvic pain and a pelvic mass.
Hemorrhagic ovarian cysts are also found in
asymptomatic patients. The classic history of hemorrhage into an ovarian cyst is the abrupt onset of
pelvic or lower abdominal pain,3 which can wake
the woman from her sleep. Hemorrhagic ovarian
cysts occur almost exclusively in premenopausal
women and in postmenopausal women receiving
hormonal treatment. Although HOCs are not common in early adolescence, they are occasionally
seen in childhood.4 Hemorrhagic cysts tend to
evolve slowly into various stages of acute hemorrhage, clot formation, and clot retraction, thus giving rise to changing sonographic appearances
until they completely resolve. Classically, fresh
blood is anechoic. In subacute stages when the clot
forms, it becomes echogenic. The echogenicity of
the HOC diminishes with time as the red cells
undergo hemolysis. In the initial 24 hours after
hemorrhage, the blood is echogenic, but after this
time its echogenicity decreases so that by 96 hours
it may be entirely echo free.5 Bearing this pathophysiologic process in mind and having familiarity
with the sonographic appearances can enable
definitive diagnosis of a hemorrhagic cyst.
880
Imaging Spectrum
Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst With a Fluid-Debris
Level
Occasionally the blood products can separate
into layers, and an HOC can have a fluid-fluid or
fluid-debris level (Fig. 6).
Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst Simulating an
Ectopic Pregnancy
Occasionally a hemorrhagic cyst may appear as a
thick echogenic rind surrounding a central anechoic area, an appearance remarkably similar to
that of the adnexal ring, which is widely considered one of the most predictive sonographic
J Ultrasound Med 21:879886, 2002
Jain
881
Figure 3. Images from a 29-year-old woman with acute pelvic pain. A, Transvaginal right adnexal sonogram showing fine fibrin mesh. The color flow
box shows no evidence of flow in these fibrin strands. B, Septate cyst in the left ovary. Pulsed Doppler sonography shows flow within the septation,
indicating that this is not a fibrin strand.
Jain
Conclusions
Hemorrhagic ovarian cysts are essentially nonsurgical lesions, and in most cases with correct
sonographic diagnosis, conservative treatment
with clinical and sonographic follow-up to resolution is indicated.1 Follow-up sonography is not
necessary if the typical appearance of the HOC is
J Ultrasound Med 21:879886, 2002
883
Figure 7. Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst simulating a ruptured ectopic pregnancy in a 23-year-old woman with severe acute pelvic pain and a positive -hCG
finding. A, Coronal right adnexal sonogram showing a mass with an irregular thick rind (arrows). This was mistaken for a ruptured ectopic pregnancy
but was identified as a ruptured hemorrhagic cyst at laparoscopy. The patient had a concurrent very early intrauterine pregnancy. B, Sagittal right adnexal sonogram showing echogenic fluid (arrows) adjacent to the ruptured hemorrhagic cyst (H).
884
Figure 9. Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst simulating a solid mass in a 28-yearold woman with a pelvic mass. The transvaginal sagittal sonogram shows
a left adnexal mass with dense internal echoes. This can be seen when
the blood clot within the cyst is still solid and has not started retraction
and lysis. This was mistaken for a solid mass (M). Normal ovarian
parenchyma with a small follicular cyst is shown (arrow).
Jain
Figure 10. Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst simulating a malignant ovarian neoplasm in a 36-year-old woman with an adnexal mass and pelvic pain. The
coronal transvaginal sonogram shows a large mass (arrows) with solid
components and irregular anechoic areas. This was misdiagnosed as a
malignant ovarian neoplasm. However, the solid components represent
the solid portion of a blood clot, and the anechoic areas represent lysing
of the clot. This lesion was completely resolved on follow-up sonography
8 weeks later.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
886