Introductions
Tim White, P.E., PTOE
Brian Smalkoski, P.E., AICP, PTP, PTOE
Class participants
Housekeeping
10:00 10:15 am
Lunch 11:30 1:00 pm
2:30 2:45 pm
Certificates of completion
Roundabouts
Signalized Intersections
Urban Streets
Segments
Facilities
Multi-lane segments
Two-lane segments
Training Objectives
To move beyond the basic concepts of traffic flow theory
to hands-on capacity analysis, focusing on planning and
operations
To gain proficiency in capacity analysis through a range
of exercisesfrom simple to complex
To identify constraints of HCS through the analysis of
over-capacity conditions
To understand the factors that have the greatest impact
on the results
To identify some key changes between HCM 2010 and
HCM 2000
6
Types of Analyses
Operational
Planning
Design
10
11
Roundabouts
Signalized Intersections
Urban Streets
Segments
Facilities
12
Minor-street movements
Major-street left turns
13
TWSC
HCM 2010 Exhibit 19-1 (LOS for Automobiles)
14
TWSC
Required data
Lane configurations
Percentage of heavy vehicles
Peak hour turning movement volumes
Peak hour factors
Special factors (channelization, median storage, grades,
and upstream signals)
Length of analysis period
15
TWSC
Limitations
Maximum of three through lanes on major-street
approaches
Accounting for the effects of adjacent intersections
Yield-controlled delay
Pedestrian LOS not applicable for undivided roads with
more than 4 lanes
No LOS standards for Bicycle Mode
16
TWSC
Methodology
HCM 2010
Exhibit 19-4
17
N Fox Ave
TWSC
27
430
33
Wewa Hwy
46
755
39
13
3
11
N Fox Ave
22
5
16
Example #1:
SR 22 at Fox Avenue (Callaway, FL)
18
TWSC
Workshop #1
US-90 at Geddie Road (Tallahassee, FL)
US-90: 4-lane divided facility
551
29
US-90
US-90
Flared RT
Storage in right-turn bay for 5 veh
701
78
30
82
Geddie Rd
19
TWSC
Workshop #2
SR 924 at 22nd Court (Miami, FL)
No pedestrians
Analysis period 15 minutes
0.89 PHF for all approaches
3% heavy vehicles on all movements
2095
43
Gratigny Pkwy
SR 924
1468
4
34
NW 22nd Ct
20
10
TWSC
Workshop #3
Pine Crest Avenue at M.L. King Jr. Boulevard
Pine Crest Ave (western leg): 4-lane divided facility with 16 median
Park Avenue
360
7
368
6
21
Roundabouts
Signalized Intersections
Urban Streets
Segments
Facilities
22
11
Minor-street movements
Major-street left turns
23
AWSC
HCM 2010 Exhibit 20-2 (LOS for Automobiles)
24
12
AWSC
Required data
Lane configurations
Percentage of heavy vehicles
Peak hour turning movement volumes
Peak hour factor
Length of analysis period
25
AWSC
Limitations
One free and two stop-controlled movements
26
13
AWSC
Methodology
HCM 2010
Exhibit 20-9
27
AWSC
N
55
86
36
65
38
17
Buck Lake Rd
75
18
41
Chaires Cross Rd
77
20
35
Chaires Cross Rd
Example #2
Buck Lake Road at Chaires Cross Road
(Tallahassee, FL)
28
14
AWSC
Pedestrian activity
No grades
Analysis period 15 minutes
PHF 0.85 for all movements Maple St
2% heavy vehicles on all approaches
177
120
Cedar Drive
Workshop #4A
Maple Street at Cedar Drive
120
114
Maple St
252
133
29
TWSC
Pedestrian activity
No grades
Analysis period 15 minutes
PHF 0.85 for all movements Maple St
2% heavy vehicles on all approaches
177
120
Cedar Drive
Workshop #4B
Maple Street at Cedar Drive
120
114
Maple St
252
133
30
15
AWSC
No pedestrians
Analysis period 15 min.
PHF 0.90 for all movements
10% heavy vehicles on US-19/27
3% heavy vehicles on CR 14
CR 14
US-19/27
25
36
270
34
212
14
US-19/27
Workshop #5
US-19/27 at CR 14 (Greenville, FL)
31
Roundabouts
Signalized Intersections
Urban Streets
Segments
Facilities
32
16
Roundabouts
Chapter 21 HCM 2010
Single-lane or multi-lane roundabouts
Automobiles only
Control delay
Volume/capacity ratio
33
Roundabouts
HCM 2010 Exhibit 21-9
34
17
Roundabouts
Required data
Traffic characteristics
Geometric configuration
35
Roundabouts
Limitations
The effects of upstream intersections
36
18
Roundabouts
Morse Blvd
Example #3
Morse Boulevard
Odell Circle
No pedestrians
Analysis period 15 minutes
PHF 0.96 for all approaches
3% heavy vehicles on all approaches
Odell Cir
Odell Cir
39
14
52
Morse Blvd
N
72
18
66
40
174
19
67
206
93
37
Roundabouts
Workshop #6
Stillwater Trail
172
156
Stillwater Trail
587
103
497
124
38
19
Roundabouts
Signalized Intersections
Urban Streets
Segments
Facilities
39
Signalized Intersections
Chapter 18 HCM 2010
Three- and four-leg intersections
Isolated intersections
Upstream effects
Volume-to-capacity ratio
Automobile delay (intersection and approach)
Queue length
Storage capacity
Pedestrian/bicycle delay
40
20
Signalized Intersections
HCM 2010 Exhibit 18-4 (LOS for Automobiles)
41
Signalized Intersections
Required data
Lane configurations
Percentage of heavy vehicles
Peak hour turning movement volumes
Peak hour factor or 15-minute traffic volumes
Traffic signal phasing
Traffic signal timing parameters
42
21
Signalized Intersections
Limitations
Calibration
Turn bay overflow
Demand starvation
Right turn on red (RTOR) volume
Effects to/from upstream intersections
Effects of add/drop lanes near intersection
Controller functions (overlap, gap reduction)
Pedestrian/bicycle (grades >2%, railroad crossing)
43
Signalized Intersections
Methodology
HCM 2010
Exhibit 18-11
44
22
Signalized Intersections
Actuation: Vehicle detection for an approach
Main Street
Semi-Actuated
Fully-Actuated
Side Street
Detector
Detector
45
Signalized Intersections
Terminology
Cycle length: The amount of time (in seconds) that is provided to
service all movements at a signalized intersection; a cycle length
should provide sufficient capacity at the critical intersection(s) and
provide progression through the system
15 s
20 s
35 s
25 s
15 s
30 s
10 s
90 second
Cycle
30 s
46
23
Signalized Intersections
Terminology
Minimum green time: Minimum amount of green time (in
seconds) that a vehicle movement receives. Typically a set
standard adopted by each agency.
Vehicle clearance time: Yellow time + all-red time
20 s
Vehicle
Clearance
Time
Platoon
47
Signalized Intersections
Terminology
Extension: The time (in seconds) an actuated phase is
extended (past the minimum green time) due to
vehicle calls
Gap out: After the minimum green time is served on
one phase, a signal serves the next phase early if a
vehicle call is not placed on the current phase
Call
No Call
Extension
Gap
out
48
24
Signalized Intersections
Terminology
Coordinated system: A system of interconnected traffic signals
that are timed to maximize flow along a major street
Offset: The time delay (in seconds) between the start of a cycle at
a master intersection in a coordinated system and another
intersection typically set so that the light turns green when you
arrive at the next traffic signal
Coordinated
Offset: 15
5 sec
10
49
Signalized Intersections
Terminology
Recall: Whether or not the controller will automatically place a call
for a specified phase each time the controller is servicing a
conflicting phase
Off: A phase will not automatically place a call; also called None
Minimum recall: A phase will automatically place a call and only allocate the
minimum green time to the phase unless subsequent calls are placed.
Maximum recall: A phase will place a call each time and the maximum green
time or split will be allocated to the phase. All phases should be considered
as maximum recall for pre-timed traffic signals
50
25
Signalized Intersections
Terminology
Pedestrian timings: Whether or not the controller will automatically
place a call for a specified phase each time the controller is
servicing a conflicting phase
Walk interval: The walk interval is intended to give pedestrians adequate time
to perceive the WALK indication and depart the curb before the pedestrian
change interval begins
Pedestrian clearance: A flashing DONT WALK or countdown timer indication
is displayed during this interval
Walk interval:
1 sec
4
3
2
Pedestrian Clearance: 10
14
13
12
11
9 sec
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
DONT
WALK
WALK
51
Signalized Intersections
Main Street
Side Street
8
3
7
4
52
26
Signalized Intersections
Main Street
Side Street
NO
NO
RING
1
NO
RING
2
LINE
NO
BARRIER
53
Signalized Intersections
Left-Turn Phasing
Protected turn: A green arrow
Permissive turn: A green ball (or
flashing yellow arrow) where left
turns have to yield to oncoming
traffic
Protected + Permissive turn: Starts
as green arrow, changes to green ball
(or vice versa)
54
27
Signalized Intersections
Example #4 Mahan Drive at
207
118
Dempsey Mayo Rd
52 (400 storage)
538
Mahan Drive
Mahan Drive
4
SBT
5
EBL
6
WBT
7
SBL
8
NBT
Phase Split
54.0
16.0
18.0
36.0
16.0
Yellow
4.4
4.0
3.0
4.3
4.0
3.0
Red
1.6
3.0
3.5
1.7
3.0
3.0
Min. Green
15.0
6.0
5.0
15.0
6.0
1.0
Recall
Max
Off
Off
Max
Off
Off
2
EBT
Residential
Driveway
Phase
Approach
55
Signalized Intersections
Forward direction northbound
Analysis period 15 minutes
PHF 0.90 for all movements
6% heavy vehicles for all movements
Cycle length 160 seconds (coordinated)
35 MPH speed limit on all approaches
Field-measured phase times are used
Protected RT at phases: 1, 3, 5
All LT phases are protected + permitted
SR 22
1
SBL
2
NBT
3
WBL
4
EBT
5
NBL
6
SBT
7
EBL
8
WBT
Phase Split
20.0
85.0
15.0
40.0
20.0
85.0
15.0
40.0
Yellow
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
Red
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
15
15
15
15
Off
Max
Off
Off
Off
Max
Off
Off
Recall
Wewa Hwy
(300 storage) 68
251
(300 storage) 53
Phase
Approach
Min. Green
N
304
169
114 (500 storage)
Tyndall Pkwy
(400 storage) 78
1171
(500 storage) 152
at SR 22 (Callaway, FL)
Tyndall Pkwy
33
892
573 (400 storage)
56
28
Signalized Intersections
Workshop #8 Mahan Drive
at Buck Lake Road (Tallahassee, FL)
541
46 (280 storage)
1
WBL
2
EBT
3
NBL
6
WBT
Split
18.0
105.0
37.0
123.0
Yellow
3.0
4.1
3.0
4.1
Red
3.3
1.9
4.0
1.9
Min. Green
4.0
18.0
7.0
18.0
Recall
Off
Max
Off
Off
26
Mahan Dr
12
984
(500 storage) 623
Mahan Dr
Buck Lake Rd
Legend:
Free-flow right (FFR)
lane with receiving
lane
57
Signalized Intersections
at US 441 (Miami, FL)
Analysis period 15 minutes
PHF 0.96 for all approaches
3% heavy vehicles on all movements
Cycle length 100 seconds (pre-timed)
SR 924
Offset 18 seconds
SR 924
Phase
Approach
1
WBL
2
EBT
3
NBL
4
SBT
5
EBL
6
WBT
SBL
NBT
Max. Green
7.0
36.0
7.0
30.0
7.0
36.0
7.0
30.0
Yellow
4.2
4.3
3.8
4.3
4.2
4.3
3.8
4.3
Red
0.0
1.3
0.0
1.4
0.0
1.3
0.0
1.4
Min. Green
5.0
7.0
5.0
7.0
5.0
7.0
5.0
7.0
Recall
Off
Min.
Off
Off
Off
Min.
Off
Off
90
N
1096
125 (200 storage)
US 441
US 441
183
740
115 (200 storage)
Workshop #9 SR 924
58
29
Signalized Intersections
18th St
Phase
Approach
1
EBL
2
WBT
6
EBT
8
NBT/SBT
Max. Green
18.5
30.5
54.5
24.5
Yellow
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
Red
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Min. Green
Pedestrian
Off
Off
Off
Off
180
425
20
N
Main St
Main St
300
1400
30
20
350
40
18th St
50
100
30
at 18th Street
59
Signalized Intersections
Roundabouts
Urban Streets
Segments
Facilities
60
30
Point
Segment
Link
62
31
63
32
Lane configurations
Percentage of heavy vehicles
Peak hour turning movement volumes
Peak hour factors
Special factors (channelization, median storage, grades, and
upstream signals)
65
Lane configurations
Percentage of heavy vehicles
Peak hour turning movement volumes
Peak hour factor or 15-minute traffic volumes
Traffic signal phasing
Traffic signal timing parameters
66
33
Bicycle
Transit
Non-automobile
34
69
70
35
Mid-segment access
71
17th Street SB
105
50
15th Street
Example #5 (continued)
300
Main St
Main St
18th Street
15th Street
1000
72
36
Example #5 (continued)
Main Street at 15th Street
Main St
Main St
4
SB
6
WB
8
WB
Max. Green
29.5
34.5
29.5
9.5
Yellow
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
Red
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
40
10
30
10
1120
15
2
EB
Min. Green
25 (200 storage)
525
50
15th Street
Phase
Approach
120
80
530
73
18th Street
5
EBL
6
WBT
8
NBT/SBT
Max. Green
54.5
18.5
30.5
24.5
Yellow
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
Red
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Min. Green
Main St
300
1400
30
Main St
20
350
40
2
EBT
180
425
20
Street
Phase
Approach
18th
50
100
30
74
37
75
Transmitter
Road
Martin Lake
Drive
25
50
700
1,180
Arlington
Drive
Transmitter
Road
25
100
SR
22
740
Bob Little
Road
60
60
SR
22
Orlinda
Street
25
490
76
38
Transmitter Rd
SR 22
Offset 15 sec
Phase
Approach
2
EBT
4
SBT
6
WBT
7
SBL
8
NBT
Split
40.0
20.0
40.0
10.0
10.0
Yellow
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Red
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
C-Min
Off
C-Min
Off
Off
Min. Green
Recall
Wewa
Hwy
4
9
1
(200 storage) 96
467
8
Transmitter Rd
N
66 (200 storage)
284
1 (120 storage)
26
10
171
77
17
132
61 (100 storage)
Offset 35 sec
SR 22
Phase
Approach
2
EBT
3
NBL
4
SBT
6
WBT
8
NBT
Split
35.0
15.0
10.0
35.0
25.0
Yellow
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Red
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
C-Min
Off
Off
C-Min
Off
Min. Green
Recall
25
258
38 (200 storage)
Wewa Hwy
(200 storage) 35
434
118
Bob Little Rd
Bob Little Rd
78
39
Roundabouts
Signalized Intersections
Urban Streets
Segments
Facilities
79
40
81
41
Lane configurations
Percentage of heavy vehicles
Peak hour turning movement volumes
Peak hour factors
Special factors (channelization, median storage, grades,
upstream signals)
83
Lane configurations
Percentage of heavy vehicles
Peak hour turning movement volumes
Peak hour factor or 15-minute traffic volumes
Traffic signal phasing
Traffic signal timing parameters
84
42
Bicycle
Transit
Unsignalized intersections
Signalized intersections
Interchange ramp terminals
Urban street segments
86
43
87
44
Parking Access
18th Street
17th Street NB
100
90
15
15
17th Street SB
105
50
15th Street
Example #6 (continued)
25
Main St
Main St
325
335
19th Street
17th Street NB
15th Street
675
18th Street
75
89
Example #6 (continued)
Main Street at 15th Street
Main St
4
SB
6
WB
8
WB
Max. Green
29.5
34.5
29.5
9.5
Yellow
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
Red
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
40
10
30
Main St
10
1120
15
2
EB
Min. Green
25 (200 storage)
525
50
15th Street
Phase
Approach
120
80
530
90
45
Example #6 (continued)
Main Street at 17th Street
Phase
Approach
2
EB
4
NB
6
WB
Max. Green
62.5
16.5
62.5
Yellow
3.5
3.5
3.5
Red
2.0
2.0
2.0
Min. Green
25
475
Main St
75
1700
Main St
50
60
30
17th Street
91
Street
2
EBT
5
EBL
6
WBT
8
NBT/SBT
Max. Green
54.5
18.5
30.5
24.5
Yellow
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
Red
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Min. Green
180
425
20
Main St
300
1400
30
Main St
20
350
40
Phase
Approach
18th Street
50
100
30
18th
92
46
Example #6 (continued)
Main Street at 19th Street
Main St
Main St
4
SB
6
WB
8
NB
Max. Green
54.5
24.5
54.5
24.5
Yellow
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
Red
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1460
10
25
250
2
EB
Min. Green
515
10
19th Street
Phase
Approach
75
10
25
93
94
47
22nd Ave
SR 9
32nd Ave
N
SR 924
2,640
17th Ave
22nd Ave
2,750
2,750
27th Ave
32nd Ave
SR 924
95
SR 924
Offset 76 sec
Phase
Approach
1
WBL
2
EBT
3
NBL
4
SBT
5
EBL
6
WBT
Max. Green
8.0
42.0
7.0
25.0
8.0
42.0
7.0
25.0
Yellow
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
Red
0.0
1.1
0.0
1.6
0.0
1.1
0.0
1.6
Off
C-Min
Off
Off
Off
C-Min
Off
Off
Min. Green
Recall
74
1,515
101 (360 storage)
SR 924
17th Ave
17th Ave
65
246
114 (130 storage)
96
48
2% HV on minor approaches
SR 924
Offset 90 sec
Phase
Approach
1
EBL
2
WBT
3
NBL
4
SBT
5
WBL
6
EBT
7
SBL
8
NBT
Max. Green
9.0
45.0
11.0
39.0
9.0
45.0
11.0
39.0
Yellow
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
39.0
Red
0.0
1.5
0.0
1.5
0.0
1.5
0.0
1.5
Off
C-Min
Off
C-Min
Off
Off
Off
Off
Min. Green
Recall
N
106
1,635
95 (210 storage)
22nd Ave
97
7% HV on minor approaches
SR 924
Offset 90 sec
Phase
Approach
1
EBL
2
WBT
3
NBL
4
SBT
5
WBL
6
EBT
7
SBL
8
NBT
Max. Green
11.0
60.0
11.0
57.0
11.0
60.0
11.0
57.0
Yellow
4.8
4.0
4.4
4.4
4.8
4.0
4.4
4.4
Red
0.0
1.8
0.0
1.8
0.0
1.8
0.0
1.8
Off
C-Min
Off
Off
Off
C-Min
Off
Off
Min. Green
Recall
SR 924
27th Ave
N
97
1,762
252 (340 storage)
27th Ave
261
1,263
206 (270 storage)
98
49
150
371
96 (300 storage)
N
55
2,056
91 (320 storage)
SR 924
Offset 28 sec
2
WBT
3
NBL
4
SBT
5
WBL
6
EBT
SBL
NBT
Max. Green
6.0
95.0
25.0
34.0
6.0
95.0
25.0
34.0
Yellow
5.0
4.3
3.5
4.0
5.0
4.3
3.5
4.0
Red
0.0
1.1
0.0
1.8
0.0
1.1
0.0
1.8
Off
C-Min
Off
Off
Off
C-Min
Off
Off
Recall
32nd Ave
Phase
Approach
Min. Green
SR 924
32nd Ave
99
Interchanges
Located at the bottom of Detailed Input Data in
Streets
User must designate two signals that will comprise the
interchange
User can choose between 8 configurations:
Diamond
Parclo A-2Q
Parclo A-4Q
Parclo B-2Q
Parclo B-4Q
Parclo AB-2Q
Parclo AB-4Q
SPUI
100
50
Interchanges
Parclo is short for Partial Cloverleaf configuration
Letters A, B, or AB refer to relative quadrant locations of
ramps
Numbers 2 or 4 refer to number of Quadrants
SPUI is an acronym for Single-Point Urban
Interchange; operates with only one intersection
101
Interchanges
Configuration types
HCM 2010
Exhibit 22-2
102
51
Interchanges
HCM 2010
Exhibit 22-3
HCM 2010
Exhibit 22-1
Interchanges
Every possible Origin-Destination (O-D) movement within
a configuration is assigned a letter A N
HCM 2010
Exhibit 22-5
104
52
Interchanges
HCM 2010
Exhibit 22-6
HCM 2010
Exhibit 22-7
105
Interchanges
Each movement has a unique Demand (veh/h), Delay
(s/veh) and corresponding LOS
HCM 2010
Exhibit 22-11
106
53
Interchanges
A new formatted report titled Interchange Report
provides an overview of how the Interchange is
performing
Additional input data is required by the user
Segment length, ft
U-Turn Volume, veh/h
Turn Radius, ft
107
Interchanges
Required Data
HCM 2010
Exhibit 22-15
108
54
Interchanges
Methodology
HCM 2010
Exhibit 22-14
109
Basic segments
Weaving segments
Merge and diverge segments
Freeway facilities
Multi-lane segments
Two-lane segments
110
55
Good weather/visibility
No incidents/work zone activity/pavement deterioration
Level-of-service criteria
112
56
113
114
57
115
Demand data
58
117
118
59
PHF 0.88
2-lane freeway
Level terrain
75.4 MPH base free-flow speed
119
3-lane freeway
PHF 0.92
Level terrain
75.4 MPH base free-flow speed
120
60
4-lane freeway
PHF 0.94
Primarily commuter traffic
Level terrain
75.4 MPH base free-flow speed
6% heavy vehicles
121
2-lane freeway
Level terrain
PHF 0.88
122
61
123
Basic segments
Weaving segments
Merge and diverge segments
Freeway facilities
Multi-lane segments
Two-lane segments
124
62
Weaving Segments
Chapter 12 HCM 2010
Merge segments closely followed by diverge segments
Three geometric characteristics affect a weaving
segment:
Configuration
Level-of-service criteria
Weaving Segments
HCM 2010 Exhibit 10-13
126
63
Weaving Segments
HCM 2010
Exhibit 12-5
127
Weaving Segments
HCM 2010 Exhibit 12-10 (LOS for Automobiles)
128
64
Weaving Segments
Required data
Roadway configuration
Demand data
Weaving Segments
Limitations
Special lanes within weaving segment
Ramp metering
Influence from downstream congestion
Posted speed limit and enforcement
Impacts of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
Weaving segments on arterials or urban streets
Oversaturated conditions
Multiple weaving segments
130
65
Weaving Segments
Methodology
HCM 2010 Exhibit 12-6
131
Weaving Segments
Example #8
Weaving Volumes
70 mph FFS
PHF 0.92
7% heavy vehicles
1.3 interchanges/mile
RR: 568
FF: 4,670
648, 3%
350 ft.
1125, 6%
200 ft.
1000 ft.
140 ft.
8213, 7%
66
Weaving Segments
Workshop #16
Weaving Volumes
RR: 568
FF: 4,670
648, 3%
1125, 6%
2695 ft.
8213, 7%
133
Weaving Segments
Workshop #17
Sample weaving segment
5% heavy vehicles
PHF 0.90
FF: 2,900
RF: 100
1149, 7%
3732, 7%
2583, 7%
357, 7%
134
67
Basic segments
Weaving segments
Merge and diverge segments
Freeway facilities
Multi-lane segments
Two-lane segments
135
Merging/Diverging Segments
Chapter 13 HCM 2010
At ramp junctions on freeways without control
Influence area
Good weather/visibility
No incidents/work zone activity/pavement deterioration
12 foot lanes and adequate lateral clearances
Level-of-service criteria
68
Merging/Diverging Segments
HCM 2010
Exhibit 10-12
137
Merging/Diverging Segments
HCM 2010 Exhibit 13-3
138
69
Merging/Diverging Segments
HCM 2010 Exhibit 13-2 (LOS for Automobiles)
139
Merging/Diverging Segments
Required data
Freeway information
Number of lanes
Free-flow speed ranging from 55 mph to 75 mph
Terrain: level, rolling, mountainous, or length/percent grade
Ramp information
70
Merging/Diverging Segments
Required data (continued)
Demand data
141
Merging/Diverging Segments
Limitations
Special lanes including HOV lanes
Ramp metering
Posted speed limit and enforcement
Impacts of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
142
71
Merging/Diverging Segments
Methodology
HCM 2010
Exhibit 13-4
143
Merging/Diverging Segments
Example #9
Southbound I-75/Griffin Road merge (Hollywood, FL)
N
1125, 7%
8035, 7%
6910, 6%
72
Merging/Diverging Segments
Workshop #18
I-75 southbound merge (Hollywood, FL)
747, 2%
Weaving Volumes
RR: 414
1125, 7%
FF: 6078
8035, 6%
6910, 6%
N
I-75 / Sheridan Street Diverge
Merging/Diverging Segments
Workshop #19
I-75/Sheridan Street southbound diverge (Hollywood, FL)
Level grade
PHF 0.94
6% HV mainline
7% HV ramp
747, 2%
N
8035, 6%
73
Merging/Diverging Segments
Workshop #20
I-75/Sheridan Street southbound diverge (Hollywood, FL)
747, 2%
Weaving Volumes
RR: 414
1125, 7%
N
FF: 6078
8035, 6%
6910, 6%
147
Basic segments
Weaving segments
Merge and diverge segments
Freeway facilities
Multi-lane segments
Two-lane segments
148
74
Freeway Facilities
Chapter 10 HCM 2010
Extended lengths of freeways
Level-of-service criteria
Freeway Facilities
HCM 2010 Exhibit 10-6
150
75
Freeway Facilities
HCM 2010 Exhibit 10-7 (LOS for Automobiles)
151
Freeway Facilities
Required Data
Freeway Information
Ramp Information
152
76
Freeway Facilities
Required Data
Demand Data
Freeway Facilities
Limitations
Multiple overlapping breakdowns or bottlenecks
The effects of traffic management strategies
System-wide oversaturation flow conditions
Conditions where demand-to-capacity ratios > 1.00
HOV Lanes
77
Freeway Facilities
Methodology
HCM 2010
Exhibit 10-10
155
Freeway Facilities
4,100 veh/hr
5,280 Basic
Example #10
6,280
1,500 Diverge
1,000 Basic
1,500 Weave
Segment
Name
Length
(ft.)
Type
Mainline
Volume
Ramp
Volume
Acc / Dec
Length (ft.)
A-B
5,280
Basic
4,100
B-C
1,500
Off-Ramp
4,100
1,700
850
C-D
1,000
Basic
2,400
D-E
1,500
Weaving
2,600
On: 200
Off: 400
E-F
7,000
Basic
2,200
F-G
1,500
Off-Ramp
2,200
500
600
G-H
2,000
Basic
1,700
H-I
1,500
On-Ramp
2,600
900
600
I-J
5,280
Basic
2,600
7,000 Basic
2,000
500
8,500
1,500 Diverge
2,000 Basic
3,000
1,500 Merge
5,280 Basic
6,280
156
78
Freeway Facilities
2,500 Basic
4,000
1,500 Merge
Workshop #21
1,000 Basic
8% HV mainline
3% HV ramps
PHF 0.95
1,000
1,500 Diverge
12,000
9,000 Basic
Segment
Name
Length
(ft.)
Type
Mainline
Volume
Ramp
Volume
Acc / Dec
Length (ft.)
A-B
2,500
Basic
5,550
B-C
1,500
Off-Ramp
5,550
550
450
C-D
2,000
Basic
5,000
D-E
1,500
On-Ramp
6,000
1,000
700
E-F
9,000
Basic
6,000
F-G
1,500
Off-Ramp
6,000
250
450
G-H
1,000
Basic
5,750
H-I
1,500
On-Ramp
7,000
1,250
900
I-J
2,500
Basic
7,000
1,500 Merge
2,000 Basic
2,000
1,500 Diverge
2,500 Basic
4,000
5,550 veh/hr.
157
Basic segments
Weaving segments
Merge and diverge segments
Freeway facilities
Multi-lane segments
Two-lane segments
158
79
Multi-Lane Highways
Chapter 14 HCM 2010
For situations where signalized intersections are
2 miles or more apart
Level-of-service criteria
Density (automobiles)
Bicycle LOS Score (bicycles)
159
Multi-Lane Highways
HCM 2010 Exhibit 14-2
160
80
Multi-Lane Highways
HCM 2010 Exhibit 14-5
161
Multi-Lane Highways
HCM 2010 Exhibit 14-4 (LOS for Automobiles)
162
81
Multi-Lane Highways
Required data
Demand data
Multi-Lane Highways
Limitations
Free-flow speed less than 45 mph and more than 60
mph
The effect of lane drops/additions
Downstream queuing effects
Differences between median treatments
82
Multi-Lane Highways
Methodology
HCM 2010
Exhibit 14-7
165
Multi-Lane Highways
Example #11
US-19/27 from Avalon Rd to CR 14 (Lamont, FL)
Direction
Level terrain
Northbound
Southbound
Hourly Volume
220
260
PHF
0.88
0.88
Heavy Vehicles
16%
12%
166
83
Multi-Lane Highways
Workshop #22
SR 289 (Pensacola, FL)
Direction
4.0-mile segment
Level terrain
Hourly Volume
974
763
PHF
0.85
0.92
2%
5%
Heavy Vehicles
Pavement rating: 5
Northbound
Southbound
35
30
167
Multi-Lane Highways
Workshop #23
US-301 (Wildwood, FL)
Direction
23
18
Level terrain
Hourly Volume
888
690
PHF
0.90
0.94
Heavy Vehicles
13%
11%
Pavement rating: 4
Northbound
Southbound
168
84
Multi-Lane Highways
Workshop #24
SR 40 (Ormond Beach, FL)
Direction
Level terrain
No clearance on right
Eastbound
Westbound
11
15
Hourly Volume
1,840
1,130
PHF
0.84
0.78
9%
20%
Heavy Vehicles
169
Multi-Lane Highways
Workshop #25
US 27 (Haines City, FL)
Direction
Level terrain
Pavement rating: 4
Eastbound
Westbound
Hourly Volume
1,845
1,845
PHF
0.92
0.92
9%
9%
Heavy Vehicles
170
85
Basic segments
Weaving segments
Merge and diverge segments
Freeway facilities
Multi-lane segments
Two-lane segments
171
Two-Lane Highways
Chapter 15 HCM 2010
Roadway segments generally 2-3 miles from the
nearest signalized intersection with a single lane in each
direction
Serve a wide range of functions
Classification System
Class I Primary connectors, long-distance trips and high
travel speeds
Class II Scenic routes, areas with rugged terrain and/or low
expected speeds
Class III Moderately developed areas such as towns with
more access points
172
86
Two-Lane Highways
Passing occurs in the opposing travel lane
LOS criteria for automobiles
LOS Score
Two-Lane Highways
HCM 2010 Exhibit 15-3 (LOS for Automobiles)
174
87
Two-Lane Highways
Required data
Highway class I, II, or III
Lane widths, shoulder width and terrain
Speed limit and base design speed
Access point density (one side)
Percent no-passing and/or passing lane length
Demand data
175
Two-Lane Highways
Limitations
Segments with signalized intersections
88
Two-Lane Highways
Methodology
HCM2010
Exhibit 15-6
177
Two-Lane Highways
Example #12
SR 490 (Lecanto, FL)
Level terrain
Directional Split
60/40
Two-Way Hourly
Volume
740
PHF
0.85
Heavy Vehicles
6%
178
89
Two-Lane Highways
Workshop #26
SR 789 (Sarasota, FL)
Level terrain
Directional Split
60/40
Two-Way Hourly
Volume
1,390
PHF
0.90
Heavy Vehicles
4%
179
Two-Lane Highways
Workshop #27
SR 20 (Crawfordville, FL)
Level terrain
Pavement rating: 4
Directional Split
66/34
Two-Way Hourly
Volume
534
PHF
0.88
Heavy Vehicles
7%
180
90
Two-Lane Highways
Workshop #28
SR A1A (St. Augustine, FL)
Level terrain
Directional Split
70/30
Two-Way Hourly
Volume
600
PHF
0.90
Heavy Vehicles
2%
181
Two-Lane Highways
Workshop #29
8th Avenue (Gainesville, FL)
Rolling terrain
No shoulder present
Pavement rating: 2
Directional Split
75/25
Two-Way Hourly
Volume
1,200
PHF
0.85
Heavy Vehicles
3%
182
91
Wrap-Up
HCS 2010 versus HCS+
New Modules
Roundabouts
Interchange Ramp Terminals
183
Wrap-Up
Contact Information
Tim White, P.E., PTOE
tim.white@kimley-horn.com
(804) 672-4705
brian.smalkoski@kimley-horn.com
(651) 643-0472
184
92