MSLCWorkshopSeries

CalculusII
IntegrationTechniques

Youhaveseenseveralbasicintegrationformulas.Youwillneedtohavealloftheseformsmemorized,
sincetheywillformabasisforworkingwithalltheotherintegrationtechniques.

PropertiesofIntegrals:
kf (u )du k f (u )du

f (u ) g (u )du f (u )du g (u )du

f ( x) dx 0

f ave

f ( x)dx 2 f ( x) dx if f(x) is even

0

f (b )

f (a)

g ( f ( x)) f ( x)dx

n 1

u
u du n 1 C
du
u ln u C
u
u
e du e C
n

a du ln a a

1
f ( x) dx
b a a

f ( x) dx 0 if f(x) is odd

udv uv vdu

g (u )du

IntegrationRules:
du u C

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx

a

f ( x) dx f ( x) dx

sin u du cos u C
cos u du sin u C
sec u du tan u C
csc u cot u C
csc u cot u du csc u C
sec u tan u du sec u C
2

du
1
u
arctan C
2
u
a
a
du
u
a 2 u 2 arcsin a C
u
1
du
u u 2 a 2 a arc sec a C

Trig Formulas:
tan x

sin x
cos x

sec x

1
cos x

cos( x ) cos( x )

sin 2 ( x) cos 2 ( x) 1

cos 2 ( x) 12 1 cos(2 x) cot x

cos x
sin x

csc x

1
sin x

sin( x ) sin( x )

tan 2 ( x) 1 sec 2 ( x)

sin 2 ( x) 12 1 cos(2 x)

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Secondtechnique:USubstitution
Firsttechnique:AlgebraicManipulation
Letu=f(x)
MultiplybytheConjugate
du=f(x)dx
Factor
Changeeverythingintheintegralfrom
Rationalize
xstous,eventhedx
Other

AlgebraandUSub:Sohowdoyourecognizewhentodoeachofthesetechniques?Practice,Practice,
Practice!!Evaluatethefollowingintegrals.Allofthemcanbedonebyusingalgebraicmanipulations
andusubstitutions.

1.

4
x 2 9 dx

4.

x3
x 2 3 dx

2.

4x
x 2 9 dx

5.

1
dx
e x

3.

6.

4 x2
x 2 9 dx

x
dx
x3

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IntegrationbyParts:Thisistheanalogoftheproductruleforderivatives.Integrationbypartsisavery
powerfulmethod,andisusedextensivelyinmanyapplications.

FormulaforIBP:

udv uv vdu

Knowingwhichfunctiontocalluandwhichtocalldvtakessomepractice.Hereisageneralguide:

InverseTrigFunction ( sin 1 x, arccos x, etc )

LogarithmicFunctions ( log 3x, ln( x 1), etc )

AlgebraicFunctions
TrigFunctions

( x 3 , x 5,1/ x, etc )
( sin(5 x), tan( x), etc )

dv

ExponentialFunctions ( e3 x ,53 x , etc )

Functionsthatappearatthetopofthelistaremoreliketobeu,functionsatthebottomofthelistare
moreliketobedv.

1. ln xdx

2. 3 xe 2 x dx

3. tan 1 ( x)dx

4. x 3 ln x 4 dx

5. x 2 cos xdx

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TrigIntegrals:

Integralsinvolvingsin(x)andcos(x):

1.

2.

3.

Ifthepowerofthesineisoddandpositive:
Goal: u cos x
i. Savea du sin( x ) dx
ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto cos( x ) (using sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x .)

Ifthepowerofthecosineisoddandpositive:
Goal: u sin x
i. Savea du cos( x ) dx
ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto sin( x ) (using cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x .)

Ifboth sin( x ) and cos( x ) haveevenpowers:

Usethehalfangleidentities:
sin ( x )
2

i.

1
2

1 cos(2 x ) ii. cos

( x)

1
2

1 cos(2 x )

Integralsinvolvingsec(x)andtan(x):

1.

Ifthepowerof sec( x ) isevenandpositive:

Goal: u tan x
i. Savea du sec ( x ) dx
2

ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto tan( x ) (using sec x 1 tan x .)

Ifthepowerof tan( x ) isoddandpositive:

Goal: u sec( x )
i. Savea du sec( x ) tan( x ) dx
2

2.

3.

ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto sec( x ) (using sec x 1 tan x .)

Ifthereareno sec( x ) factorsandthepoweron tan( x ) isevenandpositive:

4.

Use sec x 1 tan x toconvertone tan ( x ) toa sec ( x ) .Repeatifnecessary.

Ifnothingelseworks,tryconvertingeverythingto sin( x ) and cos( x )

Rulesforsec(x)andtan(x)alsoworkforcsc(x)andcot(x)withappropriatenegativesigns.

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Integratethefollowingtrigintegrals:
1.

sin cos d

3.

3
sec 5 x tan 5x dx

5.

2.

4.

tan x sec x dx
2

sin 3 x
dx
cos x

cot( x)

csc( x) dx

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TrigonometricSubstitutionWelovetrigsomuchthatweputitintointegralsthatdidntevenhavetrig
tobeginwith!!

Weoftenusethiswhenwehavesquarerootsthatwecantworkwithusinganyothermethod.What
wesubstitutedependsontheformoftheintegrand:

Expression

Substitution

Simplification

a 2 u 2 a cos

a 2 u 2 a sec

u 2 a 2 a tan

a 2 u 2

u a sin ,

a 2 u 2

u a tan ,

u 2 a 2

u a sec , 0 ,

Afteryoumakethesubstitution,simplifyandintegrateusingtherulesfortrigintegrals.Besureto
substitutebackwhenyouarefinished(drawingatrianglemayhelp.)

1.

16 9 x 2 dx

w2 3
dw
w

2.

9 x2

dx

3.

4.

x3

4 x2

dx

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PartialFractionsWeareallfamiliarwiththeprocessofaddingfractions.Wemustfindacommon
denominatorandthenwejustaddthenumerators.Sometimes,whenweareintegrating,itwouldbe
helpfultobeabletounaddfractions.Thisiswherepartialfractionscomesin.Wewanttodetermine
which(simpler)fractionscouldbeaddedtogethertogetouroriginalfraction.

For a proper rational function in reduced form, suppose the repeated

linear factor ( x r )n appears in the denominator. Then, the partial
fraction decomposition contains the sum
A3
An
A2
A1

...
2
3
(x r) (x r) (x r)
( x r )n
where A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An are constants to be determined. (These constants
are often labeled A, B, C , D, etc.)
For a proper rational function in reduced form, suppose the repeated
irreducible quadratic factor (ax 2 bx c)n appears in the denominator.
Then, the partial fraction decomposition contains the sum
A3 x B3
An x Bn
A1 x B1
A2 x B2

...
2
2
2
2
3
(ax bx c) (ax bx c) (ax bx c)
(ax 2 bx c) n
where A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An and B1 , B2 , B3 ,..., Bn are constants to be determined.
(These constants are often labeled A, B, C , D, etc.)

Examples:

1. Findthegeneralformofthepartialfractiondecomposition.(Donotsolveforanycoefficients).

2. Evaluatetheintegral

x18 3 x 2 1

( x 2 3 x) 2 ( x 2 x 6)3 ( x 2 x 1) 2

x3 5 x 2 x 3
x 4 1 dx

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