Latin American and Caribbean Law and

Economics Association
From the SelectedWorks of Jose Luis Sardon

January 2010

El sistema electoral peruano

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El sistema electoral peruano |

El sistema electoral peruano

Jos Luis Sardn de Taboada1

I. Introduccin

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273
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| Jos Luis Sardn de Taboada

II. Derecho de sufragio y participacin electoral

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274
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

El sistema electoral peruano |

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&*'&+'<-=U()'J5
Nmero de electores en el Per contemporneo

GRFICO 1.

ELECCIONES GENERALES 2006

EVOLUCIN DE LA POBLACIN ELECTORAL
18,000,000

16,484,906
14,806,233
14,587,488

15,000,000

11,974,396
Electores

12,000,000

10,013,225
8,333,433

900,000
6,471,101
600,000
300,000
0
1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2001

2005

Fuente: Jurado Nacional de Elecciones 2008.

III. El sistema de eleccin del presidente de la Repblica

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275
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

| Jos Luis Sardn de Taboada

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TABLA 1.

Reglas fundamentales para la eleccin del presidente de la Repblica

Constitucin
de 1860

Constitucin
de 1920

Constitucin
de 1933

Constitucin
de 1979

Constitucin
de 1993

Duracin mandato

4 aos

5 aos

6 aos

5 aos

5 aos

Primera vuelta

Pueblo

Pueblo

Pueblo

Pueblo

Pueblo

Votacin mnima

Ms de
un tercio
de votos
vlidos

Ms de
un tercio
de votos
vlidos

Ms de
un tercio
de votos
vlidos

Ms de la
mitad de
los votos
vlidamente
emitidos

Ms de la
mitad de
los votos
vlidos

Segunda vuelta

Congreso

Congreso

Congreso

Pueblo

Pueblo

Elaboracin: propia.

276
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

El sistema electoral peruano |

IV. El sistema de eleccin del Congreso de la Repblica

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(#?*'&*'&+'>)*<-&$)'1&'JKfXhJKX]5'

277
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

| Jos Luis Sardn de Taboada

!*'-&$.3&*B'+,$'&%,/,$'/-#*(#/,+&$'&*'&+'$#$%&3,'1&'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'.%#+#0,1)'/,-,'&+&<#-',+'
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TABLA 2.

Etapas del sistema de representacin peruano

Primera etapa:
1860-1931

Segunda etapa:
1931-1963

Tercera etapa:
1963-presente

Distritos electorales
para elegir a los
congresistas

Provincias
(diputados);
departamentos
(senadores)

Departamentos
(diputados y
senadores

Departamentos
distrito nacional
nico

Criterio predominante
de asignacin de
asientos

Mayoritario

Lista incompleta

Proporcional

Elaboracin: propia.

V. El sistema electoral subnacional

!+' $#$%&3,' &+&(%)-,+' $.E*,(#)*,+' /&-.,*)B' .%#+#0,1)' /,-,' &+&<#-' ,' +,$' ,.%)-#1,1&$' 1&' +)$'
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1#(%,1,'/)-'+,'@.*%,'A#+#%,-'1&'n)E#&-*)'&*'JKX]5'c,'1.-,(#?*'1&+'3,*1,%)'1&'+,$',.%)-#1,1&$'
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278
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

El sistema electoral peruano |

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a%,E+,'Qb5
TABLA 3.

Caractersticas del sistema electoral subnacional

Reglas fundamentales

1.
2.

No hay separacin de poderes se elige con un solo voto al rgano ejecutivo y al rgano
normativo o de control.
El criterio de asignacin de asientos es principalmente mayoritario y complementariamente
proporcional.

Elaboracin: propia.

VI. El sistema electoral y el rgimen poltico

op.;'&9&(%)$'$)E-&'&+'-;<#3&*'/)+8%#()'/&-.,*)'D,'%&*#1)'&+'$#$%&3,'&+&(%)-,+',*%&$'1&$(-#%)q'
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$.E$#<.#&*%&5
c,' -&/-&$&*%,(#?*' /-)/)-(#)*,+' D,' E-#*1,1)' #*(&*%#4)$' /,-,' +,' 9-,<3&*%,(#?*' 1&' +)$'
/,-%#1)$'/)+8%#()$5'!*'$.'/-#3&-,',/+#(,(#?*B'/,-,'+,'&+&((#?*'1&+'>)*<-&$)'JKXQhJKXLB'9,(#+#%?'
+,' ++&<,1,' ,' &$%&' 1&' )(D)' /,-%#1)$5' I)$%&-#)-3&*%&B' ,' /,-%#-' 1&' +,' &+&((#?*' 1&' +,'N$,3E+&,'
>)*$%#%.G&*%&'JKZLhJKZKB'&+'*73&-)'/-)3&1#)'1&'/,-%#1)$'2.&'D,*'#*%&<-,1)'&+'>)*<-&$)'
/&-.,*)'D,'$#1)'1&'1#&0B'<&*&-,*1)'$#%.,(#)*&$'#*1&$&,E+&$'%,*%)'(.,*1)'&+'/-&$#1&*%&'1&'+,'
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I-&$#1&*%&$'()*'3,G)-8,'9.&-)*'N+,*'n,-(8,'&*'$.'/-#3&-'<)E#&-*)'aJKLfhJKKMb'G'N+E&-%)'
V.H#3)-#'&*'$.'$&<.*1)'aJKKfh]MMMb5'!*',3E)$'(,$)$B'+,')/)$#(#?*'*)'$)+)'&-,'3#*)-#%,-#,'
$#*)'%,3E#;*'3.G'9-,<3&*%,1,B'/)-'+)'2.&'$&'1#&-)*'$#%.,(#)*&$'1&'1&$E)-1&'1&'/)1&-5'
I-&$#1&*%&$' $#*' 3,G)-8,' 9.&-)*B' &*' $.' /-#3&-' <)E#&-*)B' %,*%)' V&-*,*1)' k&+,.*1&'
279
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

| Jos Luis Sardn de Taboada

aJKXQhJKXLb' ()3)'N+E&-%)' V.H#3)-#' aJKKMhJKK]b5' >)*' .*' >)*<-&$)' ()*%-)+,1)' /)-' .*,'
)/)$#(#?*'9-,<3&*%,1,B'&+'/,8$'$&'D.*1#?'&*'+,'#*<)E&-*,E#+#1,15
c)$' 7*#()$' I-&$#1&*%&$' $#*' 3,G)-8,' 2.&' D,*' +)<-,1)' (.+3#*,-' $.' 3,*1,%)' $#*' 2.&'
D.E#&-,'<)+/&'1&'!$%,1)'9.&-)*'V&-*,*1)'k&+,.*1&'&*'$.'$&<.*1)'<)E#&-*)'aJKLMhJKLfb11
G' N+&H,*1-)' S)+&1)' a]MMJh]MMXb5' !*' ,3E)$' (,$)$B' +&$' ,G.1?' &+' -&(.&-1)' 1&+' -;<#3&*'
,.%)-#%,-#)' #*3&1#,%,3&*%&' /-&4#)5' \#*' &3E,-<)B' ,.*2.&' (.+3#*,-)*' $.$' 3,*1,%)$B'
$.$' *#4&+&$' 1&' ,/-)E,(#?*' &-,*' %,*' E,H)$' 2.&' ()3/-)3&%8,*' +,' ()*%#*.#1,1' 1&+' /-)(&$)'
1&3)(-=%#()5
c,' $#%.,(#?*' /)+8%#(,' ,(%.,+' 1&+' I&-7' &$' /&(.+#,-5' N+,*' n,-(8,' <,*?' +,' I-&$#1&*(#,' 1&' +,'
T&/7E+#(,'&*'$&<.*1,'4.&+%,B'G'/)-'.*'3,-<&*'1&'3&*)$'1&'fi'1&'+)$'4)%)$'4=+#1)$5'!*'
/-#3&-,' 4.&+%,B' -&$.+%?' <,*,1)-' g++,*%,' W.3,+,B' 2.#&*' D,E8,' #--.3/#1)' &*' +,' /)+8%#(,'
/&-.,*,'$&#$'3&$&$',*%&$B'G'()*'.*'3&*$,H&',*%#$#$%&3,'-,1#(,+B'1&'()-%&',.%)-#%,-#)5'!+'(.,$#'
%-#.*9)'1&'W.3,+,'9.&'9,(#+#%,1)'/)-'+,'9-,<3&*%,(#?*'1&+'$#$%&3,'1&'/,-%#1)$B'/.&$%)'2.&'
++&<,-)*','D,E&-'4&#*%&'(,*1#1,%.-,$'/-&$#1&*(#,+&$5
c,' 9-,<3&*%,(#?*' 1&+' $#$%&3,' 1&' /,-%#1)$B' -&$/&(%)' 1&' +,' &+&((#?*' /,-+,3&*%,-#,B' 9.&' ,7*'
3,G)-B' G,' 2.&' $&' ++&<?' ,' %&*&-' ]f' ,<-./,(#)*&$' /)+8%#(,$' /,-%#(#/,*%&$5' \#*' &3E,-<)B' ,+'
>)*<-&$)'++&<,-)*'$)+)'$#&%&B'<-,(#,$','+,'-&<+,'1&'+,'valla electoral5'!*'%)1)'(,$)B'&+'/-&$#1&*%&'
N+,*'n,-(8,'&$%='3.G'+&H)$'1&'%&*&-'3,G)-8,B'/.&$%)'2.&'&+'NITN')(./,'$)+)'&+'QMi'1&'+)$'
,$#&*%)$'1&+'>)*<-&$)5'!+'/,8$'D,',+(,*0,1)'.*,'9?-3.+,'1&'-&+,%#4,'<)E&-*,E#+#1,1'<-,(#,$'
,+')U(#)'/)+8%#()'1&'&$%&'/,-%#1)5
!*' -&$.3&*B' /.&1&' ,U-3,-$&' 2.&' +,' -&/-&$&*%,(#?*' /-)/)-(#)*,+' D,' 1#U(.+%,1)' +,'
()*$)+#1,(#?*'1&+'/-)(&$)'1&3)(-=%#()'/&-.,*)5'!*'&+'(.,1-)']'$&'/.&1&'4&-'+,'&4)+.(#?*'
1&+'*73&-)'1&'(,*1#1,%.-,$'/-&$#1&*(#,+&$','/,-%#-'1&'JKLM5
Candidaturas presidenciales 1980-2006

GRFICO 2.
21

20

18
15

14

15
12
9
9
6

3
0
1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2001

2006

Fuente: Jurado Nacional de Elecciones (2007).

11'

k&+,.*1&'%&*8,'3,G)-8,'&*'+,'>=3,-,'1&'O#/.%,1)$F'$)+)'(,-&(8,'1&'&++,'&*'&+'\&*,1)5

280
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

El sistema electoral peruano |

VII. Representacin difusa

A=$',++='1&'$.'&9&(%)'$)E-&'&+'$#$%&3,'1&'/,-%#1)$B'+,'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'/-)/)-(#)*,+'D,'%&*#1)'
.*'$&<.*1)'&9&(%)B',(,$)'3=$'<-,4&'%)1,48,B'$)E-&'&+'$#$%&3,'/)+8%#()'/&-.,*)R'D,'&$%,E+&(#1)'
.*'48*(.+)'1&'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'1;E#+'&*%-&'()*<-&$#$%,$'G'(#.1,1,*)$5'!++)'$&'D,'%-,1.(#1)'&*'
2.&B','/,-%#-'1&'+,'N$,3E+&,'>)*$%#%.G&*%&'JKZLhJKZKB'+,'%,$,'1&'-&&+&((#?*'/-)3&1#)'1&'+)$'
()*<-&$#$%,$'&*'&+'I&-7'$&,'1&',/&*,$']fi5'>)*%#*.,3&*%&B'&+'&+&(%)-'/&-.,*)'-&/.1#,'+,'
<&$%#?*'1&'+)$'()*<-&$#$%,$5
!+',(%.,+'>)*<-&$)'-&/-&$&*%,'.*'(,$)'&"%-&3)B'$)+)'$./&-,1)'/)-'&+'>)*<-&$)'>)*$%#%.G&*%&'
O&3)(-=%#()' JKKQhJKKfB' &*' %;-3#*)$' 1&' ,3,%&.-#$3)5' !*' &9&(%)B' LZi' 1&' +)$' ,(%.,+&$'
()*<-&$#$%,$'*)'&$%.4#&-)*'/-&$&*%&$'&*'&+'>)*<-&$)']MMJh]MMX5'\)+)'JQi'1&'+)$',*%&-#)-&$'
()*<-&$#$%,$'+)<-,-)*'$&-'-&&+&<#1)$B'1&+'eei'2.&'/)$%.+?','+,'-&&+&((#?*5'!$%&',3,%&.-#$3)B'
$#*' &3E,-<)B' &$' 3,%#0,1)' /)-' &+' -&%)-*)' 1&' ,+<.*)$' /)()$' &"' ()*<-&$#$%,$' 1&' 1;(,1,$'
/,$,1,$5
!+'$#$%&3,'1&'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'1#U(.+%,'+,'-&*1#(#?*'1&'(.&*%,$'/)-'/,-%&'1&'+)$'()*<-&$#$%,$'
D,(#,'$.$'E,$&$'&+&(%)-,+&$5'\#'$&'()*$#1&-,'2.&'&+'1&/,-%,3&*%)'1&'c#3,'%#&*&')(D)'3#++)*&$'
1&'D,E#%,*%&$B'G'$&',:,1&'2.&'&+'3,*1,%)'()*<-&$,+'&$'1&'(#*()',:)$B'-&$.+%,'2.&'+,'-&*1#(#?*'
1&' (.&*%,$' &$' eM' 4&(&$' 3=$' ()$%)$,' 2.&' &*' +)$' !$%,1)$' C*#1)$B' 1)*1&' +)$' ()*<-&$#$%,$'
-&/-&$&*%,*' 1#$%-#%)$' &+&(%)-,+&$' 1&' 3&1#)' 3#++?*' 1&' D,E#%,*%&$B' G' $.' 3,*1,%)' &$' 1&' $)+)'
1)$',:)$5
I)-'(#&-%)B'+,'&+&((#?*'/)-'+#$%,$'D,'E.$(,1)'$&-',%&*.,1,'/)-'&+'++,3,1)'voto preferencial.
C%#+#0,1)' /)-' /-#3&-,' 4&0' /,-,' +,' &+&((#?*' 1&' +,' N$,3E+&,' >)*$%#%.G&*%&' JKZLhJKZKB' &+'
4)%)' /-&9&-&*(#,+' 2.&1?' UH,1)' &*' &+' $#$%&3,' &+&(%)-,+' /&-.,*)' ,' /,-%#-' 1&' +,' &+&((#?*'
1&+' >)*<-&$)' JKLfhJKKM5' !$%&' #3/+#(,' 2.&B' +.&<)' 1&' 3,-(,-' &+' $83E)+)' 1&' +,' +#$%,' 1&' $.'
/-&9&-&*(#,B'&+'&+&(%)-'/.&1&'#*1#(,-'D,$%,'1)$'*73&-)$'1&'+)$'(,*1#1,%)$'1&*%-)'1&'&$,'
+#$%,5
N+' -&,+#0,-$&' &+' (?3/.%)' 1&' +)$' 4)%)$' /,-,' &+' >)*<-&$)B' $&' %#&*&*B' /)-' %,*%)B' 1)$' &%,/,$'
1#9&-&*%&$R'.*,'/-#3&-,B'&*'+,'2.&'$&'1#$%-#E.G&*'+)$',$#&*%)$'&*%-&'+,$'1#9&-&*%&$'+#$%,$'&*'
/-)/)-(#?*','$.'4)%,(#?*F'.*,'$&<.*1,B'&*'+,'2.&'$&',$#<*,*'+)$',$#&*%)$'&*%-&'+)$'(,*1#1,%)$'
1&'(,1,'+#$%,B'$&<7*'&+')-1&*'&$%,E+&(#1)'/)-'&+'*73&-)'1&'4)%)$'/-&9&-&*(#,+&$')E%&*#1)$'
/)-'(,1,'.*)'1&'+)$'(,*1#1,%)$5'
!*' +,' %,E+,' e' $&' /-&$&*%,' &+' /)-(&*%,H&' 1&' ()*<-&$#$%,$' -&&+&<#1)$' /,-,' &+' >)*<-&$)'
#*3&1#,%,3&*%&'$#<.#&*%&5
Congresistas reelegidos 1978-2006

TABLA 4.
Asamblea
Congreso
Constituyente
1980-1985
1978-1979

38%

22%

Congreso
1985-1990

19%

Congreso
Congreso Constituyente Congreso
1990-1992 Democrtico 1995-2000
1993-1995

5%

45%

Fuente: Tuesta Soldevilla 1994.

Elaboracin: propia.

281
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

28%

Congreso
2000-2001

Congreso
2001-2006

30%

13%

| Jos Luis Sardn de Taboada

VIII. Desinstitucionalizacin y transfuguismo parlamentarios

!+' /,*)-,3,' 1&' +,' 1&$#*$%#%.(#)*,+#0,(#?*' 1&' +,' /)+8%#(,' /&-.,*,' &$' ,7*' 3=$' <-,4&5' O&'
D&(D)B' *)' &$' $)+)' 2.&' /)()$' ()*<-&$#$%,$' $&,*' -&&+&<#1)$F' &$' 2.&' #*(+.$)' +)$' ()*<-&$#$%,$'
2.&' /)$%.+,*' ,' $&-+)' $)*' +)$' 3&*)$5' !*' +,$' 7+%#3,$' &+&((#)*&$' ()*<-&$,+&$B' $)+)' fQ' 1&' +)$'
J]M'()*<-&$#$%,$'2.&'#*%&<-,-)*'&+'>)*<-&$)']MMJh]MMX'd&$'1&(#-B'eeid'/)$%.+,-)*','$&-'
-&&+&<#1)$' /,-,' #*%&<-,-' &+' >)*<-&$)' ]MMXh]MJJ5' \&' 1#-8,' 2.&' +,' &"/&-#&*(#,' *)' +&$' -&$.+%?'
$.U(#&*%&3&*%&'<-,%,B','/&$,-'1&'+,$'()3&*%,1,$'E.&*,$'()*1#(#)*&$'1&'%-,E,H)'2.&'%&*1-8,*5'
>)3)'$&'#*1#(?',*%&$B'$)+)'JX'()*$#<.#&-)*'$.')EH&%#4)'d&$%)'&$B',/&*,$'&+'QMi'1&'+)$'/)()$'
2.&'/)$%.+,-)*','+,'-&&+&((#?*5
ND)-,' E#&*B' JJ' d&$' 1&(#-B' ]Jid' 1&' +)$' fQ' ()*<-&$#$%,$' ]MMJh]MMX' 2.&' /)$%.+,-)*' ,' +,'
-&&+&((#?*' +)' D#(#&-)*' /)-' .*,' ,<-./,(#?*' /)+8%#(,' 1#9&-&*%&' 1&' ,2.&++,' 2.&' +)$' ++&4?' ,+'
>)*<-&$)B'()*U<.-,*1)',$8'.*'*.&4)'&/#$)1#)'1&'ransfuguismo'/,-%#1,-#)5'>,E&'$.E-,G,-'
2.&' &$%)' 9.&' ,$8' *)' )E$%,*%&' +,' <-,*' (&*$.-,' $)(#,+' 2.&' &"#$%#?' D,(#,' &$%,' &$%-,%&<#,' 1&'
$./&-4#4&*(#,' /)+8%#(,' &*' &+' 3)3&*%)' 1&' +,' 1-,3=%#(,' (,81,' 1&+' <)E#&-*)' 1&+' /-&$#1&*%&'
N+E&-%)'V.H#3)-#B','U*,+&$'1&+',:)']MMM5
c,' $#%.,(#?*' 1&' /-&(,-#&1,1' #*$%#%.(#)*,+' &$' 3=$' <-,4&' %)1,48,' $#' $&' )E$&-4,' +)' )(.--#1)' ()*'
&+'%)%,+'1&']MZ'(,*1#1,%)$'1&'+,$'&+&((#)*&$'()*<-&$,+&$'1&+']MMJ'2.&'d$#&*1)')'*)'&+&<#1)$d'
4)+4#&-)*','/)$%.+,-'&*'+,$'&+&((#)*&$'()*<-&$,+&$'1&+']MMX5'O&'&$%)$B'fJi'#*(.--#&-)*'&*'+,'U<.-,'
1&'ransfuguismoB'G,'2.&'L]'/)$%.+,-)*'/)-'.*,',<-./,(#?*'/)+8%#(,'1#9&-&*%&B'1)$'/)-'.*'1#$%-#%)'
&+&(%)-,+'1#9&-&*%&'G']]'(,3E#,-)*'%,*%)'1&',<-./,(#?*'/)+8%#(,'()3)'1&'1#$%-#%)'&+&(%)-,+5

IX. La frmula subnacional

!+'$#$%&3,'&+&(%)-,+'1&$(&*%-,+#0,1)',*%&$'1&$(-#%)'-&/-&$&*%,'.*,'&$%-,%&<#,'1&'E7$2.&1,'
1&'<)E&-*,E#+#1,1'&*'&+'=3E#%)'$.E*,(#)*,+5'!*'&+'()*%&"%)'1&'+,'4)+,%#+#1,1'1&'+)$'/,-%#1)$'
/)+8%#()$'/&-.,*)$B'<&*&-,1,'/)-'&+'$#$%&3,'1&'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'/-)/)-(#)*,+'2.&'$&'.%#+#0,'
/,-,' &+&<#-' ,+' >)*<-&$)' 1&' +,' T&/7E+#(,B' &+' $#$%&3,' $.E*,(#)*,+' E.$(,' 2.&' D,G,' /&-9&(%,'
()#*(#1&*(#,'&*%-&'+)$'?-<,*)$'&H&(.%#4)'G'*)-3,%#4)'1&'%,+&$'<)E#&-*)$5'
\#*'&3E,-<)B'&$%&'$#$%&3,'D,'<&*&-,1)'.*,'()*(&*%-,(#?*'1&'/)1&-'&*'+,'U<.-,'1&+',+(,+1&')'
1&+'/-&$#1&*%&'-&<#)*,+B'G,'2.&'&$%)$'(.&*%,*'*&(&$,-#,3&*%&'()*'&+'-&$/,+1)'1&'+,'3,G)-8,'
1&'+)$'#*%&<-,*%&$'1&+'?-<,*)'*)-3,%#4)'G'1&'()*%-)+B'#*(+.$#4&'$#'2.#&*')E%#&*&'+,',+(,+18,'
)'+,'/-&$#1&*(#,'-&<#)*,+'+)'D,(&'/)-'.*,'3,G)-8,'$#3/+&5'O&'D&(D)B'%)1)$'+)$'/-&$#1&*%&$'
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]MM]B'>#-#+)'T)E+&$'9.&'&+&<#1)',+(,+1&'1&'&$%,'(#.1,1'/)-'.*,'4)%,(#?*'3&*)-',']Mi'1&'+)$'4)%)$'
4=+#1)$5'\#*'&3E,-<)B'*)'$)+)')E%.4)'+,',+(,+18,'$#*)'%,3E#;*'+,'3#%,1'3=$'.*)'1&'+)$',$#&*%)$'
1&+'()*(&H)'3.*#(#/,+B'&3/-&*1#&*1)'+.&<)'.*,'3.G'1#$(.%#1,'<&$%#?*5'N*%&$'1&'(.3/+#-'+)$'
1)$',:)$'&*'&+'(,-<)B'T)E+&$'9.&'3,$,(-,1)'/)-'.*,'%.-E,'1&')/)$#%)-&$'&*,-1&(#1)$5
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$.E*,(#)*,+5'c)$'(#.1,1,*)$'1&'/-=(%#(,3&*%&'%)1)$'+)$'1&/,-%,3&*%)$'d+,'7*#(,'&"(&/(#?*'
9.&'+,'1&'N-&2.#/,d'1r&-)*'*)','+,'()*$%#%.(#?*'1&'-&<#)*&$5'!*'-,0?*'1&'1#(D)'-&$.+%,1)B'
282
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

El sistema electoral peruano |

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+,' I-)/#&1,1' _*%&+&(%.,+' a_PO!>gI_b512' c,$' 3.*#(#/,+#1,1&$' ,/,-&(&*' &*' &$%)$' #*9)-3&$'
()3)'#3/)-%,*%&$'&*&3#<,$'1&'+,'#*4&-$#?*'/-#4,1,B','%-,4;$'1&+'&$%,E+&(#3#&*%)'1&'()E-)$'
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1&+'$#$%&3,'1&'/,-%#1)$','*#4&+'*,(#)*,+d'D,'%&-3#*,1)'(-&,*1)')%-)'%#/)'1&'/-)E+&3,$B'1&'
9,+%,'1&'()*%-)+'1&*%-)'1&'+)$'/-)/#)$'<)E#&-*)$'+)(,+&$'G'-&<#)*,+&$5
TABLA 5.

Presidentes regionales y porcentaje de votos con los que fueron electos en el 2006

Departamento

Presidentes regionales electos

% votos
vlidos

% diferencia
con el 2do
puesto

Puno

Pablo Fuentes (Avanza Pas - Partido de Integracin Social)

18.8

0.4

Lima

Nelson Chui (Concertacin para el Desarrollo Regional Lima)

20.3

0.0

Piura

Csar Trelles (APRA)

24.7

2.5

Ayacucho

Isaac Molina (Frente Independiente Innovacin Regional)

25.2

6.2

Pasco

Flix Serrano (Movimiento Nueva Izquierda)

25.5

5.2

Junn

Vladimiro Huaroc (CONREDES)

25.8

8.1

Huancavelica

Federico Salas (PICO)

26.6

1.2

Amazonas

Oscar Altamirano (Fuerza Democrtica)

26.8

6.1

Moquegua

Jaime Rodrguez (Movimiento Independiente Nuestro Ilo-Moquegua)

26.9

0.5

Hunuco

Jorge Espinoza (Frente Amplio Regional)

27.0

9.1

Apurmac

David Salazar (Frente Popular Llapanchik)

27.0

4.2

Ancash

Csar lvarez (Movimiento Independiente Regional Cuenta Conmigo)

28.3

10.8

Cajamarca

Jess Coronel (Fuerza Social)

29.2

11.8

Ica

Rmulo Triveo (PRI)

32.1

10.1

Cusco

Hugo Gonzles (Unin Por el Per)

32.6

5.1

Tacna

Hugo Ordoez (Alianza por Tacna)

32.7

13.1

Tumbes

Wilmer Dio (Movimiento Independiente Regional Faena)

32.8

1.3

Madre de Dios

Santos Kaway (Movimiento Independiente Obras Siempre Obras)

33.5

18.1

Ucayali

Jorge Portocarrero (Integrando Ucayali)

34.1

3.5

Arequipa

Juan Guilln (Arequipa, tradicin y futuro)

34.9

14.7

Lambayeque

Yehude Simn (Partido Movimiento Humanista Peruano)

39.6

20.9

Loreto

Yvan Vsquez (fuerza Loretana)

42.0

17.1

San Martn

Csar Villanueva (Nueva Amazona)

44.5

21.8

La Libertad

Jos Murgia (APRA)

48.0

34.1

Callao

Alexander Kouri (Chimpun Callao)

49.6

16.3

Fuente: Tanaka y Vera 2007.

12'

_*%&-*,%#)*,+' V#*,*(&' >)-/)-,%#)*' a]MMX' G' ]MMZb' G' O&9&*$)-8,' 1&+' I.&E+)' a]MMLb5' `;,$&' %,3E#;*'
+,$' -&$)+.(#)*&$' G' &+' 8*1#(&' 1&' E,--&-,$' E.-)(-=%#(,$' 1&' +,' >)3#$#?*' 1&' !+#3#*,(#?*' 1&' k,--&-,$'
k.-)(-=%#(,$'d,*%&$'1&+']MMLB'>)3#$#?*'1&'N((&$)',+'A&-(,1)d'1&+'_*1&()/#5

283
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

| Jos Luis Sardn de Taboada

X. Conclusiones
c,',U-3,(#?*'1&'+,'1&3)(-,(#,'&*'&+'I&-7'*)'&*9-&*%,B'(#&-%,3&*%&B'.*'/-)E+&3,'1&'9,+%,'1&'
/,-%#(#/,(#?*'(#.1,1,*,'&*'+,$'&+&((#)*&$5'O&$1&'&+'-&%)-*)','+,'1&3)(-,(#,'&*'&+',:)'JKLMB'
+)$'/)-(&*%,H&$'1&',.$&*%#$3)'2.&'$&'D,*'%&*#1)'&*'+,$'&+&((#)*&$'/-&$#1&*(#,+&$',+(,*0,-)*'
$.'/.*%)'3=$',+%)'&*'+,$'1#$(.%#1,$'&+&((#)*&$'<&*&-,+&$'1&'JKKf5'\#*'&3E,-<)B'+,'%&*1&*(#,'
<&*&-,+B','+)'+,-<)'1&'&$%)$'(,$#'%-&#*%,',:)$B'D,'$#1)','#-'1#$3#*.G&*1)5'
!*'+,$'7+%#3,$'1)$'&+&((#)*&$B'1&+']MMJ'G']MMXB'&+',.$&*%#$3)'D,'$#1)B'1&'D&(D)B'*)%,E+&3&*%&'
E,H)'aJJi'G'J]ib5'N$8'+)'-&4&+,'&+'(.,1-)'Q5
Ausentismo en elecciones presidenciales 1980-2006

GRFICO 3.
30%

26.5%

25%

21.7%

20.9%

19.0%

20%

18.6%

20.5%
15%

17.2%

17.7%

10%

12.3%

11.3%
9.5%

5%

0%

1980

1985 1990 1ra 1990

E.
2da E.

1995 2000 1ra 2000 2001 1ra 2001 2006 1ra 2006
E.
2da E.
E.
2da E.
E.
2da E.

Fuente: Jurado Nacional de Elecciones 2008.

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+)$'7+%#3)$'ef',:)$B','/,-%#-'1&'+,'#*$%,+,(#?*'1&+'$#$%&3,'1&'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'/-)/)-(#)*,+B'
+,' 1&3)(-,(#,' D,' %&*#1)' 1)$' +,-<)$' /,-;*%&$#$R' .*)' 3.G' (+,-)B' ()*U<.-,1)' /)-' +)$' 1)(&'
,:)$' 1&+' <)E#&-*)' ,.%)-#%,-#)' 1&' +,$' V.&-0,$'N-3,1,$' aJKXLhJKLMbF' GB' )%-)' 3=$' 1#$(.%#1)B'
1&'+)$'1#&0',:)$'1&+'<)E#&-*)'1&+'/-&$#1&*%&'N+E&-%)'V.H#3)-#'aJKKMh]MMMb5'\.3,1)$B'&$%)$'
/,-;*%&$#$'()*$%#%.G&*'/-=(%#(,3&*%&'+,'3#%,1'1&'&$%&'/&-8)1)5
c,' -,80' 1&' &$%)$' &"%&*1#1)$' /,-;*%&$#$' D,' &$%,1)' &*' +,' 9,+%,' 1&' ()*$)+#1,(#?*' 1&+' $#$%&3,'
1&' /,-%#1)$' 1&+' I&-75' >)3)' $&' D,' $&:,+,1)' ,*%&-#)-3&*%&B' &"#$%&' .*' $&-#)' /-)E+&3,' 1&'
#*$%#%.(#)*,+#0,(#?*' &*' &$)$' /,-%#1)$B' 2.&' /&-$#$%&' &*' 3)3&*%)$' &*' 2.&' $&' &$(-#E&*' &$%,$'
+8*&,$5'>)3)'G,'$&'#*1#(?B'&*'+,$'7+%#3,$'&+&((#)*&$'/-&$#1&*(#,+&$'1&+']MMXB'+,'(,*1#1,%.-,'
1&'W.3,+,B'<&$%,1,',/&*,$'$&#$'3&$&$',*%&$'1&'+,$'&+&((#)*&$B'&$%.4)','/.*%)'1&')E%&*&-'+,'
4#(%)-#,5'!*'&+']MJJ'$&'/)1-8,'-&/&%#-'.*'&$(&*,-#)'$#3#+,-B'1,1)'2.&'$&'3,*%#&*&'&+'$#$%&3,'
1&'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'/-)/)-(#)*,+5
284
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

El sistema electoral peruano |

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2.&' #*1.0(,*' +,' ()*$)+#1,(#?*' 1&' <-,*1&$' G' /)(,$' ,<-./,(#)*&$' /)+8%#(,$5' !$%)' &$'
&$/&(#,+3&*%&'#3/)-%,*%&'&*'&+'()*%&"%)'1&'.*'$#$%&3,'1&'<)E#&-*)'/-&$#1&*(#,+B'()3)'
&+' 2.&' &+' I&-7' &$E)0,' &*' $.$' 1)(.3&*%)$' ()*$%#%.(#)*,+&$' 1&$1&' &+' #*#(#)' 1&' $.' 4#1,'
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>,$%,:&1,' @#3;*&0B' A,*.&+' a&15bB' Dispositivos de carcter constitucional: textos
actualizados de legislacin peruana5'S)3)'_B'4)+5'J5'c#3,R'S&"%)$'c&<,+&$B'$s95'
O&9&*$)-8,'1&+'I.&E+)B'Uso o abuso de la autonoma municipal? El desafo del desarrollo
local5'c#3,R'O&9&*$)-8,'1&+'I.&E+)B']MML5
W,3#+%)*B'N+&",*1&-F'@,3&$'A,1#$)*'G'@)D*'@,GB'The Federalist Papers5'P.&4,'t)-uR'
I&*<.#*B'JKXJ'YJZKJ[5
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!()*)3#('>D,*<&x5'A#3&)5'__!\B']MMZ5
@.-,1)' P,(#)*,+' 1&' !+&((#)*&$B' Estadstica electoral5' c#3,R' @.-,1)' P,(#)*,+' 1&'
!+&((#)*&$B']MML5
\,-1?*B' @)$;' c.#$B' La Constitucin incompleta: reforma institucional para la estabilidad
democrtica5'c#3,R'N/)G)B'JKKK5
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285
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas

| Jos Luis Sardn de Taboada

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286
El Estado en debate: mltiples miradas