PHY.

101: CLASSICAL MECHANICS

UNIT I Lagrangian Mechanics (15 Hours)
Mechanics of a particle and many particle systems: Conservation laws- Generalized coordinatesConstraints and their classification with examples - Principle of virtual work - D Alemberts
principle - Lagranges equations of motion - applications of the Lagrangian Formulation.
UNIT II - Hamiltonian Mechanics (15 Hours)
Hamiltonian principle - Lagranges equation from Hamiltons principle - Cyclic coordinatesHamiltons equation of motionExtension of Hamiltonians principle to Non-conservative and
holonomic systems- Some applications of Hamiltons formulation, Rayleigh dissipation
function. Legendre transformations, Rouths procedure, Conservation theorems, Physical
significance of Hamiltonian, Principle of least action.
UNIT III - Canonical Transformations and HamiltonJacobi Theory (15 Hours)
Canonical transformations - generating function - properties: Condition for transformation to be
canonical - Illustration of canonical transformation - Poisson- brackets - canonical equations in
terms of Poisson bracket notation - Lagrangian- brackets and their properties. The
Hamiltonian- Jacobi equation - one dimensional harmonic oscillator - Action Angle variables Kepler problem in action angle variables.
UNIT IV- Normal Modes(15 Hours)
Formulation of normal modes problem, The Eigen value equation, Definitions of normal modes
and normal co-ordinates, Application of group theory to normal modes of vibration, reducible
and irreducible representations, Character table for C 2v and C3v groups, Normal modes water
molecule.
Reference Books:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Classical Mechanics by N.C. Rana and P.S. Joag (Tata Mc-graw Hill) New Delhi.
Classical Mechanics by H. Goldstein (Addison- Wesly) London.
Introduction to Classical Mechanics by R. G. Takwale and P.S. Puranic
Classical Mechanics by J.C. Upadhyaya, Himalaya Pub.house, Mumbai
Introduction to IR & Raman Spectroscopy, N.B. Calthrup, L.N. Daly &S.E.Wiberlay, Academic
Press, New York.
Classical mechanics by Aruldas
Classical mechanics by Gupta, Kumar and Sarma
Group Theory for Chemistry-Ramakrishna and Gopinathan, Vishal Publications, Jalandhar.

Classical mechanics by C.R. Mondal, PHI,2009

PHY.102 : MATHEMATICAL METHODS

UNIT I: TENSORS AND GROUP THEORY (15 hours)
TENSORS: Introduction: Notations and Conventions-the rank of a tensor-Contra-variant and
co-variant tensors- Tensor Algebra: addition, subtraction, contraction, inner product and outer
product, raising and lowering of indices, associated tensors, Symmetry and anti-symmetric
tensors. Application of tensor: Stress, Strain, Piezo- electricity and elasticity tensors.
GROUP THEORY:
Isomorphism and Homomorphism, the group of symmetry of an
equilateral triangle, group of symmetry of a square. Representation of groups: Reducible and
Irreducible representation, Character representation, Construction of character tables.
UNIT- II:PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION & COMPLEX VARIABLES(15 hours)
Partial differentiations: Method of separation of variables, equation of vibrating string, solution
of wave equation by DAlemberts method, one dimensional heat flow. two dimensional heat
flow Laplace equation in polar co-ordinates and transmission line equation.
Complex Variables: Functions, complex differentiation- Analytic function- Cauchy-Reimann
equations- Derivatives of elementary function. Complex integration: Cauchys theorem-Cauchy
integral formula-Taylors and Laurents theorem- Laurent series poles, Singular pointResidues: Calculations of residues and Residue theorem- evaluation of integrals.
UNIT III: SPECIAL FUNCTIONS (15 hours)
Beta and gamma functions and their properties- different forms of beta and gamma functionsrelationship between beta and gamma functions.
Solutions of differential equations :Bessels function (recurrence formula, generating function
and orthogonolity relations only)- Legendres equations-Laguerre and Hermite polynomials
(recurrence formula, generating function and Rodrigues formulae only).
UNIT IV: FOURIER AND LAPLACE TRANSFORMS(15 hours)
Fourier Transforms: Fourier transforms and its inverse transform- Linearity and shifting
properties- Fourier sine and cosine transforms.
Laplace Transform: Definition and notation- Inverse Laplace transforms- Linearity and shifting
and derivative properties-Convolution theorem- Evaluation of Integrals- Application to Integral
and differential equations.
Prescribed Books:
1 Matrices and Tensors- A.W. Joshi, New International (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 2008.
2 Elements of Group Theory for Physicists- A.W. Joshi, New International (P) Ltd., New
Delhi, 2005.
3 A Text book of Mathematical Physics- Suresh Chandra, Narosa Publishing house, New
York, 2003.
4 Mathematical Physics- H.K. Das, S.Chand& Company Ltd., New Delhi.
5 Laplace Transforms- MurraySpiegle, schaums series, McGrawHill,NY.

Mathematical methods for Physics- G. Arfken.

PHY.103: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY & RELATIVISTIC PHYSICS
UNIT I: Maxwells equations for electrostatics and magnetostatics in differential and integral form.
Electrostatic potential and electrostatic field due to point charges and continuous charge distributions.
Electrostatic field energy. Boundary value problems and their solutions by separation of variables.
Method of images and Green functions. Multipole expansion. Electric dipole and quadrupole
moments. Dielectric materials. Polarization. Maxwells equations for electrostatics in presence of
dielectric materials. Boundary value problems in presence of dielectrics. (15 Hrs)
UNIT II: Introduction to vector and scalar potentials in electrostatics. Gauge transformations,
magnetic field and vector potential for simple steady current configurations. Force and torque on
current carrying conductors. Magnetic multipole expansion. Maxwells equations of electrodynamics.
(15 Hrs)
UNIT III: Time dependent scalar and vector potentials. Gauge transformations. Coulomb and
Lorentz gauges. Wave equation. Plane wave solutions. Polarization. Poyntings theorem.
Conservation of energy. Momentum and angular momentum of electromagnetic fields.
Reflection, refraction and dispersion. Propagation in conductors and plasmas. Skin effect.
Propagation in Waveguides. (15 Hrs)

UNI IV RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS (15 Hours)

Postulates of relativistic mechanics. Minkowski Space, Geometrical representation of Lorentz
transformation of space and time. Application to Lorentz transformation. Geometrical
representation of Simultaneity, length-contraction and time dilation. Space like and time like
intervals. Relativistic classification of particle, Basic ideas of general theory of relativity.
Recommended books :
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics Griffiths
2. Electrodynamics of continuous media Landau & Lifshitz
3. Classical Fields Landau & Lifshitz
4. Classical Electodynamics J. B. Marion

5.Relativistic Mechanics Satyaprakash, PragathiPrakashan, Meerut

PHY.104 QUANTUM MECHANICS-1

UNIT- I: PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS (15 Hrs)
Introduction: Limitations of classical Mechanics, Difficulties with classical theories of black
body radiation and origin of quantum theory of radiation.
Postulates of quantum mechanics. Operator formalism. Eigen Values and Eigen vectors
Schrdinger equation of a free particle and a particle moving in a scalar potential. Timeindependent and time-dependent Schrdinger equations. Concept of stationary states.
UNIT- II: ONE DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS(15 Hrs)
Potential step Reflection and Transmission at the interface. Potential well: Square well
potential with rigid walls, Square well potential with finite walls. Potential barrier: Penetration
of a potential barrier(tunneling effect). Radioactive Emission of Alfa particle. Periodic potential
and
Harmonic
oscillator.
Energy
eigen
functions
and
eigen
values.
Polynomial(Schrdinger)solutions.
UNIT- III: MATRIX FORMULATION(15 Hrs)
Matrix representation of wave functions and linear operators. The concept of row and column
matrices. Matrix algebra. Hermatian operators definition. Diracs bra and ket notation.
Expectation values. Heisenberg (operator) representation of harmonic oscillator. Ladder
operators and their significance.
UNIT- IV : ANGULAR MOMENTUM (15 Hrs)
Angular momentum operators: Definition. Eigen functions and eigen values of AM operators.
Matrix representation of angular momentum operators. System with spin half(1/2). Spin angular
momentum, Paulis spin matrices. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients. Rigid Rotator: Eigen functions
and Eigen values.
Prescribed Books:
1
2
3
4
5
6

Quantum Mechanics. Vol 1, A. Messaia Noth-Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam, (1961).

A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics. P.M.Mathews and K.Venkatesam,
Tata Mc Graw Hill,
New Delhi,(1976).
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. R.H.Dicke and J.P.Witke, Addison-Wisley
Pub.Co.Inc.,London, (1960).
Quantum Mechanics. S.L.Gupta, V.Kumar, H.V.Sarama and R.C.Sharma, Jai Prakash Nath &
Co, Meerut, (1996).
Quantum Mechanics. L.I. Schiff, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., Tokyo, (1968).
Quantum Mechanics. V.K.Thankappan.

7
8
9

Quantum Mechanics. B.K.Agarwal and Hari Prakash.

Quantum Mechanics. B.H. Bransden, C.Joachain, Pearson Education Ltd (Second Edn.) 2000.
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. Richard L. Liboff, Pearson Education Ltd (Fourth Edn.)

PHY 105: ELETRONICS-I

UNIT I

Introduction to Electronic Devices: (15 hours)

Field Effect Transistor (FET): Structure and working of JFET, Characteristics, and
parameters of JFET, Advantages of FET over BJT, FET as switch and Amplifier Application of
FET as voltage variable resistor . Structure of MOSFET, depletion type and enhancement type,
MOSFET Characteristics, MOSFET as variable resistor, Concept of CMOS.
Structure, working and Characteristics of UJT. Application of UJT as a Relaxation
oscillator.
UNIT II Operational Amplifiers: (15 hours)
Block diagram of a typical Op-Amp, differential Amplifier, Comparator open loop
configuration, inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. Op-amp with negative feedback, voltage
shunt feed back, effect of feed back on closed loop gain, input resistance, output resistance,
CMRR, frequency response slew rate.
Instrumentation amplifier: integrator and differentiator. Wave form generators (Square and
triangle). Filters (Low pass, high pass and Band pass).
Analog to Digital data converters (ADC), Digital to Analog conversion (DAC).
UNIT III Digital Electronics (15 hours)
Digital Electronics :Combinational Logic : Multiplexers, Decoder, Demultiplexer, Data selector,
Multiplexer, Encoder.
Sequential Logic: FlipFlops, A1-bit memory, The RS Flip-Flop, JK Flip Flop, JK Master
Slave FlipFlops, T Flip-Flop, D Flip-Flop, Shift Registers, Serial in Serial out, Serial in Parallel
out, parallel in Serial out, Parallel in Parallel out Registers. Asynchronous and Synchronous
Counters
UNIT IV Communication Electronics: (15 hours)
Introduction to Modulation (AM & FM), Sampling Theorem, Low pass and Band pass signals,
PAM, Channel BW for a PAM signal. Natural sampling, Flat-top sampling. Signal recovery
through holding. Quantization of signals, PCM transmission, Quantization of noise, Differential
PCM, Delta Modulation, Adaptive Delta modulation.

Prescribed Books:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Micro Electronics by Milliman and Halkias. TMH Publications

OP-Amps & Linear Integrated Circuits, by Ramakanth A.Gayakwad, PHI, 2nd Edition, 1991.
Digital Systems by Ronald J. Tocci, 6th Edition, PHI, 1999.
Digital Principles and Applications by A.P. Malvino and Donald P.Leach, Tata McGraw- Hill, New
Delhi, 1993.
Principles of Commvunicationby Taub and Schilling, Mc-Graw Hill Publication.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Robert Boylested and Louis Nashdsky, PHI, New Delhi, 1991

7.
8.
9.
10.

Micro Electronics by Sedra and Smith

Electronic Principles by Malvino, 6th Ed. TMH
Linear Integrated circuits by Roy Choudhry
Operational amplifiers by Collins.
*******

PHY.201- QUANTUM MECHANICS-II

UNIT-I : IDENTICAL PARTICLES AND MOLECULES (15 Hrs)
Identical Particles: Symmetric and anti symmetric wave functions, Indistinguishability of
identical particles, Paulis exclusion principle. Hydrogen molecule ion, Hydrogen molecule:
Hitler London treatment. Oscillations and Rotations of H2.Concept of Ortho and Para Hydrogen.
UNIT-I I: APPROXIMATION METHODS (15 Hrs)
Time-independent perturbation method. Effect of anharmonicity on the solution of harmonic
oscillator problem. Time-dependent perturbation theory, transition probabilities. Variation
technique: application to solve the ground state energy of He atom.WKB approximation method:
-particle decay. Sudden and Adiabatic perturbations.
UNIT-III :THEORY OF SCATTERING (15 Hrs)
The scattering experiment. The method of partial waves. Scattering by a central potential. Zero
energy scattering. Scattering by square-well potential, effective range. Resonance scattering.
Born Approximation, Validity of Born Approximation.
UNIT-IV : RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS (15 Hrs)
Klein-Gordan equation, Probability and current density, Inadequacies of Klein-Gordan
equation.Dirac matrices, Dirac relativistic equation for free particles and solution. Concept of
negative energy states. Theory of holes.

Prescribed Books:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Quantum Mechanics, S.L.Gupta, V.Kumar, H.V.Sharama and R.C. Sharma, Jai

Prakash Nath & Co. Meerut,(1996)
Quantum Mechanics, G. Aruldhas, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
(2002).
Introduction to Quantam Mechanics with applications to chemistry.Linus
Pauling and E.Bright Wilson,Jr. McGraw Hill,Book Company,New York 1935
and London.
Quantum Mechanics. B.K.Agarval and Hariprakash, Prentice-Hall of India
Ltd., New Delhi, (1997).
Quantum Mechanics. L.I.Schiff, Mc Graw Hill Book Co.,Tokyo, (1968)
Modern Quantum Mechanics. J.J.Sakurai, Addison- Wesley, Tokyo, (1968).
A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics. P.M.Mathews and K.Venkateswaran, Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi, (1976).

8
9

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, R.H.Dicke and J.P.Witke, Addison-Wisley

Pub. Co. Inc.,London, (1960).
Quantum Mechanics, V.K.Tankappan, Wiley-Eastern Ltd.,New Delhi, (1985).
*****

PHY.202 NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES & PROGRAMMING

UNIT- I: NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES (15 Hrs)
Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations: Bisection method, Method of false
position and Newton-Raphson method. Principle of least squares fitting of polynomials.
Interpolation: Finite differences(forward, backward and central difference), Newtons
formula for Interpolation, Central difference Interpolation formula (Gausss & Sterling
formula), Lagranges Interpolation formula, Inverse Interpolation.
UNIT-II: NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION & INTEGRATION (15 Hrs)
Differentiation: Cubic Spline Method, Maximum and Minimum values of a Tabulated
function.
Numerical Integration: Trapezoidal Rule, Simpsons 1/3 Rule and 3/8 Rule. Solutions of
linear systems- Direct methods: Matrix Inversion method, Gaussian Elimination method,
Modification of Gaussian Elimination method (Gauss-Jordan Method). Iterative methods:
Jacobi method, Gauss Seidel method. Numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations:
Solution by Taylors series, Picards method of successive approximations, Eulers method
(Error estimates for the Eulers method, Modified Eulers method) and Range-Kutta method.
UNIT- III: INTRODUCTION TO C LANGUAGE(15 Hrs)
Character Set, C tokens, Key words and Identifiers, Constants and Variables, Data types,
Declaration of variables. Operators and expressions: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical,
Assignment, Increment and Decrement operators, Conditional, Bitwise and special operators.
Precedence in evaluating arithmetic operators. IF, IF-ELSE, Nesting IF-ELSE, ELSE IF
ladder and GOTO statements, WHILE, DO, FOR loop statements. Simple programs
UNIT- IV: PROGRAMMING IN C -LANGUAGE (15 Hrs)
Arrays: One and Two dimensional arrays, Declaring and initializing string variables. Reading
strings from terminal and writing strings to screen.
User defined functions: definition of functions, Return values and their types. Function calls
and function declaration. Pointers: Declaring and initializing pointers, accessing a variable
through its pointer. C- Programming: Sorting of numbers, Calculation of standard deviation
and matrix multiplication.
Prescribed Books:
1. Numerical Methods. B.S.Gopal& S.N.Mittal

2.
3.
4.
5.

Numerical Methods. S.Sastry

Mathematical Physics. H.K.Das, S.Chand & Co.
Programming in ANSI C, E Balaguruswamy, TMH New Delhi, 2004.
Let us C, Yashavant Kanetker, BPB Publications, New Delhi, 1999.
****

PHY.203: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

UNIT I - Lattice Dynamics (15 hours)
Bonding of solids- Origin and Lattice energy calculations for ionic and Vander Waals crystals
Lattice Vibrations : Mono and diatomic one dimensional infinitely long lattices- Bravais latticesInfrared absorption in ionic crystal, Vibrational spectra of finite lattice concept of quantization
of Lattice vibrational energy phonons.
UNIT II - Transport phenomena and Semiconductor physics(15 hours)
Free electron theory - Drude model, Summerfield model- Fermi level and density of states,
eexpression for thermal and electrical conductivities for metals- Weidemann-Franz ratio
for metal Success and failure of the theory, Boltzmann transport equation, Bloch functions,
Kronig Penney model- different schemes of representation of E vs. K curves- Brillouin zonesband theory of metals, insulators and semiconductor-Intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors- Expression for position of Fermi levels and carrier concentrations-continuity
equation -Direct and indirect band gap semiconductors-Hall effect.
UNIT III Imperfections in Crystals (15 hours)
Defects and types in crystals- point defects- Schottky and Frenkel defects- energy of formation
of these defects- colour centres- line defects-screw and edge dislocations- Burgers vector,
dislocation energy- surface imperfections-stacking faults and grain boundaries- volume defect.
UNIT IV Superconductors (15 hours)
Concept of zero resistance- Magnetic behavior of perfect conductor and superconductorMeissner effect- isotope effect- type I and type II superconductors- specific heat behavior- Twofluid model- Expression for entropy difference between normal and superconducting states
Josephson junctions -Londons equations Qualitative ideas of BCS theory- Applications
of superconductors High Tc superconductors.

Reference Books:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Solid State Physics- C. Kittel, John iley& sons.

Solid State Physics- A. J. Dekkar, Mac Millan& Co Ltd, London.
Solid State Physics- S.O. Pillai, NAIP, ND.
Solid State Physics- S. L.Kakani and C. Hemarajan
Solid State Physics Ashcroft and Mermin, Thompson Asia.
Elementary Solid State Physics- M. Ali Omar
Solid State Electronic Devices B. G. Streetman, PHI,New Delhi.
High Tc Superconductivity C.N. R. Rao and S. V. Subramanyam
Science of Engineering Materials-C.M. Srivastava and Srinivasan, Wiley Eastern Ltd, Madras.
Electronic Processes in Materials-L.W.Azaroff and J.J. Brophy, McGraw Hill, New York.

PHY. 204 - ATMOIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS

UNIT- I: ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY (15Hrs)

Principle of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Instrumentation, Atomic absorption spectrometers,
Differences between atomic absorption and flame emission spectroscopy, Determination of lead in petrol.
Emission Spectroscopy: Line spectra of atoms and ions Excitation and Ionization potentials Emission
spectrographs Constant deviation spectrometer Qualitative analysis Quantitative methods (Internal
standard).
UNIT- II: MOLECULAR SPECTRA (15Hrs)
Born-oppenheimer approximation, Types of molecular spectra, Diatomic molecule as a rigid rotator and
its spectra (Microwave), Vibrations of a molecule and its spectra (IR), Vibration-rotational spectra,
Electronic Spectra: vibrational coarse structure rotational coarse structure, Effect of isotopic substitution
on rotation and vibration spectra, Franck-Condon principle, Dissociation energy.
UNIT- III: UV & VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (15Hrs)
Beer-Lamberts law, Deviations from Beers law, Instrumentation: radiation sources Monochromators
Detectors Non recording single and double spectrophotometers Recording double spectrophotometers,
Differences between single and double beam spectrophotometers Applications of Visible spectroscopy:
Structures of simple organic and inorganic compounds Evaluation of molar absorptivity () and
molecular weight of isoprene.
UNIT- IV: INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY(15Hrs)
Theory of IR, IR double beam spectrometer, Vibrations of polyatomic molecules, Analysis of IR spectra
of thymidine and Hydrocarbons.
Raman Spectroscopy: Classical and quantum theories of Raman Effect, Laser Raman spectrometer,
Raman spectra of CO2, N2O, SO2. Differences between IR and Raman, Advantages of Raman
spectroscopy over IR.
Prescribed Books:

1. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New

Delhi, 1983.
2. Spectroscopy,Chatwal and Anand, Himalya Publishing House,New Delhi,
2002.
3. Spectroscopy, B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 1998.
4. Elements of diatomic Molecular spectra,H.Brain Dunford NV,1968.
5. Spectrochemical Ananlysis, S.H.Arhens & W.Taylor,Addison-Wisely, NY, 1998.
6. Spectroscopy, H. Kaur, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 2008.
7. Spectroscopy, B.P.Straughan&S.Walker,Vols.1-3,Chapmann ad Hall, NY, 1976.
8. Molecular Spectroscopy, J. D. Graybeal, Tata McGraw Hill, New York, 1976.
9. Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, G. Aruldhas, Prentice-Hall of India,
New Delhi, 2001.
*****

PHY. 205: ELECRONICS II

UNIT I INTEL 8086 MICROPROCESSOR HARDWARE (15 Hours)
Introduction, internal architecture, pin details, minimum and maximum mode operations,
interfacing with memories and I/O ports, programmed I/O, Interrupts, DMA operation,
addressing modes, Instruction set, Simple programs.
UNIT II 8086 MICROPROCESSOR SOFTWARE (15 Hours)
Introduction, Addressing modes, Instruction set, Writing Program- Initialization instructions, A
standard program format, documentation, Writing programs for use with an Assembler
(MASM86)- Assembler directives, Types of Numbers used in data statements, Accessing named
data with program instructions, naming addresses-labels. Assembly Language Program
Development Tools-editor, Assembler, Linker, Locator, Debugger, Emulator, Simple Programs.
UNIT III BASICS OF PERIPHERAL DEVICES (15 Hours)
Programmable Serial Interface 8251, Programmable Peripheral Interface 8255, Programmable
Interval Timer 8254, Programmable Interrupt Controller 8259, Keyboard/Display controller
8279, DMA Controller 8237.
UNIT IV- Microprocessor applications and peripheral interfacing(15 hours)
Interfacing hexadecimal Keyboard and display unit, CRT interfacing , ADC
interfacing, DAC interfacing and development of waveforms- square wave,
sine wave and triangular , Stepper motor interfacing, LED interfacing, Dc
motor, Traffic light controller.

Prescribed Books:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Microprocessor, Architecture, Programming and Applications with the 8085- Ramesh S

Gaonkar, Penram International.
Microprocessors and Microcomputer based system design- Mohammed Rafiquzzaman,
Universal Book Stall, New Delhi,
Microprocessors and Interfacing, Programming and Hardware, Douglas V.Hall,TMH.
Microprocessors Theory and Applications- Mohammed Rafiquzzaman, PHI.
The Intel Microprocessors 8086/8088,, Pentium,.. Pentium 4, Architecture,
Programming and Interfacing- Barry B. Brey, Pearson Education.
8085 Microprocessor A. Mathur.
Microprocessor-Based Laboratory experiments and Pojects by A.K. Mukhopadhyay, I.K.
international publishing house pvt., Ltd.2010

PHY.301 : STATISTICAL MECHANICS

UNIT- I: Ensembles (15 Hrs)
Phase space Concept of ensembles Types of ensembles - Ensemble average - Liouvilles
Theorem Micro canonical ensemble: ideal gas Gibbs paradox Entropy and probability
Canonical ensemble Ideal gas in canonical ensemble Grand canonical ensemble Ideal gas
in grand canonical ensemble Comparison of various ensembles.
UNIT II: Partition Functions(15 Hrs)
Canonical partition function Molecular partition function Translational partition function Rotational
partition function Vibrational partition function Electronic and Nuclear partition functions
Applications of Rotational partition function Applications of vibrational partition function to solids.

UNIT III: Maxwell Boltzmann and Bose Einstein Statistics (15 Hrs)
Maxwell - Boltzmann distribution - Distribution of velocities Experimental verification Calculation of mean values Equipartition theorem. Bose Einstein distribution, Bose
Einstein condensation, Black body radiation and the Plancks radiation law - Dulong and Petits
law - Einstein and Debyes theories of heat capacities - Liquid helium Two fluid model of
liquid helium II Super fluid phase of 3He.
UNIT IV: Fermi Dirac Statistics & Fluctuations(15 Hrs)

Fermi - Dirac distribution Electrons in metals Thermionic emission Magnetic susceptibility

of free electrons White dwarfs Fluctuations in ensembles, Onsagars one dimensional and
reciprocal rotations and their applications to thermoelectric phenomena, Kelvins first and second
equations: One dimensional random walk Random walk and Brownian motion.
Books for study
1. Statistical Mechanics , B.K. Agarwal, Melvin Eisner,2nd Edition, New Age International (P)Ltd.
2. Statistical Mechanics and properties of Matter by ESR Gopal Student Edition ( Ellis Horwood )
3. Statistical and Thermal Physics , F. Reif4th Edition, Mc Graw Hill
4. Elementary Statistical Mechanics, C. Kittel, Dover Publications

Books for reference:

1. Statistical Physics, Bhattacharjee
2. Thermal Physics, Kittel and Kremer

PHY. 302: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

UNIT I - Diffraction methods for structure analysis (15 Hrs)
Crystal systems, symmetry elements, concept of point groups and space groups. Reciprocal
Lattice: Geometrical construction, relation between direct reciprocal Lattice X- ray diffraction,
Braggs law, Laue transmission and back reflection methods, Powder X-ray Diffractometer
Focusing circle geometry- detection of diffracted X-ray beam by scintillation detector and
proportional counter, Determination of lattice constant of a cubic and tetragonal structures using
d-spacings, Single Crystal X-ray Diffractometer Description. Electron and Neutron diffraction:
Basic principles and application
UNIT II - Electron Spin Resonance and Moss Bauer Spectroscopy (15 Hrs)
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy(ESR): Magnetic moment of an electron, two states of an
electron in a magnetic field, ESR theory- spin-spin interaction, spin-lattice interaction hyperfine interaction-g factor, relaxation effects, experimental methods and applications.
Moss Bauer spectroscopy: Introduction, Moss Bauer effect, recoilless emission and absorption,
Moss Bauer spectra, Lamb Moss Bauer
factor, Moss Bauer nuclides, standard reference
absorber, experimental methods and applications.
UNIT III - NMR and NQR Techniques (15 Hrs)
Introduction to NMR, nuclear spin and magnetic moment, quantum description of NMR, theory
of NMR, chemical shift, spin-lattice (T1), spin-spin (T2) couplings, the Bloch equations, the
theory of relaxation mechanisms for spin nuclei, proton NMR, Carbon-13 NMR and NMR
applications.
Basic concepts of NQR spectra, half integrals and integral spins, instrumentation, super
regenerative oscillator, CW oscillator, pulse RF detection and NQR applications.
UNIT IV - Advanced spectroscopic and microscopic techniques (Hrs)

Basic principle, instrumentation and applications of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,

Photoelectron spectroscopy and Photo acoustic spectroscopy.

Basic principle, instrumentation and applications of surface topographic techniques: Scanning

electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy
Prescribed Books:
1.
Elements of X-ray diffraction, BD Cullity
2.
3.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Elements of X-ray crystallography, L V Azaroff

X-ray diffraction methods by E.W.Nuffeld , John Wiley and sons Inc.,
Interpretation of X-ray diffraction, Photographs, Henry, Lipson and Wooster
Neutron diffraction, GE Bacon, Oxford University Press, London, 1962
Electron diffraction, T.B. Rymer, Methnen, London, 1970
The Powder method in X-ray crystallography by L.V. Azaroff and M.J. Buerger
X-ray crystallography, M.J. Buerger, Wiley, New York, 1959
X-ray structure determination, H. Stout and LH. Jenson, Macmillan, London, 1968.
An introduction to electron paramagnetic resonance, M. Bersohn, J.C. Baird, Benjamin Inc., London, 1966
Instrumental methods of analysis, Willard Merritt, Dean Settle, CBS publishers, New Delhi, 1986
Spectroscopy, B.P Straughan and S. Walker, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1976.
Spectroscopy, G. Chatwal and S. Anand, Himalaya Pub. House, 1979
Spectroscopy, B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishers House, Meerut, 1975
NMR Spectroscopy, R.K. Harris, Longman Sci. Tech, 1983
*******

PHY 303- LASERS AND NONLINEAR OPTICS

UNIT-I: Lasers (15 Hrs)
Einstein coefficients. Amplification in a medium and population inversion. Spatial and temporal
coherence. . Lasing action ,Role of feedback (cavity). Comparison with blackbody radiation
Different Laser Systems The ruby laser, Helium-Neon laser, four level solid state laser. CO2 laser,
Dye laser, semiconductor laser.: , liquid state and excimer lasers..
UNIT II: Non linear optics.(15 Hrs)
Basic Principles, Harmonic generation, Second harmonic generation, Phase matching condition,
Third harmonic generation, Optical mixing, Parametric generation of light , Parametric light
oscillator, Frequency upconversion, Self focusing of light.
UNIT-III: Holography and Fourier Optics (15 Hours)
Introduction to Holography: Basic theory of Holography, Recording and reconstruction of
Hologram, Fourier transform Holography, Pattern recognition and Applications of Holography.
Fringe contrast variation. Fourier Transformation spectroscopy. Michelson interferometer.
Advantages of Fourier transforms. Optical data processing. Diffraction.
UNIT-IV: Fibre optics (15 Hours)
Optical fibres. Basic optical laws. Optical fibre modes, fibre types, rays and modes. Distinction
between step index fibre and graded index fibre structures. Ray optics and wave representation.

Attenuation in fibres. Absorption & scattering losses, radiation losses. Material dispersion. Fibre
materials. Applications of fibre optics.
Recommended books :
1. An Introduction to Laser & their Applications OShea, Callen & Rhodes
2. Introduction to Laser Physics K. Shimoda
3. Laser Physics M. Sargent, M. O. Scully & W. E. Lamb
4. Lasers Siegman
5. Lasers Svelto
6. Quantum Electronics Yariv
7.Fibre Optic Communications. Keiser.
8.Introduction to Classical and Modern Optics. J.R. Meyer.
9.Lasers and Non Linear Optics. B.B.Laud, New Age International Publishers (2008).
10.Introduction to Modern Optics. Grant R. Fowles,Holt,Rinehart and Winston,Inc New York
(1968)
11. Contemporary Optics. Ghatak and Thyagarajan, Mc Millan, India.
12.. Electromagnetism, B.B.Laud
*******

PHY 304: MATERIAL SCIENCE

UNIT-I: MAGNETIC MATERALS (15 hours)

Heisenberg Model- exchange energy- origin of domains- Hysteresis behavior.
Antiferromagnetism- Two sub-lattice model Ferrimagnetism Neels theory of ferrimagnetism
Ferrites and Garnets. Basic principles of magnetic bubble memories.
UNIT-II: ELECTRONIC AND DIELECTRIC MATERIALS (15 hours)
Photoconduction in semiconductors, Principle of working, theory and characteristics of
photodiode, solar cell, LED and their materials.
Dielectric constants and Polarizability, ClausiusMossotti relation, Sources of Polarizability
electronic, ionic and dipolar polarizability, Frequency dependence of polarizability and dielectric
loss, Ferro electricity- General Properties and classification of representative ferroelectric
materials.
UNIT-III: ALLOYS(15 hours)
Gibbs phase rule- phase diagram of complete solid solution- Humme-Rotherys rules-eutectic
phase diagram-phase diagrams of Cu- Ni, Pb-Sn and Iron-Carbon systems - order and disorder
transformations.
UNIT-IV: NANO MATERIALS (15 hours)

Introduction- size dependence of properties- Quantum size effect in Nanoparticles- Atoms,

Clusters and Nanomaterials- Surface energy- Chemical Potential as a function of surface
curvature- Electrostatic stabilization- Fabrication of Nanomaterials- Ion Sputtering- Laser
ablation- Spray pyrolysis and Ball Milling.
Elementary ideas of Quantum wells- wires and dots- carbon nanotubes.
Prescribed Books:
1 Electronic Processes in Materials- L.W. Azaroff and J.J.Brophy, MGH, NY, 1963.
2 Introduction to Solid State Physics- C.Kittel. JW&S, VII Ed., NY, 2000.
3 Science of Engineering Materials- C.M.Srinivasa and Srinivasan, WEL, Mad, 2000.
4 Solid State Physics-A.J.Dekker, Mac Millan& co Ltd. London.
5 Solid State Physics-S.O.Pillai., NAIP, ND, 2001.
6 Solid State Devices and Materials- B.G. Streetman, PHI, New Delhi.
7 Solid state physics- Kumar and Gupta

PHY 305: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

UNIT I

Nuclear Forces and Models (15Hrs)

Nuclear Forces: Characteristics of nuclear forces Ground state of Deuteron

Proton Proton scattering Neutron Proton scattering Meson theory of
nuclear forces.

Nuclear Models: Introduction The liquid drop model Bethe-Weizacker semi-empirical

binding energy equation and its applications Nuclear shell model Energy levels and
calculation of angular momentum Collective model.
UNIT II

Nuclear Reactions and Decays (15Hrs)

Nuclear Reactions: Types of nuclear reactions Compound nuclear reactions

Nuclear cross section Resonance theory Briet Wigner formula.
Nuclear Decays: Nuclear transformations Radioactive decay Alpha decay
Gamows theory Beta decay Fermi theory Selection rules Interaction of
gamma radiation with matter Photo electric effect Compton scattering Pair
production.

UNIT III

Nuclear Accelerators and Reactors (15Hrs)

Introduction Linear accelerators Drift tube and Wave guide

accelerators Low energy circular accelerators Cyclotron and Betatron High energy circular
accelerators Synchrotron and Microtron
Nuclear Reactors: Nuclear fission and fusion reactions Nuclear chain reactions Four
factor formula The critical size of a reactor General aspects of reactor design Classification
of reactors Power reactors (elementary aspects only)
Nuclear Accelerators:

UNIT IV

Elementary particles (15Hrs)

Discovery and classification of elementary particles Types of interactions

Conservation laws Iso-spin, parity, charge conjugation Time reversal CPT theorem
Properties of leptons, mesons and baryons Elementary particle symmetries (SU2 and SU3
symmetries) Quark model Search for Higgs particle elementary ideas.
Prescribed Books:
1. Nuclear Physics Irving Kaplan, Narosa Pub. (1998)
2. Nuclear Physics Theory and experiment PR Roy and BP Nigam, New Age
Int. (1997)
3. Atomic and Nuclear Physics (Vol.2) S.N.Ghoshal, S.Chand &Co. (1994)
4. Nuclear Physics D.C.Tayal, Himalaya Pub. (1997)
5. Atomic and Nuclear Physics R.C.Sharma
6. Nuclei and Particles E.Segre
7. Introduction to Nuclear Physics H.A.Enge, Addison Wesley (1975)
8. Introduction to Nuclear Physics - K.S.Krane

PHY 401: ADVANCES IN PHYSICS

UNIT I: Nano Technology (15 Hrs)
Introduction to Nanomaterials Zero, One and Two Dimensional Nanostructures Quantum confinement - Density of states and Dependence of dimensionality Properties
of Nanomaterials Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerenes.
Synthesis of Nanomaterials Physical Techniques: Ball Milling Plasma Arc Deposition
Inert Gas Condensation Pulsed Laser Deposition Molecular Beam Epitaxy.
Chemical Techniques:Hydrothermal synthesis Sol-Gel Process Chemical Vapour
Deposition. Applications: Single Electron Transistor Solar Cells Light Emitting
Diodes Nano-filtration.
UNIT II: Micro and Nano devices (15 Hrs)
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS): Introduction to MEMS, Basic MEM structure.
Applications of MEMS: Pressure sensors, Accelerometers, Inertial sensors, Mass flow
sensors.
Nanodevices: Quantum well and quantum dot devices: Infrared Detectors-Quantum Dot
Lasers. Carbon nanotube emitters - Photoelectrical cells - Plasmons propagation in wave
guides.
UNIT III: 8051 Microcontrollers (15 Hrs)
Microcontrollers and Embedded Processors: Introduction, 8051 Internal Architecture,
Register Structure, I/O pins, Memory Organization, 8051 Addressing modes. 8051

Assembly Language Programming Tools. 8051 Instruction set: Data Transfer Instructions,
Arithmetic instructions, Logical instructions, Boolean Variable Manipulation InstructionsBit Addressability, Single-Bit instructions, Program Branching instructions-Jump, Loop,
and Call instructions, Rotate Instructions, Stack Pointer.
UNIT - IV: Remote Sensing (15 Hrs)
Definition of remote sensing; introduction to concepts and systems; Electromagnetic
radiation; electromagnetic spectrum; image characteristics; remote sensing systems;
remote sensing platform; Sources of remote sensing information; Advantages of remote
sensing. Application of Remote sensing in Environmental Management, Natural resource
management forest resources, water resources, land resources and mineral resources.
References Books
1. Nano structures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Application By
Guozliong Cao,
Imperial College Press, 2004.
2. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole, Jr & Frank J. Owens, Wiley India,
2006.
3. An Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering, Nadim Maluf.
4. Nanomaterials Synthesis Properties and Applications, Alen. S. Edelstein and Robert C.
Cammarata, 1998.
5. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems, Mahammad Ali Mazidi and Janice
Gillispie Mazidi, Pearson Education Asia, Pvt. Ltd., 2000.
6. Floyd F. Sabins Jr., Remote Sensing Principles and interpretation, W.H. Freeman and
Company, 2nd Ed., New York, 1987.
7. T.M. Lillesand & R.W. Kiefer, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1994.
PHY 402(a) : APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY
UNIT - IV: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Spectroscopy (15
Hrs)
Introduction Normal and Resonance Fluorescence Intensities of Transitions Nonradiative decay of fluorescent molecules Phosphorescence and the nature of the triplet
state Population of the triplet state Delayed Fluorescence Excitation spectra
Experimental methods Emission lifetime measurements Time resolved emission
spectroscopy Applications of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence.
UNIT - II: Solid State Spectroscopy Rare Earth Ions (15 Hrs)
Introduction Spectroscopic characteristics of rare earths activated crystals Intensity of
absorption and emission bands Oscillator strengths Intra-configurational f-f transitions
Selection rules Electric and Magnetic dipole transitions Judd-Ofelt theory and
evaluation of Judd-Ofelt parameters Radiative transition probabilities of excited states
of rare earth ions branching ratios, stimulated emission cross-sections Applications of
rare earth doped luminescent materials.
UNIT III: High Resolution Spectroscopy (15 Hrs)
Introduction Light detectors Single photon counting technique Phase sensitive
detectors Laser optogalvanic spectroscopy Matrix isolation spectroscopy Laser
cooling and its applications.

UNIT- IV: Two Photon Spectroscopy (15 Hrs)

Introduction Two photon absorption spectroscopy Selection rules Expression for the
two photon absorption cross section Photo acoustic spectroscopy Experimental
methodology and applications to Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Medicine.
Books for Study
1. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Joseph R.Lakowicz - Plenum Press, 1983.
2. Laser Crystals, A.A. Kaminskii, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1981.
3. Laser and Excited states of Rare Earths, R. Reisfeld and C.K. Jorgnesen, SpringerVerlag, New York, 1977.
4. Optical Properties of Transparent Rare Earth compounds, S. Hufner, Acad. Press, 1978.
5. High Resolution Spectroscopy, J.M. Hollas.
6. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Pub.
1983.
7. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, CBS Pub. 2001.
8. Opto Acoustic Spectroscopy and Detection, Yoh-Han Pao, Academic Press, 1977.
Reference Books
1. Laser Spectroscopy - Basic Concepts and Instrumentation, 3rd Edition, Demtrder,
Wolfgang Springer Verlag, 2003.
2. Photoacoustics and its Applications, C. Roseneweig.
3. Introduction to Non-linear Spectroscopy, M.D. Levenson.

PHY 402(b) - COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS AND DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING
UNIT-I : ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS (15 Hrs)
Amplitude Modulation: Principles of amplitude modulation, AM modulator circuits, AM
transmitter, Trapezoidal Patterns, AM Super Heterodyne receiver, Net receiver gain, AM
detector-Peak detector, Single Side Band (SSB) communication systems - SSB systems,
Comparison of SSB to conventional AM,
SSB generation-Balanced Ring Modulator,
Amplitude Comparision of SSB to conventional AM,SSB generation Balance ring modulator.
Angle modulation, Principles of frequency modulation, FM Modulator- Varactor diode
modulator, FM transmitter, FM receiver, FM Demodulator-Balanced slope detector.
UNIT-II: DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (15 Hrs)
Shannon limit for Information capacity, Digital Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Shift
Keying(FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), M-ary encoding, Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation(QAM), Bandwidth Efficiency, Carrier recovery, Differential Phase Shift Keying
(DPSK). Pulse Modulation: Different methods, Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): PCM

transmission system, Sampling circuit, Sample rate, Folded Binary Code, Dynamic
range,Delta Modulation PCM, Adaptive Delta Modulation PCM. Pulse transmission.
UNIT-III: DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS AND LINEAR SYSTEMS (15 Hrs)
Introduction, Advantage, Limitations and Applications of DSP , Signal Classification; Signal
representation- graphical, functional, tabular and sequence; Standard Discrete-time
Signals-Unit sample, Unit step, Unit ramp and exponential sequences. Classification
energy and power, periodic and aperiodic, symmetric and anti symmetric, causal and
non causal and non-causal signals; Discrete Time System-classification-Static and
dynamic, time-variant and time-invariant, causal and non causal, liner and non-liner
system; Impulse response and convolution sum, Correlation of two sequence-cross and
auto correlation, Properties, computation, correlation of power and periodic signals;
Impulse and step responses of discrete-time system; Sampling theorem, Aliasing and antialiasing, Quantization, Signal reconstruction.
UNIT-IV: REALIZATION AND DESIGN OF DIGITAL FILTERS: (15 Hrs)
Direct-From I realization, direct-From II realization, Cascade from, parallel form Structure;
IIR Filters- Frequency Selective filters; Design of digital filters from analog filters-digital vs
analog filters, advantages and disadvantages of digital filters; Analaog low-pass
Butterworth filter design, Design of IIR filter using Bi-linear Transformation (BLT) FIR
Filters-Linear Phase FIR Filter, The Fourier Series methods of designing the FIR filter;
Design of FIR filters using Windows-Rectangular window, Humming window and Kaiser
Window.
BOOKS FOR STUDY
1.Electronic Communication Systems, Fundamentals through advanced, Wayne Tomasi,
Pearson Edn, 2003,India
2. Digital Signal processing- P.Ramesh Babu,Sci Tech Publication India 2004.
3.DSP , Principles,Algorithms and applications, John G- Proakis and Dimitris , G .Manolakis,
PHI of India, Delhi .
4. Communication Systems- Simon Haykin, John Wiley & sons, India.