Expansion loop calculation

Index
1 Expansion loop

Routine for the expansion loop calcu

2 Deduction

Deduction of the expansion loop equ

3 Table A-1.

Allowable stress for the material as fu

4 Lambda.

Coefficient of linear expansion of som

5 Elasticity module

Elasticity modules of materials at diff

6 Spiraxsarco.

Spiraxsarco Chart for expansion loo

7 Vitaulic.

Vitaulic equation for expansion loops

References

tine for the expansion loop calculation

uction of the expansion loop equation

wable stress for the material as functiuon of temperature

fficient of linear expansion of some of the most common materials.

ticity modules of materials at different temperatures

raxsarco Chart for expansion loops sizing

ulic equation for expansion loops sizing

Rev. cjc. 30.01.2014

Expansion loop
Steel pipe expansion loop with nominal diameter "dn" shedule "SCH" and length "Linst"
The given length "Linst" refers to an installation at a temperature "tinst".
The pipe will expand with respect to its length "Linst", due to the temperature rise t = tmax - tinst
The maximum temperature could be reached due to the pipe temperature and solar radiation,
or due to fluid flowing through it.
Similarly, the pipe will shrink due to low temperatures and clear sky nights.
Data
Material:
dn =
SCH =
Linst =

API 5L - Gr. X65

20
40

in

Elasticity module
Elasticity module of selected material

100

at operation temperature

tinst =

10

toperation =

174.2

Material type, to obtain "E"

Carbon steel C <= 0.3%

Allowable stress

E=

1.93E+11 Pa

Allowable stress of selected material

Auxiliary data

at operation temperature
allow =
177.2

Pipe dimensions (Note 1)

MPa

Linear expansion coefficient

Expansion coefficient of selected material

in

SCH =
di =

40

de =

Carbon Steel

1.29E-05

20

di =

at operation temperature

dn =

m/(m*K)

de =

Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch

#VALUE!

mm

Pipe_Imp_CS_Dext_dn

#VALUE!

mm

Note 1. The pipe dimensions are automatically calculated only for carbon steel materials. For other materials,
the interior and exterio diameter dimensions must be entered manually into the corresponding cells
Carbon steel expansion loop

Length "L" of expansion loop

Length "L" of expansion loop

0.378 * ( (3 * E * d * L) / (allow) )^0.5
L=
E=
d=
L =
allow =

L 0.378

3 E d f tot

a dm

1.93E+11 Pa
#VALUE!
m
0.211
m

L=

1.77E+08
#VALUE!

Pa
m

W=

#VALUE!

Expansion loop of PVC schedule 80

Length "L" of expansion loop

Length "L" of expansion loop

0.378 * ( (3 * E * d * DL) / (sadm) )^0.5
L=
E=
3.0E+09 Pa
d=
#VALUE!
m
L =
0.090
m
allow =
4.96E+07
Pa
L=
#VALUE!
m
W=

#VALUE!

psi
kPa

Tensile strength @ 23 C

7200

5.0E+04

psi
kPa

Carbon steel pipes

Carbon steel pipes

dn
in
1/ 2
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30

Sch
5
10
20
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
STD
XS
XXS

3 E d f tot

PVC
Modulus of elasticity @ 23 C
E=
4.3E+05
E=
3.0E+06

Annexes A, B y C
Do not delete these lines

L 0.378

Expansion (PVC)
DL =
L=
=
t =
L =

a dm

32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48

Rev. cjc. 06.04.2014

L/2

L/2

D
C

tmax - tinst

Esquema de la lira
Polar inertia moment
/4 *(re^4-ri^4)
I=
de =

#VALUE!

re =

#VALUE!

Pipe expansion L

di =

#VALUE!

mm

The expansion loop will absorb this length

ri =

#VALUE!

I=

#VALUE!

Temperature differential
toperation - tinst
t =
toperation =
174.2

L =

* Linst * Dt

=
Linst =

1.29E-05
100

t =

164.2

L =

0.21

m/(m*K)

tinst =

10

L =

211.27

mm

t =

164.2

L =

0.211

als. For other materials,

esponding cells

gth "L" of expansion loop

0.378

3 E d f tot

a dm

gth "L" of expansion loop

L=

Rev. Cjc, 22,01,2013

 0.378

3 E d f tot

a dm

ansion (PVC)
L * * Dt
91.4
0.000054
18.3
0.090

L=

Rev. Cjc, 22,05,2013

m
m / (C * m)
C
m

www.piping-tools.net
Expansion_loop.xlsm
Carbon steel expansion loop

Temperature differential
t =
toperation =

Length "L" of expansion loop

L = 0.378 * ( (3 * E * d * DL) / (sallow) )^0.5

tinst =
t =

Elasticy module for carbon steel C < 0.3%

E=

1.93E+11

Pa

Pipe expansion
The expansion loop will absorb this length

Allowable stress for selected material

at its temperature
allow =
1.379E+08
Pa
Pipe dimensions
dn =
10
in
SCH =
STD
de =
Pipe_Imp_CS_Dext_dn
de =

#VALUE!

mm

L =
=
Linst =
t =
L =
Length "L" of expansion loop
L = 0.378 * ( (3 * E * d *

E=

d=

#VALUE!

Linear expansion coefficient

Expansion coefficient of selected material
at operation temperature
=
1.29E-05
m/(m*K)
Pipe installed length
Linst =

d=
L =
allow =
L=
W=
Total pipe lenght
Ltot =

100

Ltot =

perature differential
toperation - tinst
174.2

10

164.2

e expansion L

expansion loop will absorb this length

* Linst * t
1.29E-05
100
164.2
0.211

m/(m*K)
m
K
m

gth "L" of expansion loop

.378 * ( (3 * E * d * L) / (allow) )^0.5

1.93E+11 Pa

#VALUE!
0.211

m
m

1.38E+08
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Pa
m
m

l pipe lenght
2*L+W
#VALUE!

Clculo de lira considerando la flexin en los dos brazos y el giro en los codos

El clculo de la longitud "L" de los brazos se realiza considerando la condicin de que se produzca como mximo un e
El aumento de temperatura produce una extensin de Linst en la caera

Lira

La dilatacin de la caera produce una deflexin "Linst/2"

en el punto "C" del a brazo izquierdo "AC" de la lira.
Lo mismo ocurre en el brazo "BD" de la lira.
En los extremos "C" y "D" de la lira se produce una flecha
f = Linst/2
Esta flecha se debe en parte a una flexin de los brazos
y en parte al giro en los codos en "A" y "B".
Estas dos flechas se deben a la fuerza "P" originada por
la extensin de la caera. Esta fuerza produce una flecha
"f1" debida a la flexin del brazo y una flecha "f 2" debida
al giro del codo.

Viga en voladizo con carga concentrada

en el extremo libre (brazos)
L

Una flecha "f2", debida al giro del codo

de la lira en el punto "A", se agrega a
la flecha "f1" debida a la flexin del
f = f1 + f 2
brazo. La flecha total es
P

f1
Figura 1

Lira

Flecha. [1]. Tabla 8.1, pgina 218

Flecha debida a la flexin de la viga
3

1=

PL
3EI

(1)

3EIf
L3

x
y

Fuerza "P" asociada a la flecha f1

P=

D
C

C
f

Figura 2
(2)

La viga A-B se deforma por momentos

aplicados en sus dos extremos

La pendiente es

luego,

dy
PL

x m / 2
dx
EI

Para el brazo L , la flecha f2

debida al giro del codo es

Pendiente en el codo A (en x = 0)

dy
PL0PLm/2
|x=0 =
dx
EI
dy
dx

x 0

luego

f2
P L2

L
4 E I

Definiendo una razn largo/brazo

2
L/m =
m=
L/2

dy
dx

x 0

dy
dx

f2

PLL/ 4
EI

x 0

P L2
4 E I

con c = d/2

M max
I /c

d
max= M max
I2

de (3)

M PL
y reemplazando P de (2)

3 E I f1
L3

d
I 2
3 E I f1
d

L
3
L
I 2
3 E f1 d

L2
2

max P L
max
max

P L3
4 E I

(4)

La flecha en el punto C debida a la

flexin del largo "L" de la lira es
f1

(1)

P L3
3 E I

Reemplazando f1

Esfuerzo mximo

max

f2
L

tan( )

PLm/ 2
EI

P L2
4 E I

tan( )

(5)

(6)

(1)4

1=

max

3 E 4
d
f
2
L
7
2

max

6 E f d
7
L2

Despejando

L2

L=

6 E d f
7 max

6Edf
7 max

Relacin vlida para la deflexin

de un brazo

(7)

Momento en el codo (punto A)

M max =PL
Reemplazando la fuerza P por (2)
(2)

M max =

3EIf
L

Para una viga en cantilever "AC",

el momento inducido en "A" por
una flecha impuesta en el punto "C,
debida a la dilatacin de la caera,
es

M max =

3EIf
L2

Rev. cjc. 30.01.2014

1 de 4

roduzca como mximo un esfuerzo de flexin admisible " adm"

f

f
C

D
C

L/2

2 de 4

Ecuacin diferencial de la curva

deformada de la viga "A-B" (Figura 2)

EI

d2y
M
dx 2

Para x = m/2
dy/dx =

luego

con
(3)

M = PL

c P L m / 2

Reemplazando en (3)

dy
EI = PLxPLm/ 2
dx

se tiene
2

d y
EI
= PL
dx 2

EI

Intergrando

EI

EI

d dy

dx
dx dx

P L dx

dy
PL x c
dx

dy
PL x c

dx
EI

(4)

dy
P L x m / 2
dx

3 de 4

y la flecha en el punto C debida al

giro en el codo A es

f2

PL
4 E I
3

(5)

La flecha total en C es
f f1 f 2
P L3
P L3
f2
3 E I
4 E I
P L3 4
P L3 3
f

3 E I 4 4 E I 3
4 P L3
3 P L3
f

12 E I
12 E I
7 P L3
f
12 E I
f

Relaciones f/f1 y f/f2

7 P L3
12 E I
4 P L3
f1
12 E I
3 P L3
f2
12 E I
4 P L3
f1
4
12 E I3
7 P L
f
7
12 E I
4
f1 f
7
3 P L3
f2
3
12 E I3
7PL
f
7
12 E I
3
f2 f
7
f

4 de 4

Para la lira completa, es decir

considerando la deflexin de los dos
brazos, se tiene que

f tot 2 f

f =

f tot
2

6 E d f tot / 2
7 max

6 E d f tot
14 max

3 E d f tot
7 max

1
7

3 E d f tot

max

L=0 . 378

3Edf
max

Esta es la longitud del brazo de la

lira que, para la expansin dada de
la caera, produce el esfuerzo
mximo admisible "max"
Ver Hoja Vitaulic. Vitaulic propone
misma ecuacin, con la diferencia
que el factor 0.378 es redondeado
a 0.4 (Hoja 7)

tot

Allowable stress as function of temperature [MPa]

15
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

Spec & Grade

1
A 53(Type F) Gr.A
A 53 - Gr. A
A 53 - Gr. B
A 106 - Gr. A
A106 - Gr. B
A106 - Gr. C
API 5L - Gr. A
API 5L - Gr. A25
API 5L - Gr. B
API 5L - Gr. X42
API 5L - Gr. X46
API 5L - Gr. X52
API 5L - Gr. X56
API 5L - Gr. X60
API 5L - Gr. X65
API 5L - Gr. X70
API 5L - Gr. X80
A312 - Gr. TP 304
A312 - Gr. TP 304L
A312 - Gr. TP 304H
A312 - Gr. TP 309
A312 - Gr. TP 310
A312 - Gr. TP 316
A312 - Gr. TP 316L
A312 - Gr. TP 316H
A312 - Gr. TP 317
A312 - Gr. TP 317L
1

2
Materia
2

10

11

12

13

38
3
110.3
110.3
137.9
110.3
137.9
160.6
110.3
103.4
137.9
137.9
144.8
151.7
163.4
172.4
177.2
188.2
206.8
137.9
115.1
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
115.1
137.9
137.9
137.9
3

93
4
110.3
110.3
137.9
110.3
137.9
160.6
110.3
103.4
137.9
137.9
144.8
151.7
163.4
172.4
177.2
188.2
206.8
137.9
115.1
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
115.1
137.9
137.9
137.9
4

149
5
110.3
110.3
137.9
110.3
137.9
160.6
110.3
100.0
137.9
137.9
144.8
151.7
163.4
172.4
177.2
188.2
206.8
137.9
115.1
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
115.1
137.9
137.9
137.9
5

204
6
110.3
110.3
137.9
110.3
137.9
157.9
110.3
95.1
137.9
137.9
144.8
151.7
163.4
172.4
177.2
188.2
206.8
128.9
108.9
128.9
137.9
137.9
133.1
106.9
133.1
133.1
130.3
6

260
7
"N/A"
110.3
130.3
110.3
130.3
148.9
"NA"
"NA"
130.3
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
120.7
102.0
120.7
137.9
137.9
123.4
99.3
123.4
123.4
122.0
7

316
8
"N/A"
102.0
119.3
102.0
119.3
135.8
"NA"
"NA"
119.3
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
113.1
96.5
113.1
132.4
132.4
117.2
93.1
117.2
117.2
115.8
8

343
9
"N/A"
100.0
117.2
100.0
117.2
133.8
"NA"
"NA"
117.2
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
111.7
94.5
111.7
129.6
129.6
115.1
91.0
115.1
115.1
114.5
9

371
10
"N/A"
99.3
113.8
99.3
113.8
132.4
"NA"
"NA"
113.8
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
110.3
93.1
110.3
126.2
126.2
112.4
88.9
112.4
112.4
111.7
10

399
11
"N/A"
73.8
89.6
73.8
89.6
102.0
"NA"
"NA"
89.6
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
107.6
91.7
107.6
124.1
124.1
111.0
86.9
111.0
111.0
108.9
11

427
12
"N/A"
64.1
74.5
64.1
74.5
82.7
"NA"
"NA"
74.5
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
104.8
89.6
104.8
120.7
120.7
109.6
85.5
109.6
109.6
106.9
12

454
13
"N/A"
54.5
60.0
54.5
60.0
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
60.0
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
102.7
88.3
102.7
100.7
100.7
108.2
83.4
108.2
108.2
104.8
13

TEMPERATURE C
14
15
482
14
"N/A"
44.8
44.8
44.8
44.8
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
44.8
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
100.7
82.0
100.7
95.8
95.8
106.9
81.4
106.9
106.9
"N/A"
14

510
15
"N/A"
31.0
31.0
31.0
31.0
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
31.0
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
99.3
68.3
99.3
86.2
86.2
106.2
79.3
106.2
106.2
"N/A"
15

16

17

18

19

20

538
16
"N/A"
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
17.2
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
95.1
53.8
95.1
72.4
75.8
105.5
77.2
105.5
105.5
"N/A"
16

566
17
"N/A"
11.0
"NA"
11.0
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
11.0
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
84.1
43.4
84.1
58.6
49.0
100.0
74.5
100.0
100.0
"N/A"
17

593
18
"N/A"
6.9
"NA"
6.9
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
6.9
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
66.9
35.2
66.9
44.8
34.5
85.5
70.3
85.5
85.5
"N/A"
18

621
19
"N/A"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
53.1
27.6
53.1
34.5
24.8
67.6
60.7
67.6
67.6
"N/A"
19

649
20
"N/A"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
"NA"
41.4
22.1
41.4
26.2
17.2
51.0
44.1
51.0
51.0
"N/A"
20

t=
S=

593
66.9

621.0
53.1

Table A-1. Basic alowable stresses in tension for metals (Page 157 - 161) de ASME B31.3-2002
ASME B31.3-2002

Table A-1. Basic alowable stresses in tension for metals (Page 157 - 161)

Allowable stress as function of temperature [MPa]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

Spec
A 53
A 53
A 53
A 106
A106
A106
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
A312
A312
A312
A312
A312
A312
A312
A312
A312
A312

Grade
Gr. A
A
B
A
B
C
A
A25
B
X42
X46
X52
X56
X60
X65
X70
X80
TP 304
TP 304L
TP 304H
TP 309
TP 310
TP 316
TP 316L
TP 316H
TP 317
TP 317L

TEMPERATURE C
38
93
149
110.3
110.3
110.3
110.3
110.3
110.3
137.9
137.9
137.9
110.3
110.3
110.3
137.9
137.9
137.9
160.6
160.6
160.6
110.3
110.3
110.3
103.4
103.4
100.0
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
144.8
144.8
144.8
151.7
151.7
151.7
163.4
163.4
163.4
172.4 1482.4 172.4
177.2
177.2
177.2
188.2
188.2
188.2
206.8
206.8
206.8
137.9
137.9
137.9
115.1
115.1
115.1
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
115.1
115.1
115.1
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9

204
110.3
110.3
137.9
110.3
137.9
157.9
110.3
95.1
137.9
137.9
144.8
151.7
163.4
172.4
177.2
188.2
206.8
128.9
108.9
128.9
137.9
137.9
133.1
106.9
133.1
133.1
130.3

260

316

343

371

399

427

454

482

510

538

566

593

110.3
130.3
110.3
130.3
148.9

102.0
119.3
102.0
119.3
135.8

100.0
117.2
100.0
117.2
133.8

99.3
113.8
99.3
113.8
132.4

73.8
89.6
73.8
89.6
102.0

64.1
74.5
64.1
74.5
82.7

54.5
60.0
54.5
60.0

44.8
44.8
44.8
44.8

31.0
31.0
31.0
31.0

17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2

11.0

6.9

11.0

6.9

130.3

119.3

117.2

113.8

89.6

74.5

60.0

44.8

31.0

17.2

11.0

6.9

120.7
102.0
120.7
137.9
137.9
123.4
99.3
123.4
123.4
122.0

113.1
96.5
113.1
132.4
132.4
117.2
93.1
117.2
117.2
115.8

111.7
94.5
111.7
129.6
129.6
115.1
91.0
115.1
115.1
114.5

110.3
93.1
110.3
126.2
126.2
112.4
88.9
112.4
112.4
111.7

107.6
91.7
107.6
124.1
124.1
111.0
86.9
111.0
111.0
108.9

104.8
89.6
104.8
120.7
120.7
109.6
85.5
109.6
109.6
106.9

102.7
88.3
102.7
100.7
100.7
108.2
83.4
108.2
108.2
104.8

100.7
82.0
100.7
95.8
95.8
106.9
81.4
106.9
106.9

99.3
68.3
99.3
86.2
86.2
106.2
79.3
106.2
106.2

95.1
53.8
95.1
72.4
75.8
105.5
77.2
105.5
105.5

84.1
43.4
84.1
58.6
49.0
100.0
74.5
100.0
100.0

66.9
35.2
66.9
44.8
34.5
85.5
70.3
85.5
85.5

621

649

53.1
27.6
53.1
34.5
24.8
67.6
60.7
67.6
67.6

41.4
22.1
41.4
26.2
17.2
51.0
44.1
51.0
51.0

ASME B31.3-2006

Table A-1. Basic alowable stresses in tension for metal Carbon steel pipes and tubes. Pag. 140- 144

Allowable stress as function of temperature [ksi]

1 ksi =

Material
Type F

Butt weld

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

6.895 MpaTEMPERATURE C
38
93
Temperature F
Spec Grade
100
200
A 53Gr. A, Type F 16
16
A 53
A
16
16
A 53
B
20
20
A 106
A
16
16
A106
B
20
20
A106
C
23.3
23.3
API 5L
A
16
16
API 5L A25
15
15
API 5L
B
20
20
API 5L X42
20
20
API 5L X46
21
21
API 5L X52
22
22
API 5L X56
23.7
23.7
API 5L X60
25
215
API 5L X65
25.7
25.7
API 5L X70
27.3
27.3
API 5L X80
30
30
A312 TP 304
20
20
A312 TP 304L 16.7
16.7
A312 TP 304H
20
20
A312 TP 309
20
20
A312 TP 310
20
20
A312 TP 316
20
20
A312 TP 316L 16.7
16.7
A312 TP 316H
20
20
A312 TP 317
20
20
A312 TP 317L
20
20

149

204

260

316

343

371

300
16
16
20
16
20
23.3
16
14.5
20
20
21
22
23.7
25
25.7
27.3
30
20
16.7
20
20
20
20
16.7
20
20
20

400
16
16
20
16
20
22.9
16
13.8
20
20
21
22
23.7
25
25.7
27.3
30
18.7
15.8
18.7
20
20
19.3
15.5
19.3
19.3
18.9

500

600

650

16
18.9
16
18.9
21.6
16

14.8
17.3
14.8
17.3
19.7
14.8

14.5
17
14.5
17
19.4
14.5

14.4
16.5
14.4
16.5
19.2
14.4

18.9

17.3

17

16.5

17.5
14.8
17.5
20
20
17.9
14.4
17.9
17.9
17.7

16.4
14
16.4
19.2
19.2
17
13.5
17
17
16.8

16.2
13.7
16.2
18.8
18.8
16.7
13.2
16.7
16.7
16.6

16
13.5
16
18.3
18.3
16.3
12.9
16.3
16.3
16.2

700

399

427

454

482

510

538

566

593

621

750

800

850

900

950

1000

1050

1100

1150

10.7
13
10.7
13
14.8
10.7

9.3
10.8
9.3
10.8
12
9.3

7.9
8.7
7.9
8.7

6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5

4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5

2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5

1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6

1
1
1
1

7.9

6.5

4.5

2.5

1.6

13

10.8

8.7

6.5

4.5

2.5

1.6

15.6
13.3
15.6
18
18
16.1
12.6
16.1
16.1
15.8

15.2
13
15.2
17.5
17.5
15.9
12.4
15.9
15.9
15.5

14.9
12.8
14.9
14.6
14.6
15.7
12.1
15.7
15.7
15.2

14.6
11.9
14.6
13.9
13.9
15.5
11.8
15.5
15.5

14.4
9.9
14.4
12.5
12.5
15.4
11.5
15.4
15.4

13.8
7.8
13.8
10.5
11
15.3
11.2
15.3
15.3

12.2
6.3
12.2
8.5
7.1
14.5
10.8
14.5
14.5

9.7
5.1
9.7
6.5
5
12.4
10.2
12.4
12.4

7.7
4
7.7
5
3.6
9.8
8.8
9.8
9.8

ASME B31.3-2002
Table A-1. Basic alowable stresses in tension for metals (Page 157 - 161)
38

Material Spec
A 285 Gr A 134
A 285 Gr A 672

Grade

A45

to
100
15
15

Butt wel API 5L

smls
API 5L

A25
A25

15
15

Type F

A 53

Gr. A

16

A 53
A 106
A 135
A 369
API 5L

A
A
A
FPA
A

16
16
16
16
16

A 285 Gr A 134
A 285 Gr A 672
285 Gr. B A 134

A 50

16.7
16.7
18.3

CC60
C860
B60
C60

20
20
20
20

B
B
6
6
FPB
Y35
B

20
20
20
20
20
20
20

A
A
A
A

516
515
515
516

Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr

A
A
A
A

671
671
672
672

A 53
A106
A 333
A 334
A 369
A 381
API 5L

API
API
API
API

5L
5L
5L
5L

X42
X46
X52
X56

100
20
21
22
23.7

A
A
A
A

516
515
515
516

Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr

A
A
A
A

671
671
672
672

CC65
C865
B65
C65

100
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7

A
A
A
A

516
515
515
516

GR A
GR A
GR A
GR A

671
671
672
672

CC70
CB70
B70
C70

100
23.1
23.1
23.1
23.1

A106

23.3

API
API
API
API

5L
5L
5L
5L

X60
X65
X70
X80

25
25.7
27.3
30

Table C
ASME B31.3

1
1
Material
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

3Cr-Mo)
9Cr-Mo
18Cr-8Ni
27Cr
25Cr-20Ni
67Ni-30Cu
3.5Ni
Alloys
Aluminum
Iron
Bronze
Brass
70Cu-30Ni
Ni-Fe-Cr
Ni-Cr-Fe
Iron

2
-536
2
-

3
-522
3
-

1.1E-05
-

1.2E-05
-

4
-508
4
-

5
-494
5
-

6
-480
6
-

1.2E-05
-

1.3E-05
-

1.4E-05
-

7
-466
7
9.0E-06
8.4E-06
1.5E-05
7.7E-06
9.9E-06
8.5E-06
1.4E-05
1.8E-05
1.5E-05
1.5E-05
1.2E-05
-

8
-452
8
9.1E-06
8.5E-06
1.5E-05
7.8E-06
1.0E-05
8.8E-06
1.4E-05
1.8E-05
1.5E-05
1.5E-05
1.2E-05
-

9
-438
9
9.2E-06
8.6E-06
1.5E-05
7.8E-06
1.0E-05
9.0E-06
1.5E-05
1.8E-05
1.5E-05
1.5E-05
1.2E-05
-

10
-424
10
9.3E-06
8.7E-06
1.5E-05
7.9E-06
1.1E-05
9.2E-06
1.5E-05
1.9E-05
1.5E-05
1.5E-05
1.2E-05
-

11
-411
11
9.4E-06
8.8E-06
1.5E-05
8.0E-06
1.1E-05
9.5E-06
1.5E-05
1.9E-05
1.5E-05
1.5E-05
1.2E-05
-

12
-397
12
9.5E-06
9.0E-06
1.5E-05
8.1E-06
1.1E-05
9.8E-06
1.5E-05
1.9E-05
1.5E-05
1.5E-05
1.2E-05
8.4E-06

13
-383
13
9.7E-06
9.2E-06
1.5E-05
8.3E-06
1.2E-05
9.9E-06
1.5E-05
1.9E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
8.6E-06

14
-369
14
9.9E-06
9.3E-06
1.5E-05
8.5E-06
1.2E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
2.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
8.8E-06

15
-355
15
1.0E-05
9.5E-06
1.5E-05
8.5E-06
1.2E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
2.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
8.9E-06

16
-341
16
1.0E-05
9.5E-06
1.5E-05
8.6E-06
1.2E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
2.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
9.2E-06

17
-327
17
1.0E-05
9.7E-06
1.6E-05
8.8E-06
1.2E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
2.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
9.4E-06

18
-313
18
1.1E-05
9.9E-06
1.6E-05
9.0E-06
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
9.6E-06

19
-299
19
1.1E-05
9.9E-06
1.5E-05
9.0E-06
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
2.1E-05
2.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
9.8E-06

20
-286
20
1.1E-05
9.9E-06
1.5E-05
9.0E-06
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
9.9E-06

21
-272
21
1.1E-05
1.0E-05
1.5E-05
9.0E-06
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
2.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
7.7E-06

22
-258
22
1.1E-05
9.8E-06
1.6E-05
9.0E-06
1.5E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.1E-05

23
-247
23
1.1E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
9.4E-06
1.5E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
2.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.1E-05

24
-230
24
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
2.3E-05
1.1E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.1E-05

25
-216
25
1.1E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
9.8E-06
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
2.3E-05
1.0E-05
1.8E-05
1.7E-05
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.1E-05

26
-202
26
1.1E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
9.9E-06
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
2.3E-05
1.0E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.1E-05

27
-188
27
1.1E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
9.9E-06
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
2.3E-05
1.0E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.1E-05

28
-174
28
1.1E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
9.9E-06
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
2.3E-05
1.0E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.1E-05

29
-161
29
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
2.3E-05
1.0E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.1E-05

30
-147
30
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
2.4E-05
1.1E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.1E-05

31
-133
31
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
2.4E-05
1.1E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.1E-05

32
-119
32
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
2.4E-05
1.1E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.1E-05

33
-105
33
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
2.4E-05
1.1E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.1E-05

34
-91
34
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
2.4E-05
1.1E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.1E-05

35
-77
35
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
2.4E-05
1.1E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05

Table C-1
Thermal expansion coefficient " " [m/(m*K)] for metals

36
-63
36
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
2.5E-05
1.1E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05

37
-49
37
1.2E-05
1.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
2.5E-05
1.1E-05
1.8E-05
1.9E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05

38
-36
38
1.2E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
2.5E-05
1.1E-05
1.9E-05
1.9E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05

39
-22
39
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
2.5E-05
1.1E-05
1.9E-05
1.9E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05

Temperatura C
40
41
42
-8
6
20
40
41
42
1.3E-05
1.3E-05
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.2E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.1E-05
1.1E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.5E-05
1.5E-05
1.2E-05
1.3E-05
1.3E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
2.5E-05
2.5E-05
2.5E-05
1.1E-05
1.1E-05
1.1E-05
1.9E-05
1.9E-05
1.9E-05
1.9E-05
1.9E-05
1.9E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.4E-05
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.2E-05
1.2E-05

43
34
43
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.8E-05
2.5E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
1.9E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05

44
48
44
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.7E-05
2.6E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
1.9E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05

45
62
45
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
1.9E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05

46
76
46
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
1.9E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05

47
89
47
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
2.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05

48
103
48
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
2.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05

49
117
49
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
2.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05

50
131
50
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
2.0E-05
1.6E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05

51
145
51
1.4E-05
1.2E-05
1.8E-05
1.1E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
2.0E-05
1.7E-05
1.5E-05
1.3E-05

52
159
52
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.8E-05
1.2E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
2.0E-05
1.7E-05
1.5E-05
1.3E-05

53
173
53
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.8E-05
1.2E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
2.0E-05
1.7E-05
1.3E-05

54
187
54
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.8E-05
1.2E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.2E-05
1.9E-05
2.0E-05
1.7E-05
1.3E-05

55
201
55
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.8E-05
1.2E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
2.0E-05
1.7E-05
1.3E-05

56
214
56
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.8E-05
1.2E-05
1.6E-05
1.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.3E-05

57
228
57
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.8E-05
1.2E-05
1.6E-05
1.7E-05
1.3E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.3E-05

58
242
58
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.8E-05
1.2E-05
1.6E-05
1.7E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.3E-05

59
256
59
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.8E-05
1.2E-05
1.6E-05
1.7E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.3E-05

60
270
60
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
1.3E-05

61
284
61
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
1.9E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
-

62
298
62
1.4E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
2.0E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
-

63
312
63
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
2.0E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
-

64
326
64
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
2.0E-05
2.1E-05
1.7E-05
-

65
339
65
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
-

66
353
66
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
-

67
367
67
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
-

68
381
68
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
1.7E-05
-

69
395
69
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.8E-05
1.7E-05
-

70
409
70
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.8E-05
1.7E-05
-

71
423
71
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.8E-05
1.7E-05
-

72
437
72
1.5E-05
1.3E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
-

73
451
73
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
-

74
464
74
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
-

75
478
75
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
-

76
492
76
1.5E-05
1.4E-05
1.9E-05
1.2E-05
1.7E-05
1.8E-05
1.8E-05
-

77
506
77
1.9E-05
1.8E-05
-

78
520
78
1.9E-05
1.8E-05
-

79
534
79
1.9E-05
1.8E-05
-

80
548
80
1.9E-05
1.8E-05
-

Table B. Young Modulus

1
2
3
4
5

Metal
1
1
1
Carbon steel C <= 0.3%
Carbon steel C => 0.3%
Carbon-moly steels
Nickel steels Ni 2% - 9%
Cr-Mo steels Cr 1/2% - 2%

6
7

Cr-Mo steels Cr 2 1/4% - 3%

Cr-Mo steels Cr 5% - 9%

2.2E+11 2.2E+11 2.2E+11 2.1E+11

2.3E+11 2.2E+11 2.2E+11 2.1E+11

Chromium steels Cr 12%, 17%, 27%

2.2E+11 2.1E+11 2.1E+11 2.0E+11

Austenitic steels (TP304, 310, 316, 321, 347)

2.1E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11

2
-200
2
2.2E+11
2.2E+11
2.1E+11
2.0E+11
2.2E+11

3
-129
3
2.1E+11
2.1E+11
2.1E+11
2.0E+11
2.1E+11

4
-73
4
2.1E+11
2.1E+11
2.1E+11
2.0E+11
2.1E+11

5
21
5
2.0E+11
2.0E+11
2.0E+11
1.9E+11
2.0E+11

Cast iro
Gray cast iron
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/young-modulus-d_773.html
6.9E+09 Pa
Mpsi =

1.3E+01

Table B. Young Modulus of Elasticity E [Pa]

Temperature (oC)
6
7
8
9
10
93
149
204
260
316
7
9
6
8
10
2.0E+11 2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11
2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11
2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11
1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11
2.0E+11 2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11

11
371
11
1.8E+11
1.7E+11
1.7E+11
1.7E+11
1.8E+11

12
427
12
1.7E+11
1.7E+11
1.6E+11
1.6E+11
1.8E+11

13
482
13
1.5E+11
1.5E+11
1.5E+11
"N/A"
1.7E+11

14
538
14
1.4E+11
1.4E+11
1.4E+11
"N/A"
1.6E+11

2.1E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11

2.1E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11 1.6E+11
2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11 1.6E+11 1.5E+11
1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11 1.7E+11 1.7E+11 1.6E+11 1.6E+11
Cast iron
1.3E+01 1.3E+01

1.3E+01

1.2E+01

1.2E+01

1.1E+01

1.0E+01

15
16
593
649
15
16
1.2E+11 "N/A"
1.2E+11 1.1E+11
1.2E+11 1.1E+11
"N/A"
"N/A"
1.6E+11 1.5E+11
1.6E+11 1.6E+11
1.4E+11 1.3E+11
1.3E+11 1.1E+11
1.5E+11 1.5E+11

Metal

-200

-129

-73

Carbon steel C <= 0.3%

Carbon steel C => 0.3%
Carbon-moly steels
Nickel steels Ni 2% - 9%
Cr-Mo steels Cr 1/2% - 2%

31.4
31.2
31.1
29.6
31.6

30.8
30.6
30.5
29.1
31

30.2
30
29.9
28.5
30.4

Cr-Mo steels Cr 2 1/4% - 3%

Cr-Mo steels Cr 5% - 9%
Chromium steels Cr 12%, 17%,
27%
Austenitic steels (TP304, 310,
316, 321, 347)

32.6
32.9

32
32.3

31.4
31.7

31.2

30.7

30.1

30.3

29.7

29.1

Gray cast iron

Temperature (oC)
21

93

149

204

260

316

371

427

482

4
29.5
29.3
29.2
27.8
29.7

28.8
28.6
28.5
27.1
29

28.3
28.1
28
26.7
28.5

27.7
27.5
27.4
26.1
27.9

27.3
27.1
27
25.7
27.5

26.7
26.5
26.4
25.2
26.9

25.5
25.3
25.3
24.6
26.3

24.2
24
23.9
23
25.5

22.4
22.2
22.2

30.6
30.9

29.8
30.1

29.4
29.7

28.8
29

28.3
28.6

27.7
28

27.1
27.3

26.3
26.1

25.6
24.7

29.2

28.5

27.9

27.3

26.7

26.1

25.6

24.7

23.2

28.3

27.6

27

26.5

25.8

25.3

24.8

24.1

23.5

Cast iron
12.9
12.6

12.2

11.7

11

10.2

13.4

13.2

24.8

538

593

649
5

20.4
20.2
20.1

18
17.9
17.8

15.4
15.3

23.9

23

21.8

24.6
22.7

23.7
20.4

22.5
18.2

21.5

19.1

16.6

22.8

22.1

21.2

http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/steam-distribution/pipe-expansion-and-supp

ipe-expansion-and-support.asp

For expansion "L" (mm), and a

pipe nominal diameter "dn" (in),
Spiraxsarco graph provides an
expansionloop width "W" (m).

L =
mm
90
273
dn =
mm
Estimated value from Fig. 10.4
2.55
W=
m

http://static.victaulic.com/assets/uploads/literature/26.02-SPA.pdf
Vitaulic equation for an expansion loop
Vitaulic equation

H 0 .4

3 E

5W =
W=
H=
H=
H=

L 0.378

3 E

Equation deducted in sheet 2

ulic equation

H 0 .4

3 E d f tot

H=

L
L/5
2*W
2*L/5
0.4 * L

0.378

3 E d f tot

max

ation deducted in sheet 2

E: Elasticity module of material

d: exterior pipe diameter
ftot: total pipe expansion
S: Allowable stress of material

[1]

Elementos de resistencia de materiales

S. Timoshenko, D. H. Young
Ed. Limusa, 1996

[2]

[3]

[4]

http://static.victaulic.com/assets/uploads/literature/26.02-SPA.pdf

[5]

http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/steam-distribution/pipe-ex

[5]

F(Simple drive):\Libreria\Piping\Piping Handbook (7th Edition)

[6]

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/young-modulus-d_773.html

orials/steam-distribution/pipe-expansion-and-support.asp