7 Slides

7.
Transmission line analysis

Dr. Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum
Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
5/20/2013
7.1 Introduction
Introduction
High
reactance
effect
Radiation
effect
Size
effect
Telegraphers
equations
Lossy line
Smith chart
Ideal
Wave
equation
Terminated
Impedance
Ideal
Line
junction
Terminated
Distributed element concept

2
Lossless line
Admittance
/4 transformer
Line
impedance
Fig. 7.1 Transmission line
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7.1 Introduction
High reactance effect
Consider a 10-V ac source is connected to a 50 load by a
small copper wire of 1 mm radius
Assume that the dc resistance of the wire is R=1m and
inductance of L=0.1 H
At 10 GHz, inductive reactance is jXL=jL6283 and
hence all the ac signal will die out in the wire itself
The load will not receive any signal
Hence we need special devices which will take these
signals from the source to the load
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7.1 Introduction
Radiation effect
An accelerating or decelerating charge radiates
electromagnetic energy
Besides the energy radiated from a current carrying
conductor depends on the frequency of current flowing
You might have observed this when you study Herz dipole
(an infinitesimally current carrying element)
2
1 I 0 dl sin 3
S avg =
r Watt / m 2
2 4r
)
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7.1 Introduction
Hence the radiation power loss is directly proportional to the
square of the frequency of the ac current flowing

So there will be high loss of power
We definitely cannot use open wires for transferring energy
or signal
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7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Introduction
What is a transmission line?
A structure, which can guide electrical energy from one point to
another
Generally, a transmission line is
a two parallel conductor system
one end of which is connected to a source and
the other end is connected to a load
Examples:
coaxial cables
waveguides
microstrip lines
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7.1 Introduction
Fig. 7.2 (a) Transmission lines examples (b) General transmission

line structure
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7.1 Introduction
Two conductor systems could support transverse
electromagnetic (TEM) waves

Both electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular
(transverse) to the direction of the propagation
It is guided wave between these two conductors
Hence the radiation losses are minimized
What is microwave frequency?
300 MHz to 30 GHz (=1m to 10 cm)
Nowadays it is meant for frequency up to 300 GHz (=1cm)
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7.1 Introduction
Size effect
Size of commonly used lump elements like capacitor,
inductor and resistor are of the order of cm
Now this size is comparable to the microwave wavelength
Hence the phase {l=(2f/c)l} of the electrical signal might
vary along the length of the device
For instance, consider a parallel plate capacitor
We assume capacitor conductor plate is an equipotential
surface
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7.1 Introduction
But this is not true at microwave frequencies
Besides radiation also increases the problem
So we cannot use such capacitors at high frequencies
So we will see later that a section of a transmission line could
be used as an inductor or resistor or series/shunt RLC

resonators
If we increase the frequency of operation of a circuit,
Usually we require temporal analysis at low frequency
we cant neglect space in the circuit analysis due to size effect
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7.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Causal effect
What is causal effect?
EM wave requires a finite time to travel along an electrical
circuit
Since no EM wave can travel with infinite velocity
(What is the maximum speed?)
A finite time delay between the 'cause' and the effect

Also known as the causal effect in physics
When is this effect important?
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7.1 Introduction
If the time period of the EM wave or signal
(T=1/f) >> the transit time (tr),
we may ignore this effect
1
l
v
T >> tr >> >> l >> l
f
v
f
Causal effect becomes important
when the length of the line (l) becomes comparable to the wavelength
()
As the frequency increases,
the wavelength reduces, and
the Causal effect becomes more evident
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7.1 Introduction
7.1.3 Distributed vs lumped elements
To overcome the effect of transit time or causality or size
effect (more appropriate to use),
one can chop off the transmission line into small sections
such that for each section, this causality effect is minuscule
At high frequencies,
the circuit elements cannot be defined for the whole
transmission line
instead it has to be defined for a unit length of the line
The circuit elements are not located at a point of the line

but are distributed all along the length
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7.1 Introduction
Analysis of a transmission lines must be carried out using
the concept of distributed elements not as
lumped elements
as we used to do from our previous circuit analysis at the low
frequencies
But, we can still employ lump element analysis of
transmission lines by
chopping off small sections of the line
so that the Causal effect is negligible in the chopped off sections
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7.2 Telegraphers equations

7.2.1 Lumped element circuit model
Per unit length parameters:
L=Series inductance per unit length
C=Shunt capacitance per unit length
R=Series resistance per unit length
G= Shunt conductance per unit length
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z
Fig. 7.3 (a) Sub-section of

length z of a general
transmission line and its
(b) lumped element
equivalent circuit
16
Rz
Lz
Gz
V (z, t ), I( z, t )
Cz V (z + z, t ), I(z + z, t )
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L represents the self-inductance of the two conductors
(magnetic energy storage)

C is due to the close proximity of two conductors (electric
energy storage)
R is due to the finite conductivity of the two conductors
(power loss due to finite conductivity of metallic conductors)
G is due to dielectric loss in the material between the
conductors (power dissipation in lossy dielectric)
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7.2.2 Telegraphers equations
Let the voltage at the input be V and current at the input be I
Due to voltage drop in the series arm,
the output voltage will be different from the input voltage, say
V+V
Due to current through the capacitance and the conductance,
the output current will be different from the input current, say
I+I
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Applying Kirchoffs voltage law (KVL) and Kirchoffs current
law (KCL)
i(z, t)
v(z, t) Rzi(z, t) Lz
v(z + z, t) = 0
t
v(z + z, t)
i(z, t) Gzv(z + z, t) Cz
i(z + z, t) = 0
t
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Dividing the above two equations by z and taking the limit
z 0 (What is its implications?)

v(z, t)
i(z, t)
= Ri(z, t) L
z
t
i(z, t)
v(z, t)
= Gv(z, t) C
z
t
Telegraphers Equations
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7.2.3 Wave propagation
For time-harmonic signals, telegraphers equation reduces to
dV(z)
= (R + jL)I(z)
dz
dI ( z )
= -(G + jC )V ( z )
dz
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It is similar to Maxwells curl equations, hence, we can get
wave equations
d 2 V(z)
dz 2
2 V(z) = 0
d 2 I(z)
dz 2
2 I(z) = 0
= + j = ( R + j L)(G + jC )
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Traveling wave solutions for the above two equations are
V(z) = V0 + e z + V0 e z
I ( z ) = I 0+ e z + I 0 e z
Point to be noted: current or voltage is wave which is a function of both space
and time unlike the low frequency counter-parts (where is the time dependence?)
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Physical interpretations
Wave phase has two components:
time phase (t) and
space phase (z)
Since z is the phase of the wave as function of z,

represents phase change per unit length of the transmission
line for a traveling wave

phase constant (unit is radians per meter)
Re{V + e z e jt jz } = Re{ V + e j e z e jt jz } = V + e z cos(t z + )
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For a positive , the amplitude exponentially decreases as a
function of z
V + e z
represents attenuation of the wave on the transmission line
attenuation constant of the line (unit is Nepers per meter,
1 Neper= 8.68dB)
I(z) =
Z0 =
25
V0 + e z V0 e z
R + j L
R + j L
R + j L
=
G + j C
V0 +
V0
= Z0 =
+
I0
I0
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The characteristic impedance Z0 of a transmission line is
defined as the ratio of positively traveling voltage wave to
current wave at any point on the line

Now for a wave the distance over which the phase changes by
2H is called the wavelength '

phase change per unit length =2H/
2f
=
v p = f =
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7.3 Lossless line

7.3.1 Ideal lossless line
Lz
V(z, t ), I(z, t )
Cz V (z + z, t ), I(z + z, t )
Fig. 7.4 Lumped element equivalent circuit of a sub-section of

length z of a lossless transmission line (R=G=0)
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7.3 Lossless line

= + j = j LC
Z0 =
L
C
+
28
=0
V(z) = V0 + e jz + V0 e jz
V0 jz V0 jz
I(z) =
e
e
Z0
Z0
vp =
= LC
2
2
=
LC
1
=
=
LC
LC
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7.3 Lossless line

7.3.2 Terminated lossless lines
Z0 ,
Fig. 7.4 (b) A lossless transmission line terminated with

load impedance ZL
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7.3 Lossless line

7.3.3 Reflection coefficient
At the load, z=0,
V (0 ) Vo+ + Vo
ZL =
=
Z0
+
I(0 ) Vo Vo
V (z ) = V0+ e jz + e jz
V0
V0+
==
ZL Z0
Z L + Z0
V0+ jz
I(z ) =
e
e jz
Z0
Z L Z0
V0 e jl
2 j l (0 ) =
z = l (l ) = + + jl = (0)e
ZL + Z0
V0 e
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7.3 Lossless line

7.3.4 Power flow and return loss
Time average power flow along the line at the point z,
S avg
S avg
31
+ 2
0
1
1V
*
2
= Re V ( z ) I ( z ) =
Re 1 *e 2 z + *e 2 z
2 Z0
2
+ 2
0
1V
=
2 Z0
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7.3 Lossless line

When the load is mismatched,
not all of the available power from the generator is delivered
to the load,
this loss is called Return loss (RL) and is defined in dB as
7.3.5 Standing wave ratio (SWR)
RL = 20 log
V ( z ) = V0+ 1 + e 2 j z
e 2 jz = 1 Vmax = V0+ 1 +
+
e 2 jz = 1 Vmin = V0 1
32
VSWR =
Vmax 1 +
=
Vmin 1
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7.3 Lossless line

What is BW?
For acceptable value of VSWR = 2 within the operating
frequency region of a device also known as bandwidth (BW)
=
VSWR 1 2 1 1
1
=
= ; RL = 20 log = 9.54
VSWR + 1 2 + 1 3
3
Return loss (RL) should be higher than 9.54,

which is approximately 10 dB
RL 10 dB has become an acceptable definition for BW
of many devices
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7.3 Lossless line

I max
ISWR =
I min
Vmax I max
2
PSWR =
= PSWR ISWR = (VSWR )
Vmin I min
2
PL Pi Pr
4VSWR
2
VSWR 1
=
= 1 () = 1
=
2
Pi
Pi
VSWR + 1 (VSWR + 1)
For VSWR=2,
only 89% of the incident power reaches the load
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7.3 Lossless line

l = z
V ( l ) = V0+ 1 + e 2 j l

2 j l +
V l = V0+ 1 + e 2 = V0+ 1 + e 2 j l = V ( l )
l+
2
2
Point to be noted:
shortest distance between two successive maxima (or
minima) is not but /2,
it is very important to realize this
since in your experiment on Frequency and Wavelength
measurements,
this is a major mistake most of you make
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7.3 Lossless line
l+
4
2 j l +
+
V l = V0 1 + e 4 = V0+ 1 e 2 j l
4
the distance between adjacent maximum and minimum is
/4
7.3.6 Transmission line impedance equation
A certain value of load impedance at the end of a particular
transmission line is
transformed into another value of impedance at the input of the
line
impedance transformer
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7.3 Lossless line

Transmission line impedance equation
Z in =
V ( l )
I ( l )
= Z0
V0+ e j l + e j l
V0+ e j l e j l
j l Z L Z 0 j l
e +
e
Z
+
Z
0
L
= Z0
j l Z L Z 0 j l
e
e
Z
+
Z
0
L
( Z L + Z 0 ) e j l + ( Z L Z 0 ) e j l
= Z0
= Z0
j l
j l
( Z L + Z 0 ) e ( Z L Z 0 ) e
Z L ( e j l + e j l ) + Z 0 ( e j l e j l )
Z 0 ( e j l + e j l ) + Z L ( e j l e j l )
Z L ( cos l ) + jZ 0 ( sin l )
Z + jZ 0 tan( l)
= Z0
= Z0 L
Z 0 + jZ L tan( l)
Z 0 ( cos l ) + jZ L ( sin l )
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7.3 Lossless line

Fig. 7.5 Transmission line impedance
Z in
38
Z0 ,
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7.3 Lossless line

7.3.7 Quarter-wave transformer
l = + n = 2 + n 2 = + n
l= +n
4
2 4
2 2
4
2
Z0 =
tan ( l ) = tan + n =
2
ZL Zin
ZL + jZ0 tan(l)
jZ0 tan(l) Z0 2
Zin = Z0
= Z0
=
Z0 + jZL tan(l)
jZL tan(l) ZL
How to do impedance matching for a complex load using quarter-wave

transformer?
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7.3 Lossless line

7.3.8 Special cases of lossless terminated lines
Terminated in a short circuit
ZL + jZ0 tan( l)
sc
Zin = Z0
= jZ0 tan( l)
Z0 + jZL tan( l)
Terminated in open circuit
ZL + jZ0 tan( l)
Z = Z0
= jZ0 cot( l)
Z0 + jZL tan( l)
oc
in
Terminated with matched load

=
40
Z0 Z0
=0
Z0 + Z0
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7.3 Lossless line

Another important observation is that
if we measure
open and
short circuit input impedances
of a lossless transmission line and
multiply those two values and
take the square root
what we have is the characteristic impedance of the line

(one of the methods for finding the characteristic impedance of
a given line in laboratory)
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7.3 Lossless line

7.3.9 Reflection and transmission at the transmission line
junction
Fig. 7.7 Junction of two transmission line with different

characteristic impedance
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7.3 Lossless line

For z<0,
characteristic impedance Z0;
z>0,
characteristic impedance Z1 and
the junction of the two transmission lines is at z=0

At the junction,
looking from z<0 towards the right,
it sees an infinite transmission line of characteristic impedance Z1 and
hence it is equivalent to ZL=Z1 for the transmission line z<0

Assuming
is the transmission coefficient and
IL is insertion loss in dB
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7.3 Lossless line

=
Z1 Z 0
Z1 + Z 0
z < 0 V(z ) = V0+ e jz + e jz
z>0
V(z) = V0 + e jz
z=0
Z1 Z 0
2Z 1
= 1+ = 1+
=
Z1 + Z 0 Z1 + Z 0
IL = 20 log
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7.4 Lossy lines

One type of metal loss is I2R loss
In transmission lines,
the resistance of the conductors is never equal to zero
except for superconductors
Whenever current flows through one of these conductors,

some energy is dissipated in the form of heat
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7.4 Lossy lines

Another type of loss is due to skin effect
Current in the center of the wire becomes smaller and
most of the electron flows on the wire surface
When the frequency applied is in the GHz range,

the electron movement in the center is so small
that the center of the wire could be removed without any
noticeable effect on the current
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7.4 Lossy lines

Note that the effective cross-sectional area
decreases as the frequency increases
Since resistance is inversely proportional to

the cross-sectional area (R=l/A),
the resistance will increase as the frequency is increased
Also, since power loss increases

as resistance increases,
power losses increase with

an increase in frequency
because of the skin effect

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7.4 Lossy lines

Dielectric losses result from
the heating effect on the dielectric material between the
conductors
Power from the source is
used in heating the dielectric
The heat produced is dissipated into the surrounding medium

When there is no potential difference between two
conductors,
the atoms in the dielectric material between them are normal
and
the orbits of the electrons are circular
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7.4 Lossy lines

When there is a potential difference between two
conductors,
the orbits of the electrons change
The excessive negative charge on one conductor

repels electrons on the dielectric toward the positive conductor
and
thus distorts the orbits of the electrons
A change in the path of electrons requires more energy,
introducing a power loss
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7.4 Lossy lines

Induction losses occur
when the electromagnetic field about a conductor cuts
through any nearby metallic object and
a current is induced in that object
As a result,
power is dissipated in the object and
is lost
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7.4 Lossy lines

Radiation losses occur
because some magnetic lines of force about a conductor
do not return to the conductor when the cycle alternates
These lines of force are

projected into space as radiation, and
these results in power losses

That is,
power is supplied by the source,
but is not available to the load
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7.4 Lossy lines

7.4.1 Ideal lossy line characteristics
= + j = ( R + j L)(G + jC ) = ( jL)( jC) ( R + 1)( G + 1)

j L
j C
R
G
RG
= j LC 1
+
j 2
L C LC
Low loss case

R << L, G << C

52
1 R
RG << LC j LC 1 2 j L + C
1
C
L 1 R
R
+
G
=
+
GZ
0
2
L
C 2 Z 0
LC
Z0 =
R + j L
L
G + jC
C
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7.4 Lossy lines

7.4.2 Terminated lossy lines
Z0 ,
V ( l ) = V0+ e + l + e l
V0+ e +l e l
I ( l ) =
Z0
(l ) =
53
V0 e l
V0+ e + l
)
Fig. 7.8 (a) A lossy transmission line
terminated with load impedance ZL
= (0 )e 2 l = (0)e 2l e 2 jl = e 2l e 2 jl
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7.4 Lossy lines
Zin =
V0+ e l + e l
V(l)
= Z0 + l
I(l)
V0 e e l
l ZL Z0 l
e +
e
Z L + Z0
= Z0
l ZL Z0 l
e
e
Z L + Z0
( ZL + Z0 ) e l + ( ZL Z0 ) e l
= Z0
= Z0
l
l
( ZL + Z0 ) e ( ZL Z0 ) e
ZL ( e l + e l ) + Z0 ( e l e l )
Z0 ( e l + e l ) + ZL ( e l e l )
ZL ( cosh l ) + Z0 ( sinh l )
ZL + Z0 tanh l
= Z0
= Z0
Z0 + ZL tanh l
Z0 ( cosh l ) + ZL ( sinh l )
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7.4 Lossy lines

Pin =
1
Re {V(l)I (l)}
2
1 + +l
= Re V0 e + e l
2
{e
2l
e 2l
)]
V0+ e +l e l
Z0
+
1 V0
2
=
Re e l + *l *e l *l + e l + *l e l *l
2 Z0
+
V
1 0
2
=
Re e 2 l *e2 j l + e 2 j l e 2 l
2 Z0
+ 2
0
1V
2
PL =
1
2 Z0
Ploss
+ 2
0
1V
= Pin PL =
2 Z0
+
V
1 0
=
2 Z0
[(e
2l
1 + e 2l + 1
What happens to Ploss when increases?

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7.4 Lossy lines

7.4.3 Introduction to electromagnetic resonators:
Z in
Z in
Z0 , = + j
ZL =
Z in
Z0 , = + j
ZL = 0
Z in
Fig. 7.8 (b) Series RLC resonant circuit (c) Tank or shunt RLC
resonant circuit (d) O.C. terminated transmission line of length /4
and (e) S.C. terminated transmission line of length /2
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7.4 Lossy lines

Microwave/electromagnetic resonators are used in many
applications:
filters,
oscillators,
frequency meters,
tuned amplifiers, etc.
Its operations are very similar to the

series and
parallel RLC resonant circuits
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7.4 Lossy lines

We will review the
series and
parallel RLC ciruits and
discuss the implementation of the microwave resonators
using distributive elements such as

microstrip line,
rectangular and
circular waveguides, etc.
Series RLC resonant circuits

Consider the series RLC resonator
The input impedance Zin is given by
58
Z in = R + j wL +
1
j wC
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7.4 Lossy lines

The average complex power delivered to the resonator is
The average power dissipated by the resistor is

Ploss =
59
1 2
I R
2
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7.4 Lossy lines

The time-averaged energy stored in the inductor is (recall the
energy stored in the inductor)

Wm =
1
LI
4
Similarly, the time-averaged energy stored in the capacitor is
We =
60
1
2
C Vc
4
1C I
1 I
=
=
4 w2C 2
4 w2C
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7.4 Lossy lines

The input impedance can then be expressed as follows:
\ Pin = Ploss + 2 j w (W m - W e )
Z in =
Ploss + 2 j w (W m - W e )
Pin
=
2
2
R
R
At resonance,
the average stored magnetic and electric energies are equal,
therefore, we have
Wm = We
61
Z in
Ploss
=
= R
1 2
I
2
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7.4 Lossy lines

Hence, the resonance frequency is defined as
The quality factor is defined as the product of

the angular frequency and
the ratio of the
average energy stored to
energy loss per second
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7.4 Lossy lines

Q is a measure of loss of a resonant circuit,
lower loss implies higher Q and
high Q implies narrower bandwidth
As R increases,
power loss increases and
quality factor decreases
Let us see what the approximate Zin near resonance

The input impedance can be rewritten in the following form:
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7.4 Lossy lines

Near by the resonance
The above form is useful for

finding equivalent circuit
near the resonance,
for example,
we can find out
the resistance at resonance and
so as L
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7.4 Lossy lines

Half power fractional bandwidth
When the real power delivered to the circuit is half that of
the resonance, occurs when

Z in =
65
2R
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7.4 Lossy lines

Shunt RLC Resonant Circuits
Now let us turn our attention to the parallel RLC resonator
The input impedance is equal to
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7.4 Lossy lines

The average complex power delivered to the resonator is
*
1 *
1
V
Pin = V I = V
2
2 Z in *
The average power dissipated by the resistor is

Ploss
67
1V
=
2 R
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7.4 Lossy lines

The time-averaged energy stored in the inductor is (recall the
energy stored in the inductor)

Wm
1
= L IL
4
1 V
1V
= L 2 2 =
2 wL
2 w 2L
Similarly, the time-averaged energy stored in the capacitor is

1
Wc = C V
4
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7.4 Lossy lines

The input impedance can then be expressed as follows:
Z in
At resonance,
Ploss + 2 j w (W m - W c )
2Pin
=
2 =
1 2
I
I
2
the average stored magnetic and electric energies are equal,
therefore,
we have (same results as in series RLC )
\ Pin = Ploss + 2 j w (W m - W c )
1
w0 =
LC
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7.4 Lossy lines

The quality factor, however, is different
Contrary to series RLC,

the Q of the parallel RLC increases
as R increases
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7.4 Lossy lines

Similar to series RLC,
we can derive an approximate expression for parallel RLC
near resonance
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7.4 Lossy lines

As in the series case,
the half-power bandwidth is given by
Z in
72
R2
=
2
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7.4 Lossy lines

We discuss the use of transmission lines to realize the RLC
resonator
For a resonator, we are interested in Q and
therefore, we need to consider lossy transmission lines
Short-circuited /2 line
Note that
tanh(A+B)
=(tanh A + tanh B)/(1+ tanh A tanh B)
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7.4 Lossy lines

[e jx e jx ] / ( 2 j)
tan( x ) =
[e jx + e jx ] / 2
tanh( x ) =
[e x e x ] / 2
[e x + e x ] / 2
Consider the transmission line equation
For a short-circuited line
74
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7.4 Lossy lines

Our goal here is to
compare the above equation
with input impedance of
Series or
shunt RLC resonant circuit near resonance
so that we can find out the corresponding R, L and C

For a length l=/2 of the transmission line,
assuming a TEM line so that
75
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7.4 Lossy lines

= = / v p
l = / 2 = v p / o
l o l l
l =
+
= +
=
vp
vp
vp
o
For low-loss transmission lines, l is small, hence
tan l = tan( +
76
) = tan(
)
o
o
o
5/20/2013
7.4 Lossy lines

Note that the loss is usually very small and
therefore, the input impedance can be rewritten as:
77
5/20/2013
7.4 Lossy lines

This equation can be compared favorably
with the input impedance of a series RLC resonant circuit
near the resonance

It behaves like a series RLC resonator with
78
5/20/2013
7.4 Lossy lines

As increases,
Q decreases
which is according to our expectation
Open-Circuited /4 Line
For a lossy line of length l
with propagation constant and
characteristic impedance Z0,
we can find the input impedance for a load of ZL as follows:
79
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7.4 Lossy lines

For o.c.,
For
l = / 4 = v p / ( 2 o )
o l l
l
l =
=
+
= +
2v p 2v p 2v p 2 2 o
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7.4 Lossy lines

Knowing that tan d = d when d is small
The input impedance can be written as,
81
5/20/2013
7.4 Lossy lines

This equation can be compared favorably
with the input impedance of a series RLC resonant circuit near
the resonance
It behaves like a series RLC resonator with
82
5/20/2013
7.4 Lossy lines

As increases,
Q decreases
which is according to our expectation

We can extend this analysis for a
s.c. /4 lines,
o.c. /2 lines
and so on
83
5/20/2013
7.5 Smith chart

7.5.1 Impedance Smith chart
Smith chart is
basically a graphical representation of
transmission line impedance transformation formula:
ZL + jZ0 tan(l)
Zin = Z0
Z0 + jZL tan(l)
84
5/20/2013
7.5 Smith chart

If we represent this in x-y coordinates with
x as real part and y as imaginary part of ZL and Zin
then it becomes a semi-infinite plane,

not practical
We know that the

modulus of reflection coefficient (||) is always less than or
equal to 1
And there is one to one correspondence between and Zin
85
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7.5 Smith chart

(l) =
Zin (l) Z0
Zin (l) + Z0
Zin =
Zin 1 + (l)
=
Z 0 1 (l )
we will draw
normalized constant resistance and
constant reactance contours
in the reflection coefficient plane which is a circle of 1

A movement of d distance along the transmission line
is equivalent to e 2 jd change in the reflection plane
86
5/20/2013
7.5 Smith chart

Distance in movement in terms of wavelength is given in the
circumference of the circle

It could be either
towards load (WTL) or
source (WTG)
At first glance,
Smith chart looks intimidating with so many contours of
constant resistance and
reactance
87
5/20/2013
7.5 Smith chart

Fig. 7.11 Smith
chart
88
5/20/2013
7.5 Smith chart

Smith chart as a polar plot of
(o.c. open circuit and
s.c. short circuit)
It can be simply
interpreted as a polar
plot of
= e j , 1800 1800
89
5/20/2013
7.5 Smith chart

The real utility of Smith chart lies
in the fact that we can read the corresponding normalized
impedance value of
from the constant reactance and resistance contours
Zin =
90
Zin
1 + 1 + r + j i
= R in + jX in =
=
Z0
1 1 r j i
5/20/2013
7.5 Smith chart

constant resistance circles
2
R in
1
2
r
+ ( i ) =
R
+
1
R
+
1
in
in
constant reactance circles
(r 1)2 + i
91
1
X in
X in
5/20/2013
7.5 Smith chart

Constant resistance circles
(WTG Wavelength towards generator and
WTL Wavelength towards load)
Rin = 0.5
WTG
-1
Rin = 1
+1
Rin = 2
WTL
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7.5 Smith chart

Constant reactance circles of an impedance smith chart
X in = 1
X in = 2
X in = 0.5
X in = 0.5
X in = 2
X in = 1
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7.5 Smith chart

In many applications,
transmission line and impedances are connected in parallel
(shunt),
then, the admittance analysis is more convenient than the
impedance analysis
1
1
ZL Z0 YL Y0 Y0 YL 1 YL
YL 1
=
=
=
=
=
1
1
Z L + Z0
Y
+
Y
1 + YL
YL + 1
0
L
+
YL Y0
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7.5 Smith chart

Rules for conversion of impedance (say ZL at N) to
admittance (say YL at N )
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7.5 Smith chart

The admittance smith chart is therefore obtained by
rotating the impedance Smith chart by and
replacing r by g and x by b
Since it is just a matter of rotation,

there is no need to have separate Smith charts for impedance
and admittance
Although r and x can be interchanged with g and b
respectively and
a point (r,x) and (g,b) will have the same spatial location on
the Smith chart for r=g and x=b,
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7.5 Smith chart

But, the physical interpretation corresponding to the two
will not be identical

Upper half of the impedance Smith chart with +jx
represent inductive loads
whereas +jb represents

capacitive load on the admittance Smith chart
Point B on impedance Smith chart

represents s.c.
whereas point B on admittance Smith chart

represent o.c.
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7.5 Smith chart

Interchange on location of o.c./s.c. and
location of VSWR on an impedance Smith chart
Inductive/Capacitive
Capacitive/Inductive
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7.5 Smith chart

Point A on impedance Smith chart which represents o.c.
whereas point A on admittance Smith chart which represents
s.c.
Note that the distance between o.c. and s.c. is /4
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5/20/2013
7.6 Summary
Introduction
Smith chart
Telegraphers
equations
Lossy line
Lossless line
Impedance
Transit time
effect
Distributed
element
concept
v(z, t)
i(z, t)
= Ri(z, t) L
z
t
i(z, t)
v(z, t)
= Gv(z, t) C
z
t
Ideal
Z0 =
V(z) = V0 e
d V(z)
dz
d 2 I(z)
dz
I(z) =
+ V0 e
j z
V(z) = 0
Line impedance
R + j L
L
G + jC
C
1
C
L 1 R
+G
R
= + GZ 0
2
L
C 2 Z0
Terminated
V0 jz V0 jz
e
e
Z0
Z0
Zin = Z0
Terminated
2 I(z) = 0
V0 +
V0
=
Z
=
0
I0 +
I0
Z0 =
= + j = ( R + j L)(G + jC )
100
Admittance
LC
Z0 = ZL Zin
+ j z
/4
transformer
L
C
= + j = j LC
Wave equation
Ideal
(
)
V+
I(z ) = 0 (e jz e jz )
Z
V(z ) = V0+ e jz + e jz
1+
V
VSWR = max =
Vmin 1
ZL + jZ0 tan(l)
Z0 + jZL tan(l)
Line junction
= 1+ = 1+
Z1 Z 0
2Z 1
=
Z1 + Z 0 Z1 + Z 0
(
(e
V ( l ) = V0+ e + l + e l
e l
I ( l ) =
Z0
Z + Z tanh (l )
Z in = Z 0 L 0
Z 0+ Z L tanh (l )
V0+
+ l
)
)
Fig. 7.1 Transmission line in a nutshell

5/20/2013

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7.

Transmission line analysis

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

Transmission line analysis

Distributed element concept

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

square of the frequency of the ac current flowing

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

Fig. 7.2 (a) Transmission lines examples (b) General transmission

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

electromagnetic (TEM) waves

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

be used as an inductor or resistor or series/shunt RLC

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

A finite time delay between the 'cause' and the effect

When is this effect important?

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

The circuit elements are not located at a point of the line

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

as we used to do from our previous circuit analysis at the low

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.2 Telegraphers equations

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.2 Telegraphers equations

Fig. 7.3 (a) Sub-section of

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.2 Telegraphers equations

(magnetic energy storage)

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.2 Telegraphers equations

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.2 Telegraphers equations

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.2 Telegraphers equations

z 0 (What is its implications?)

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.2 Telegraphers equations

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.2 Telegraphers equations

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

Transmission line analysis

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.2 Telegraphers equations

Since z is the phase of the wave as function of z,

line for a traveling wave

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.2 Telegraphers equations

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.2 Telegraphers equations

current wave at any point on the line

2H is called the wavelength '

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.3 Lossless line

Fig. 7.4 Lumped element equivalent circuit of a sub-section of

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.3 Lossless line

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

7.3 Lossless line