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Disability

Category
Autism

Deaf-Blindness

Developmental Delay

Emotional
Disturbance/Disorder

Definition

A developmental disorder
characterized by abnormal or
impaired development in social
interaction and communication
and a markedly restricted
repertoire of activity and
interests.
Concomitant hearing and visual
impairments.

Characteristics

Deficits in social interaction: difficulty


developing friendships, impaired facial
expression recognition, trouble with
social/emotional reciprocity.
Communication deficits: lack of speech,
abnormal intonation or rhythm
Combination of hearing and vision loss
varies
Range from normal or gifted intelligence to
severe intellectual disability
Restrictions and challenges can lead to
feelings of isolation

# of students
receiving
Sp.Ed. services
(2011-2012)
407,214
(7.03%)

1,378
(0.02%)

Refers to children ages 3-9 who


perform significantly below
developmental norms.

States determine who fits the category


Enables early childhood special education
programs to provide services with
categorizing children by disability

115,642

A chronic condition
characterized by behaviors that
significantly differ from age
norms and community standards
to such a degree that educational
performance is adversely
affected.

Typically score in low-average range of


intelligence
Difficulty building and maintaining
interpersonal relationships
High rate of incarceration
Expressive, receptive, and pragmatic
language deficits are common

371,600

(1.99%)

(6.41%)

Hearing Impairments

Intellectual Disability

Multiple Disabilities

Orthopedic
Impairments

Less than normal hearing (either


sensitivity or speech
understanding) resulting from an
auditory disorder.

Typical range of intelligence


Speech and language abilities are highly
impacted: articulation, voice quality, and
tone discrimination problems
Often have less language interaction in play,
prefer partner play over groups

Characterized by significant
limitations in intellectual
functioning and adaptive
behavior for social and practical
skills.

Can be caused by chromosomal


abnormalities (Down Syndrome),
metabolic/nutritional disorders (Tay-Sachs
disease), maternal infections (HIV, Rh
incompatibility), environmental conditions
(fetal alcohol syndrome), or other unknown
influences
Described as mild, moderate, severe, or
profound based upon IQ
Difficulties in attention and memory
Low self-esteem and self-concept can lead to
learned helplessness

431,152

Concomitant impairments that


result in such severe educational
needs that a student cannot be
accommodation in a special
education program solely on the
basis of one of the impairments.

Usually a need for modifications, AT, and


specialized teaching strategies
Examples include behavior disorders w/
muscular dystrophy, CP w/ seizures,
deafness w/ AIDS, learning disabilities and
asthma

125,150

Physical disability that occurs


from congenital anomalies,
diseases, or other causes that
adversely affect a childs
educational performance.

Classified as neuromotor impairment (CP,


Spina Bifida), degenerative diseases
(muscular dystrophy), musculoskeletal
disorders (limb deficiency)
Experiences of pain can disrupt learning

54,410

69,312
(1.19%)

(7.44%)

(2.16%)

(0.93%)

Mobility challenges and AT needs are


prominent
Students may be dealing with hard
circumstances (i.e. terminal illnesses)
Other Health
Impairments

Specific Learning
Disabilities

Speech/Language
Impairments

A chronic or acute health


problem that results in limited
strength, vitality, or alertness and
adversely affects educational
performance.
A disability in which there is a
discrepancy between a persons
ability and academic
achievement.

Major Health Impairments: seizure disorders,


asthma
Infectious Diseases: Tuberculosis, AIDS
Can include ADHD
Individuals present average intelligence
Deficits in academic performance: reading,
writing, mathematics, memory, spoken
language, metacognition
Often have outer-directedness, or a belief that
their successes and failures are due to
circumstances beyond their control (i.e. luck)
Often have lower self-esteem and deficits in
social skills
Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia,
Dyspraxia, Auditory Processing Disorder
Can include ADHD

A communication disorder such


Speech disorders: articulation, fluency, and
as stuttering, impaired
voice disorders
articulation, a language
Language disorders: phonological,
impairment, or a voice
morphological, syntactical, semantic, and
impairment that adversely affects
pragmatic disorders/deficits
a childs educational
Can be classified as receptive disorder
performance.
(difficulty with response to being addressed
and recollection) or expressive (deficits in
grammar, syntax, fluency, etc.)

734,348
(12.68%)

2,357,533
(40.71%)

1,071,555
(18.50%)

Traumatic Brain
Injury

Visual Impairments

An acquired injury to the brain


caused by an external force that
results in a disability or
psychosocial impairment that
adversely affects educational
performance.

Does NOT refer to congenital causes of brain


trauma, only to postnatal accidents (i.e. car
accident, gunshot wounds, and falls)
Highest rate is among teenagers
Headache, fatigue, distractibility, motor
difficulties, and memory problems are
possible
Could be temporary or permanent
Can mildly to profoundly affect motor
functioning and cognition
Can also affect social functioning, leading to
impulsive behavior or aggression

An impairment in vision that,


even with correction, adversely
affects an individuals
educational performance.
Includes both partial sight and
blindness.

Academic delays can occur despite average


intelligence, most likely due to the lack of
visual information obtained; students must
rely on other senses to learn
Should be taught socially appropriate
behaviors because they cannot be
coincidentally viewed

24,886
(0.42%)

25,704
(0.44%)

May require orientation and mobility training


(O&M) and/or AT devices
Information and definitions obtained from:
Gargiulo, R.M. (2015). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
SAGE Publications Inc.

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