Answers

Below are the answers to odd-numbered Section Exercises

and all the Chapter Review and Chapter Test problems.

(c) A1: 34%; B1: 9%; O1: 38%; AB1: 3%; O2: 7%;
A2: 6%; B2: 2%; AB2: 1%

0.1 EXERCISES

0.2 EXERCISES

1.
7.
9.
15.
21.
23.
27.
29.
31.
33.
37.
39.
43.
45.
47.

1. (a) irrational
(b) rational, integer
(c) rational, integer, natural (d) meaningless
3. (a) Commutative
(b) Distributive
5. (a) Multiplicative identity
(b) Additive inverse
7. , 9. ,
11. , 13. .
15. 11 17. 4 19. 2 21. 24
23. 3 25. 17
3
11
27. entire line 29. (1, 3]; half open
31. (2, 10); open
33. 23 # x , 5
35. x . 4
37. (23, 4)

[
3. o
5. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
{x: x is a natural number greater than 2 and less than 8}
, A, B
11. no
13. D # C
A # B or B # A
17. yes
19. no
A and B, B and D, C and D
A B 5 {4, 6}
25. A d B 5 [
A B 5 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A B 5 {1, 2, 3, 4} 5 B
A9 5 {4, 6, 9, 10}
A B 5 {1, 2, 5, 7} 35. (A B) 5 {6, 9}
A B 5 {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10}
{1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
41. {4, 6, 8, 10}
A 2 B 5 {1, 7}
A 2 B 5 or { }
(a) L 5 {00, 01, 04, 05, 06, 07}
H 5 {00, 01, 06, 07, 08}
C 5 {01, 02, 03, 08, 09}
(b) no
(c) C9 is the set of years when the percent change from
low to high was 35% or less.
(d) {00, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 09} 5 the set of years
when the high was 11,000 or less or the percent
change was 35% or less.
(e) {02, 03, 08, 09} 5 the set of years when the low was
8000 or less and the percent change exceeded 35%.
49. (a) 130
(b) 840
(c) 520
(a) 40
51.
U
(b) 85
(c) 25
E
F
25

40

20
15

53.

17
12
25

(a) 25
(b) 43
(c) 53

Math
6

32

Fine
Arts

4
Economics

55. (a) and (b)

A AB
B
AB+
A+
B+

O+

U
O

39. (4, 1`)

41. [21, 1`)

43. 1 2`, 0 2 h 1 7, 1` 2
45.
47.
51.
53.

4
1

3
2

5
2

6 7 8

20.000038585
9122.387471
49. 3240.184509
(a) $1088.91
(b) $258.62
(c) $627.20
(a) Formula (2) is slightly more accurate, giving
15.762%.
(b) (1): 17.665%; (2): 28.983%
55. (a) 82,401 # I # 171,850; 171,851 # I # 373,650;
I . 373,650
(b) T 5 $4681.25 for I 5 $34,000
T 5 $16,781.25 for I 5 $82,400
(c) [4681.25, 16,781.25]
0.3 EXERCISES
256
3. 264
5. 19
7. 294
68
11. 101
13. 90 5 1
15. 39
3 2
9
6
2
122 5 4
19. 1%x
21. x%y
23. x7
22
2
4
12
x 5 1%x 27. x
29. y
31. x12
2 2
20
8
4
xy
35. 16%x
37. x %(16y )
216a2%b2
41. 2%(xy2)
43. 1%(x9y6)
18 12
6
(a c )%b
(a) 1%(2x4) (b) 1%(16x4)
(c) 1%x4
(d) 8
21
3
x
51. 8x
53. 14x22
218x3
57. 2.0736
59. 0.1316872428
S 5 $2114.81; I 5 $914.81
S 5 $9607.70; I 5 $4607.70
$7806.24
(a) 5, 15, 22
(b) $3421.6, $6070.0, $9066.9 billion
(c) $16,085 billion
(d) yes
69. (a) 456, 971, 1143
(b) 439

1.
9.
17.
25.
33.
39.
45.
47.
49.
55.
61.
63.
65.
67.

Rh+

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

A-2

ANSWERS

(c) Two possibilities might be more environmental

protections and the fact that there are only a limited
number of species.
(d) There are only a limited number of species. Also,
below some threshold level the ecological balance
might be lost, perhaps resulting in an environmental catastrophe (which the equation could not
predict). Upper limit 5 1883
71. (a) 10
(b) $1385.5 billion
(c) $2600.8 billion (d) $4304.3 billion
0.4 EXERCISES
1.
3.
7.
11.
17.
23.
29.
35.
41.
47.
53.
59.
65.
67.

(a) 163 < 5.33

(a) 8
(a) 4
m3%2
6 7
"
x
z19%4
1%y21%10
8x2
6x2y"x
4
2b"
by 1 3a2 2

(b)
(b)
(b)
13.
19.
25.
31.
37.
43.
49.
55.
61.

1.2
not real
1
4

(m2n5)1%4
4 5
21/ 1 4"
x 2
5%2
1%y
x1%2
8x2y2"2y
42x3y2"x
1%9
"mxyx
3x3%2

"6y3
223x22y3
1y 1 2"x 2
(a) 108.5 5 1017y2 5 "1017
(b) 109.0 5 1,000,000,000
r 5
69. (a) S 5 1000 a1 1
b

100
(b) $1173.26 (nearest cent)

5.
9.
15.
21.
27.
33.
39.
45.
51.
57.
63.

9
4

(6.12)4%9 < 2.237

2"x
y3%4
x
1%x
3
2x2y"
5x2y2
2xy5%3
7
3
"
mx2yx2
1 3"x 2 y2

(c) 102.1 125.9

100

71. (a) P 5 0.924"t13

(b) 2005 to 2010; 0.1074 billion vs. 0.0209 billion. By
2045 and 2050 the population will be much larger
than earlier in the 21st century, and there is a limited number of people that any land can support
in terms of both space and food.
73. 74 kg
75. 39,491
77. (a) 10
(b) 259
0.5 EXERCISES

1.
3.
5.
7.
13.
17.
21.
27.
31.
35.
39.

(a) 2
(b) 21
(c) 10 (d) one
(a) 5
(b) 214
(c) 0
(d) several
(a) 5
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) 25
212
9. 2296
11. 27
31
87.4654
15. 21pq 2 2p2
m2 2 7n2 2 3
19. 3q 1 12
x2 2 1
23. 35x5
25. 3rs
2ax4 1 a2x3 1 a2bx2 29. 6y2 2 y 2 12
12 2 30x2 1 12x4
33. 16x2 1 24x 1 9
2
0.01 2 16x
37. 36x2 2 9
1
4
2
x 2x 14
41. 0.1x2 2 1.995x 2 0.1

45. x8 1 3x6 2 10x4 1 5x3 1 25x

x3 2 8
2
(a) 9x 2 21x 1 13 (b) 5
3 1 m 1 2m2n
51. 8x3y2%3 1 5%(3y) 2 2x2%(3y)
3
2
x 1 3x 1 3x 1 1
55. 8x3 2 36x2 1 54x 2 27
2
x 2 2x 1 5 2 11%(x 1 2)
x2 1 3x 2 1 1 (24x 1 2)%(x2 1 1)
x 1 2x2
63. x 2 x1%2 2 2 65. x 2 9
2
4x 1 4x
69. 55x
(a) 49.95 1 0.49x
(b) $114.63
(a) 4000 2 x
(b) 0.10x
(c) 0.08(4000 2 x) (d) 0.10x 1 0.08(4000 2 x)
75. (15 2 2x)(10 2 2x)x

43.
47.
49.
53.
57.
59.
61.
67.
71.
73.

0.6 EXERCISES
1.
5.
9.
13.
17.
19.
21.
25.
29.
33.
37.
41.
43.
45.
47.
53.
57.
61.
63.
65.

3b(3a 2 4a2 1 6b)

3. 2x(2x 1 4y2 1 y3)
2
(7x 1 2)(x 2 2)
7. (6 1 y)(x 2 m)
(x 1 2)(x 1 6)
11. (x 2 16)(x 1 1)
(7x 1 4)(x 2 2)
15. (x 2 5)2
(7a 1 12b)(7a 2 12b)
(a) (3x 2 1)(3x 1 8)
(b) (9x 1 4)(x 1 2)
x(4x 21)
23. (x2 2 5)(x 1 4)
(x 2 3)(x 1 2)
27. 2(x 2 7)(x 1 3)
2x(x 2 2)2
31. (2x 2 3)(x 1 2)
3(x 1 4)(x 2 3)
35. 2x(x 1 2)(x 2 2)
(5x 1 2)(2x 1 3)
39. (5x 2 1)(2x 2 9)
(y2 1 4x2)(y 1 2x)(y 2 2x)
(x 1 2)2(x 2 2)2
(2x 1 1)(2x 2 1)(x 1 1)(x 2 1)
x11
49. 1 1 x
51. (x 1 1)3
3
2
(x 2 4)
55. (x 2 4)(x 1 4x 1 16)
(3 1 2x)(9 2 6x 1 4x2)
59. P(1 1 rt)
m(c 2 m)
(a) p(10,000 2 100p); x 5 10,000 2 100p
(b) 6200
(a) R 5 x(300 2 x) (b) 300 2 x

0.7 EXERCISES
1. 2y3%z
3. 13
7. 20x%y
9. 323
21x 1 12 1x 1 32
13.
1x 2 12 1x 2 32

17. 5y%(y 2 3)

5. (x 2 1)%(x 2 3)
11. 3x 1 9
15. 15bc2%2
19.

1
23.
x11
2x2 1 x 1 1
25.
27.
x11
79x 1 9
29.
31.
30 1 x 2 2 2
33. 1 7x 2 3x3 2 y"3 2 x2
21.

37. xy
1
"a
41.
5
a
"a

39.

2x 1 x 2 3 2 1 x 1 2 2
x13
4a 2 4
a1a 2 22
16a 1 15a2
12 1 x 1 2 2
9x 1 4
1x 2 22 1x 1 22 1x 1 12
35. 16
x11
x2
x22
43.
1 x 2 3 2 "x2 1 9

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Answers

(a) 212
(b) 25
36
2
2b 2 a
1 1 2 2"x 1 x 2 y 1 1 2 x 2
1y 1 "x 1 h 1 "x 2
(bc 1 ac 1 ab)%abc
0.1x2 1 55x 1 4000
55. (a)
x
2
(b) 0.1x 1 55x 1 4000
t2 1 9t
57.
1t 1 322
45.
47.
49.
51.
53.

CHAPTER 0 REVIEW EXERCISES

1.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
11.
14.
17.
19.

yes
2. no 3. no
{1, 2, 3, 4, 9}
5. {5, 6, 7, 8, 10}
{1, 2, 3, 4, 9}
yes, (A9 B9)9 5 {1, 3} 5 A B
(a) Commutative Property of Addition
(b) Associative Property of Multiplication
(c) Distributive Law
(a) irrational
(b) rational, integer
(c) meaningless
(a) .
(b) , (c) .
6
12. 142
13. 10
5%4
15. 9
16. 229
13%4
18. 210.62857888
(a) [0, 5], closed
2 1 0

2 3

75.
76.
78.
80.
82.

83.

10

85.
87.

(b) [23, 7), half-open

6 4 2

49.
51.
53.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
62.
64.
66.
68.
70.
72.
74.

R
5

20. (a) 21 , x , 16
(b) 212 # x # 8
(c) x , 21
21. (a) 1
(b) 222 5 1%4
(c) 46 (d) 7
22. (a) 1%x2
(b) x10
(c) x9 (d) 1%y8
(e) y6
23. 2x2y2%36
24. 9y8%(4x4)
25. y2%(4x4)
26. 2x8z4%y4
27. 3x%(y7z)
28. x5%(2y3)
29. (a) 4
(b) 2%7
(c) 1.1
30. (a) x1%2
(b) x2%3
(c) x21%4
3 2
31. (a) "x
(b) 1y"x 5 "xyx
(c) 2x"x
3 2
2
32. (a) 5y"2xy2
(b) "x yyx
33. x5%6
34. y
35. x17%4
36. x11%3
2%5
37. x
38. x2y8
2
39. 2xy "3xy
40. 25x3y4"2y
3
41. 6x2y4"
5x2y2
42. 8a2b4"2a
43. 2xy
44. 4x"3xyy 1 3y4 2
45. 2x 2 2
46. 2x2 2 x
3
47. 4x 1 xy 1 4y 2 4
48. 24x5y5

3x2 2 7x 1 4
50. 3x2 1 5x 2 2
2
4x 2 7x 2 2
52. 6x2 2 11x 2 7
2
4x 2 12x 1 9
54. 16x2 2 9
4
3
2
2x 1 2x 2 5x 1 x 2 3
8x3 2 12x2 1 6x 21
x3 2 y3
(2%y) 2 (3xy%2) 2 3x2
3x2 1 2x 2 3 1 (23x 1 7)%(x2 1 1)
x3 2 x2 1 2x 1 7 1 21%(x 2 3)
61. x2 2 x
3
2x 2 a
63. x (2x 2 1)
2(x2 1 1)2(1 1 x)(1 2 x)
65. (2x 2 1)2
2
(4 1 3x)(4 2 3x)
67. 2x (x 1 2)(x 2 2)
(x 2 7)(x 1 3)
69. (3x 1 2)(x 2 1)
(x 2 3)(x 2 2)
71. (x 2 12)(x 1 2)
(4x 1 3)(3x 2 8)
73. (2x 1 3)2(2x 2 3)2
2%3
x 11
2xy 1 2 2 3xy 2
x
(a)
(b)
1x 1 22
2x 2 3y
1x 1 32
x2 2 4
77.
1x 2 32
x1x 1 42
x2 1 3x 2 2 2
79. (6x2 1 9x 2 1)%(6x2)
1x 2 12 1x 1 22
4x 2 x2
x2 1 2x 1 2
81. 2
41x 2 22
x1x 2 122
x1x 2 42
1x 2 22 1x 1 12 1x 2 32
1x 2 123
12x
84.
11x
x2
3 1 "x 1 1 2
86. 2/ 1 "x 1 "x 2 4 2
(a)
U

(c) (24, 0), open

6 5 4 3 2 1

A-3

22

20
30
15
C

E
10
3
95

R: recognized
E: exercise
C: community involvement

(b) 10
(c) 100
52.55%
16
(a) $4115.27
(b) $66,788.69
(a) 939,577
(b) 753,969
(a) 1.1 inch, about quarter-sized
(b) 104 mph
1 0.0065 2 1 1.0065 2 n
93. (a) 10,000 c
d (b) $243.19 (for both)
1 1.0056 2 n 2 1
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.

3
3
(b) "
2.25 < 1.31
(a) S 5 k "A
2
26x 2 300 2 0.001x
1,450,000 2 3625x
(50 1 x)(12 2 0.5x)
12,000p
98. (a)
100 2 p
(b) $0. It costs nothing if no effort is made to remove
pollution.

94.
95.
96.
97.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

A-4

ANSWERS

(c) $588,000
(d) Undefined. Removing 100% would be impossible,
and the cost of getting close would be enormous.
56x 2 1 1200x 1 8000
99.
x
CHAPTER 0 TEST
1. (a)
(c)
2. 21
3. (a)
(e)

{3, 4, 6, 8}
{6} or {8}

(b) {3, 4}; {3, 6}; or {4, 6}

8
30

(c)
(g)

(b) 1
(f) 56

5
4. (a) "
x

(b)

1
x5
"5x
6. (a)
5
7. (a) 5
8. (22, 3]
5. (a)

1
2
2
3

(d) 210
(h) 23

"x3
x21
(b) 6
y
1 2 2"x 1 x
12x
(c) 25

(b) 2a2b2"6ab (c)

(b) 28

4 3 2 1 0 1

9. (a) 2x2(4x 2 1)
(b) (x 2 4)(x 2 6)
(d) 2x 3 1 1 1 4x 2 1 1 2 4x 2
(c) 1 3x 2 2 2 1 2x 2 3 2
10. (c); 22
2x 2 6
11. 2x 1 1 1 2
x 21
12. (a) 19y 2 45
(b) 26t6 1 9t9
(c) 4x3 2 21x2 1 13x 2 2
(d) 218x2 1 15x 2 2
x4
x7
(e) 4m2 2 28m 1 49 (f)
(g)
3x 1 9
81
62x
x2 2 4x 2 3
(h)
(i)
x28
x1x 2 32 1x 1 12
y2x
13.
y 1 xy 2
14. (a)
U
B
0
20
0

35
90

L
5
140

30
D

(b) 0
(c) 175
15. $4875.44 (nearest cent)
1.1 EXERCISES
1.
7.
13.
19.
23.

x 5 29y4
x 5 229y2
x 5 21y3
no solution
x < 21147.362

27. y 5 26x 1 223

3. x 5 0
5. x 5 232
9. x 5 25
11. x 5 17y13
15. x 5 3
17. x 5 5y4
21. x < 20.279
25. y 5 34x 2 154
S2P
29. t 5
Pr

31. x , 2
37. x , 23

33. x , 24

x
6

39. x , 26

0
x

41. x , 2
43.
45.
49.
51.
53.
55.
57.
59.

35. x # 21

0
x

145 months
$3356.50
47. 440 packs, or 220,000 CDs
$29,600
(a) 77.7% (b) t < 14.5, during 2015
96
$90,000 at 9%; $30,000 at 13%
$2160%month; 8% increase
x
x . 80
0

20

40

60

80

61. 695 1 5.75x # 900; 35 or fewer

63. (a) t 5 15
(b) t . 21.7
(c) in 2017
65. (a) 0.479 # h # 1; h 5 1 means 100% humidity
(b) 0 # h # 0.237
1.2 EXERCISES
1. (a) To each x-value there corresponds exactly one
y-value.
(b) domain: 5 27, 21, 0, 3, 4.2, 9, 11, 14, 18, 22 6
range: 5 0, 1, 5, 9, 11, 22, 35, 60 6
(c) f 1 0 2 5 1, f 1 11 2 5 35
3. yes; to each x-value there corresponds exactly one
y-value; domain 5 5 1, 2, 3, 8, 9 6 , range 5 5 24, 5, 16 6
5. The vertical-line test shows that graph (a) represents a
function of x, but graph (b) does not.
7. yes
9. no
11. (a) 210
(b) 6
(c) 234 (d) 2.8
13. (a) 23
(b) 1
(c) 13
(d) 6
15. (a) 2251 (b) 2128 (c) 22
(d) 24.25
17. (a) 63y8
(b) 6
(c) 26
19. (a) no, f 1 2 1 1 2 5 f 1 3 2 5 13 but f 1 2 2 1 f 1 1 2 5 10
(b) 1 1 x 1 h 1 x2 1 2xh 1 h2
(c) no, f 1 x 2 1 f 1 h 2 5 2 1 x 1 h 1 x2 1 h2
(d) no, f 1 x 2 1 h 5 1 1 x 1 x2 1 h
(e) 1 1 2x 1 h
21. (a) 22x2 2 4xh 2 2h2 1 x 1 h
(b) 24x 2 2h 1 1
23. (a) 10
(b) 6
25. (a) 1 1, 23 2 , yes (b) 1 3, 23 2 , yes
(c) b 5 a2 2 4a (d) x 5 0, x 5 4, yes
27. domain: all reals; range: reals y $ 4
29. domain: reals x $ 24; range: reals y $ 0
31. x $ 1, x 2 2
33. 27 # x # 7
3
35. (a) 3x 1 x3
(b) 3x 2 x3
(c) 3x4
(d) 2
x
37. (a) "2x 1 x2 (b) "2x 2 x2
"2x
(c) x2"2x
(d)
x2
3
39. (a) 28x
(b) 1 2 2 1 x 2 1 2 3
3
(c) 3 1 x 2 1 2 2 1 4 3
(d) 1 x 2 1 2 6

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.