a)
(2y )y + = 2y
(1, y) = 0
dy
d
2y
1 y = C2 +
(2013-14)
= 2 1
= 2y , = 2+ 2
=
y + 3y 2 = 2
+ 6y 4
y
2
(, 1) =
O bien,
2
= y 3
= 2
+ 64 (+ 3 ) , = p()2 + 2 (+ 3 ) = p( y 3 )y 2 + 2 y 2
=y
= y 3
2
+ 2( )2/ 3 , = p()( )2/ 3 + 2 ( )2/ 3
= 3()
=
||
c)
=
d)
+2
dy
d
(exacta u
= 2y homognea) o mejor
d
dy
= y + 2 lineal y y 2 = C ,
= y y 2
=y
32 y + = 5
(, 0) = 3
dy
d
= 32
6
6
6
= y 3
= 5 , = 6 + p () = 6 + p (y 3 ) p (3 ) = 3 6 .
=
y3
y2
= y 3
= 31 3 = 3 , = 6 3 + p() = 3 6 + p(y 3 ) p(3 ) = 3 .
=y
2
A pesar de la tangencia en (0, 0)
y3
y2
p () = 6 p() = = 3 6 y+ 3
[ T = 32 ] , hay solucin nica.
O bien,
y
x
y + = y
a)
(,2) =
Haciendo
O bien:
dy
d
= 1.
dy = d + C . Caractersticas: y = C .
R
y = +
= y
, = y = + 2 . = p() e + 2 + 2 = p(y ) ey + + y+ 2 .
=y
=
= y
=
y =
, = y = 2 . = p() e + 2+ + 2 = p(y ) e + + y+ 2 .
=
(,2) = p( 2) e2 + = p() 0
, (, y) = + y+ 2 .
(,2) = p( 2) e + = p() 0
Como los datos se dan sobre una recta no caracterstica, la solucin deba ser nica.
b)
y 2y = 4y
(,1) = 2+ 1
dy
d
%
(,1) = 2+ 1 &
1
= 2y
= + y 2
%
&
= y = 4 43 , = 22 4 + p() = 2y 2 + y 4 + p(+ y 2 )
y
= = 2 , = p() 2 = p(+ y 2 ) 2
(, y) = 2y 2 + y 4
c)
dy
d
2y
Peor:
= 2 y
=y
C
, 2 y = C caractersticas.
2
[o p a ojo]
. p(2 y)
= + 2 y .
y = C e2 log =
p()
p()
= 2 y
= = + 1 d = +
=
(2, y) =
p(4y)
+ 4y = 0
2
p() = 2 (, y) = 2 y 2y .
p
= p()1/ 2 + = p(2 y) y + 2 y (y 0) . . .
y
(2 y)y + = y
(1, y) = 1
dy
d
lineal
= y 2
= + 2 y = C
+ , (y ) = C .
= [mejor]
y+1+2y =
e(+1)(y+1) .
dy
d
(3y+ 3)y = 2y
3y+3 lineal
y=
C
3
1 (o separable), 3 (y+ 1) = C .
a ojo
= 3 (y+ 1)
2
= 2y = 2 3 = 2 + 2 + p() = y + 3 + p 3 (y+ 1) .
= [mejor]
0
x
(, 0) = 3+ p(3 ) = 1 p() = 3 1/ 3 , (, y) = y+ 3 3(y+ 1)1/ 3 .
Solucin nica pues = 0 no es tangente a las caractersticas,
como prueba el dibujo o T = 1 (0+ 3) 0 () = 3 6= 0 .
dy
d
yy = + 2
O bien,
i) (, 0) =
p(0)
= y= C
= y
p()
p(y)
= 2 , = = .
=
R 2
= y
2
= + 2 , = p ()+ 3 d = p () = p (y)y .
=y
p() 0 =
.
p() = = y
p(2)
= 7 , p(2) = 82 p() = 2 2 (, y) = 2y 2 .
y + 2y = 3
dy
d
ii) T = 12 0() = 2 6= 0 .
1
= 2y
y 2 = K
= y 2
= 3 = (3+ 32 )
=y
= p()e3+ = p( y 2 ) e3y2y .
3
= y 2
2y = 3 , = [] 1/ 2 , ... .
=
3
(0, y) = p(y 2 ) e2y = 0
= e3y32y
+3y 2 1
= e(y1)(32y
+y+1)
(nica; T 1 ).
+ 4y 5yy + 6 + 3y = 9
yy + 2y + 2 = 0
3y + 2y 2 = y
(E) tt + 2t = 2
Hiperblica
B2 4AC = 4 elptica
= 5
= + y
= 5 y
4 + 3 + =
= + y
no resoluble
=
= y
y = +
+ = 0
=y
yy = 2 +
no resoluble
1
Parablica en forma normal. 2 3y+ 2y 2 = 0 = p(y)ey + q(y)e2y + 2y
Hiperblica
= 12 = p()+ q()
= 2t
tt = 4
t = 2 2
2
= = p( 2t)+ q() 2 + t
q() = 41 2 C
0 = (, 0) = p()+ q() 12 2
= t2
0 = t (, 0) = 2p0 ()+ p() = 14 2 + C %
ii) (0, t) = 0 , (0, t) = t
son datos sobre caracterstica:
p(2t)+ q(0) = 0
p0 (2t)+ q0 (0)+ t = t
tt + 4t + 4 + t + 2 = 0
(+1)=0
B2 4AC = 0
parablica
= 2t
=t
=
,
t = 2 +
=
t = 2 +
+ = 0
tt = 4 4 +
= p() + q() e , (, t) = p( 2t) + q( 2t) et t = 2p0 (2t) 2q0 (2t)+q(2t) et .
(, 0) = p() + q() = 1 , p0 () + q0 () = 1
(, t) = 2t + et .
t = 2 et , = 1 , tt = et , t = = 0 ; 2 et + 2 et 1 = 0 ; (, 0) = + 1 , t (, 0) = 2 1 .
Si
yy = [ p2 + 2py + yy ] epy+q
Ayy+By+C+(2pA+qB+D)y+(2qC+pB+E)
y = [pq+ p + qy + y ] epy+q
+ (p2 A+ pqB+ q2 C+ pD+ qE+ H) = epyq F(, y)
2
py+q
= [ q + 2q + ] e
2CDBE
B2 4AC
p=
, q=
2AEBD
B2 4AC
+ H = epyq F(, y)
10
= 12 (+ 2t)2 + ( 2t)2 +
tt 4 = et , , t R
(, 0) = 2 , t (, 0) = 1
a)
1
4
R +2t
2t
ds +
1
4
R tR +2[t]
0 2[t]
e ds d
= 2 + 4t 2 + et 1 .
tt = 0
= 21 (+ 2t)2 1+ ( 2t)2 1 = 2 + 4t 2 1 , como antes.
(, 0) = 2 1, t (, 0) = 0
tt 14 = 4 , , t R
tt 4 = 16 , , t R
Lo ms sencillo es cambiar papeles t
(0, t) = t , (0, t) = 0
de y t aplicar DAlembert:
(, 0) = , t (, 0) = 0
1
R tR + 2 (t)
Rt
t
dsd = 4 0 (t )d = 2t 2 = t 22
= 12 (+ 2t )+ ( 2t ) 4 0
1
b)
2 (t)
Podramos ahorrarnos esta integral doble con una solucin que slo dependiese de una variable:
tt 14 = 0
00
2
(t) = 4 , = 2t
, = 12 (+ 2t )+ ( 2t ) = = 2t 2
= (, 0) = , t (, 0) = 0
2
2
tt 14 = 0
00 () = 16 , = 82
, = 4 (+ 2t ) + ( 2t ) = 82 2t 2 . . .
2
= (, 0) = 8 , t (, 0) = 0
Sin atajos:
= + 2t
= 2t
forma cannica
2
(0, t) = p(2t)+ q(2t)+ 4t 2 = t 2p0 (2t) 2q0 (2t) = 1 8t
p0 (2t) = 41 2t , p0 () = 41 , p() = 4 2 + K
0
0
0
0
(0, t) = p (2t)+ q (2t) = 0 q (2t) = p (2t)
q() = 2 2 p() =
c)
tt 4 = 2
(, ) = 2 , t (, ) =
2
4
K , q() = 4 2 K =
+2t
4
q0 () = p0 (3)
2
q() = 2 3
15
= 5
, q() = 5
. =
8
16
16
16
Haciendo = t 2
(+2t)2
2
2t
4
(2t)2
2
+ 4t 2 2
= + 2t
16 = 2
= 2t
2
8
p0 (3) = 5
, p0 () = 5
, p() = 5
8
24
48
1
5t t 2 2
3
tt 4 = 0
, = p(+ 2t)+ q( 2t) [apuntes].
(, ) = 0 , t (, ) =
2
(, ) = p(3)+ q() = 0
2
p0 (3) = 4 , p() = 24
, q() = 3
, ...
8
y (, ) = 2p0 (3) 2q0 () =
tt = 0 , 0 , t R
1 cos , [0, 2]
(, 0) = 0 , [2, )
11
t (, 0) = 0 , (0, t) = 0
a] En [2,0]
la expresin
de
es 1 cos() y por tanto:
cos 1 si [2,0]
() =
1 cos si [0,2]
0 en el resto de R
tt = 0 , 0 , t R
2 2 , [0, 2]
(, 0) = 0, t (, 0) = 0 , [2, )
12
a] g() =
b] Como (, t) =
g(s) ds ,
(1, 2) =
y sumar.
ser: (3, 2) =
2x+x
f*
(x+1)(x+4)
u(x,3)
4
1
9/4
tt = 0 , 0
(, 0) = 1 cos , t (, 0) = (0, t) = 0
f
tt = 0 , , t R
, con extensin impar de .
(, 0) = () , t (, 0) = 0
Su solucin viene dada por (, t) = 12 (+ t) + ( t) .
1 cos x
2
cos x 1
, 2 = 0+ cos cos 2 = 12 .
b] Para es (, ) = 12 (+ ) + ( ) = 21 2 cos(+ ) cos( ) = 1+ cos
a]
, 2 =
5
=
3
t = sen t cos
5
= 12 7
3
3
(x1)(x4)
1 7
+
2
3
1
3
9/2
tt = 0 , 0 , t R
(, 0) = 1, t (, 0) = 0, (0, t) = cos t
1 2 s 3 2
s 3 1 = 13
2
14
R0
R2
1R2
1R3
g = 12 1 (2s+ s2 ) ds + 12 0 (2s s2 ) ds =
(2s s2 ) ds
2 1
g impar 2 1
tt =
( 1)( 4) , [1, 4]
a] (1,3) = 12 (4)+ (2)
13
(, 0) = 0 , [0, 1] [4, )
t (, 0) = (0, t) = 0
= 21 (4) (2) = 12 [0+ 2] = 1 .
b] (,3) = 12 (+ 3) + ( 3) . Hay que trasladar la grfica de 12
1
1
R2
1R5
g = 21 1 (2s s2 ) ds
2 1
2xx 2
1
2
2 2 si [0,2]
0 en el resto de R
u(x,3)
g*
(0, t) = 0
1 R +t
2 t
2+ 2 si [2,0]
cos x1
impar
1cosx
b] = 21 ( t)+ (+ t) , (2,3) = 12 ()+ (5) = 12 () = 1
f*
15
tt = 0 , , t R
(, 0) = 0
t (, 0) = 1, ||1/ 2
0 ||>1/ 2
R
0
g.
9 = 0 , [0,4] , t R
-4
1
2
5 4 1 13
3
1
3
3
3
1
a] 2 , 3 = 2
+ 2 = 2 2 + 2 = 2 = 4 .
2
8-per
1
2
impar
a izquierda y
-2 -1 0
1/4
u(x,1)
1/8
0
x
1
6 7
tt 4 = 0 , [0, 2], t R
(, 0) = 4 3 , t (, 0) = 0
(0, t) = (2, t) = 0
17
( 23 , 43 ) =
tt = 0 , R
(, 0) = (), t (, 0) = 0
= 21 [ (+ 2t)+ ( 2t)] .
1
[ (3)+ (0)] = 12 (1) = 12 (1)
2
4-per.
impar
(, 2) = 12 [ (+ 4)+ ( 4)] =
1
[ ()+ ()]
4-per. 2
f = -(x-2)x(x+2)
2L
-peridica.
c
= 23 .
u(x,2)
= () = (, 0) .
18
1
[( 4)( 2) ( 4)( 2)]
2
= ( 4)( 2) .
tt = 6 , 0, t R
(, 0) = t (, 0) = (0, t) = 0
= + 3
3 , 0
(, 0) = 3
,
t (, 0) = (0, t) = 0
(, 0) = 3 , 0
t (, 0) = 0
s=t+
s=t
s
t
1 3
t
2
(0, t) =
+ ((t)3 ) = t 3 = (0, t) .
tt rr = 0 , r R
tt rr = 0 , r 0
2
tt rr + 2r r = 0 , r 0, t R =r
2
19
(r, 0) = r , t (r, 0) = 2r [impar] (r, 0) = (r) = r 2 , r0
r , r0
(r, 0) = r , t (r, 0) = 2
(0, t) = 0
t (r, 0) = 2r
R r+t
1
(r, t) = 12 (r + t)+ (r t) rt s ds (r, t) = 2r
(r + t)+ (r t) 2t .
impar
i] En particular, (1, 2) = 21 (3)+ (1) 4 = 12 (3) (1) 4 = 0 .
1
2
2
2
Si t 1 , (1, t) = 2 (1+ t) + (1 t) 2t = (1 t) .
ii] Para (1, t) hay dos casos:
Si t 1 , (1, t) = 12 (1+ t)2 (1 t)2 2t = 0 .
20
a]
2t + = t
2
(, 0) = e
i)
dt
d
=2
(, 0) = p(2) = e p() = e
= 2 t
2
2
2 = , = p() e / 4 = p(2 t) et / 4
=t
/4
= e(2t)
2
/ 4 et 2 / 4
= et
k 2 / 4
t = k
+ 2t
d. i.
2
2
2
2
2
ii) F ( 0 ) = k , F (e ) = e p
= p(k)ekt/ 2 et / 4 = p1 et / 4 ek / 4 ekt/ 2
2
2
2
(k, 0) = p1 ek / 4
2
ek 2 / 4
k 2 / 4
2
2
2
2
( 2t )2
t
/
4
1
kt/
2
t
/
4
t
p
, pues F 1 e p
=e
F
e
=e
e
=e
= e y F 1 (k) ek = ( ) .
2
t t =
(,1) = ()
dt
d
= te
= t (lineal), t = Ce te = C caractersticas. = t
=
t
= p() = p te t . (, 1) = p e = () , p() = (ln ) (, t) = t + ln t
1
d..
= te
Con =
queda = = p() e = p te e p() = (ln ) .
nica: t = 1 no tangente a las caractersticas, o T = 1 1 0 (1) = 1 6= 0 .
t t + i k =
c..
k
ii)
t = 1i
(k, t) = p(k) eln ti k ln t p(k) = (k) (k, t) = t (k) ei k ln t .
t
(k,1) = (k)
Y como F 1 (k) ek = ( ) , la solucin es (, t) = t + ln t , como antes.
b]
c]
i)
t + et + 2t = 0
(, 0) = ()
i)
dt
d
2
1
et
R
= et
, = et dt + C et = C .
= t (mejor)
2
(, 0) = p( 1) = () , p() = (+ 1) (, t) = et + 1 et .
Solucin nica, pues t = 0 no es tangente a las caractersticas, o porque: T = 1 1 0 1 = 1 6= 0 .
ii)
t ket + 2t = 0
t
2 c..
2
t
(k, t) = p(k) eke t p(k) ek = (k) (k, t) = (k) et ek(e 1) .
(k, 0) = (k)
2
Usando F 1 (k) ek = ( ) , llegamos a lo de antes (, t) = et et + 1 .
21
t 2 t = t
a]
dt
d
1
+ C caractersticas. = 1t .
t
= = p() = p 1t t .
= t 2 , =
Escogiendo adems: = t
1
= t =
=
p()
= p 1t t .
(, 1) = p( 1) = p() = + 1 , (, t) = t + t 1 .
La solucin es nica porque la recta en que imponemos los datos no es tangente a las caractersticas,
como muestra el dibujo o el hecho de que T = 1 1 0 (1) 6= 0 .
2
1
t t + i k = t
c..
b]
(k, t) = p(k) t ek/ t p(k) ek = (k) (k, t) = (k) t ek( t 1) .
(k, 1) = (k)
Y como F 1 (k) ek = ( ) , la solucin es (, t) = t 1t + 1 .
22
3t = 2
a]
dt
d
3
= 1
t + 3 = C ;
O bien,
= t + 3
= 2 , = p() 2 = p(t + 3) 2 .
=
= t + 3
3 = 2 , = p ()+ 23 = p (t + 3)+ 23 t .
=t
p(3) 2 = p() = = t + 3 2
p (3) = p () = 3 = 3t + + 23 t
a1 ] (, 0) =
&
%
= t+
Aqu el dato se da sobre una caracterstica y no puede haber solucin nica [ T = 13 (3)(1) 0 ].
R
R
R
b1 ] Elegimos mejor = : = g() , = p() 0 g(s) ds = p(t+3) 0 g(s) ds . (, 0) = p(3) 0 g = ()
R / 3
R + t
R
R + t
g=2, =
p() = ( 3 )+ 0 g = (+ 3t )+ 0 3 g 0 g = + 3t + 3 g(s) ds = + 3t + 2 3t
t + k = g(k)
dato inicial
g(k)
g(k)
b2 ]
(k, t) = p(k) ekt/ 3 + k , p arbitraria
p(k) = (k) k
(k, 0) = (k)
p
kt/ 3
1 en [t/ 3, 0]
(k, t) = (k) ekt/ 3 + g(k) 1ek
(, t) = (+ 3t ) + 2 g()h() , con h() = 0 en el resto
R0
R
p
2 g()h() = t/ 3 g( ) d = + t g(s) ds como antes.
=s
t + (cos t) = , R, t 0
= sen t
, = , = ( sen t) et .
(, 0) = ()
=t
t i k cos t =
c..
%
= p(k) et ek sen t = (k) et ek sen t
(k, 0) = (k)
23
Si () =
cos2 , [ 2 , 2 ]
24
tt 6t + 9 = 0
(, 0) = (), t (, 0) = 0
= p(+ 3t)+ t q(+ 3t) ,
a]
tt + 6k t 9k 2 = 0
(k, 0) = (k), t (k, 0) = 0
tt 3t + 2 = 0 , , t R
(, 0) = () , t (, 0) = 0
B2 4AC = 0
parablica
= + 3t
=t
=
t = 3 +
= 0 = p()+ q()
tt = 9 + 6 +
(, 0) = p() = ()
(, t) = (+ 3t) 3t 0 (+ 3t) .
c..
p(k) = (k)
2 + 6k 9k 2 = 0
(k, t) = p(k) + t q(k) e3kt
= 3k doble
q(k) = 3k (k)
F 1 k (k) = 0 ()
(k, t) = (k) e3kt + 3t k (k) e3kt . Como
es (, t) = (+ 3t) 3t 0 (+ 3t) .
F 1 (k) ek = ( )
b]
25
c..
tt + 3k t 2k 2 = 0
2 + 3k 2k 2 = 0 , = k,2k
(k, 0) = (k) , t (k, 0) = 0
q(k) = (k)
Y como F 1 (k) ek = ( ) , la solucin (nica) es
(, t) = 2 (+ t) (+ 2t) .
Si () = 2 queda = 22 + 4t + 2t 2 2 4t 4t 2 = 2 2t 2
Comprobando: tt 3t + 2 = 4+ 22 = 0 , (, 0) = 2 , t (, 0) = 40 = 0 .
26
tt 4 = 0 , R , t R
2
(, 0) = 2e / 2 , t (, 0) = 0
tt + 4k 2 = 0
=2ki
2
(k, 0) = 2ek / 2 ,
c..
t (k, 0) = 0
2
q(k) = 2ek / 2
p(k) +
2
2
2
p(k) = ek / 2 = q(k) , (k, t) = ek / 2 ei k(2t) + ek / 2 ei k(2t) .
2ki p(k) q(k) = 0 q(k) = p(k)
2
2
2
2
Como F 1 ek / 2 = e / 2 y F 1 (k) ei k = ( ) , concluimos que (, t) = e(2t) / 2 + e(+2t) / 2 .
1
Que es evidentemente la solucin que saldra de la frmula de DAlembert (, t) = 2 (+ 2t ) + ( 2t)
tt + c2 k 2 = 0
27
tt c2 = 0 , , t R
(, 0) = (), t (, 0) = g()
p
1 si [ct, ct]
g() 2 h() , con h() = 0 si / [ct, ct]
||
1 R ct
1 R ct
1 R
g(
s) h(s) ds = 2c
g( s) ds = 2c
g() d
2c
ct
+ct
1
1
(+ ct)+ ( ct) + 2c
2
=s
t = (2 1) e / 2 , R , t > 0
(, 0) = 0 , acotada
28
t + k 2 = k 2 ek
(k, 0) = 0
/2
a] Como F [ 00 ] = k 2 y F [e ] = p1 ek
2
p a ojo
(k, t) = p(k) ek t ek
1
2
2
(, t) = F 1 ek (t+ 2 ) e / 2 =
b] = e
2
2
satisface la ecuacin,
1
1+2t
/2
(k, t) = ek
(2t+1)s2 2s+2
4t
Llamando p al ltimo
()
29
d..
/ (4t+2)
t = 0
2
(, 0) = e / 2
/ 2 ek 2 t
/2
1
p
2 t
es
p
2
ep dp = :
p
2
s
p
2t+1
p p
2 t
2 t 2t+1
ek
/2 :
/2
/ 2 e(s)2 / 4t ds .
2t+1 s p2t+1
2
2
=
4t + 4t(2t+1)
p 2
2 t
p
p
2 t
1
p ds : = p p
corchete dp = 2t+1
2 t 2t+1
2 t
ek
2
/ 4 =1/
/ 2 ()
formulario
/ (4t+2)
2
4t+2
ep dp = p
=+ 2
1
e / (4t+2)
2t+1
[Estamos todo el rato sacando calor en [1, 1] y dndolo (menos cantidad segn nos alejamos)
fuera de ese intervalo. Las temperaturas acaban siendo negativas y menores cerca del origen].
2
t = e / 4 , R , t > 0
(, 0) = 0 , acotada
Su solucin: (, t) = p1
ek ek
k2
2 (t+1)
ek dk
[en k = 0 decente].
p
2
p
2 d..
2
t + k 2 = 2 ek p a ojo
(k, t) = p(k) ek t + k 22 ek
2
(k, 0) = 0
p
p
R
2
2
2
p(k) = k 22 ek , (k, t) = k 22 ek ek (t+1) . Y de (, t) = p1 (k, t)ek dk , sale lo de arriba.
Como F [e ] = p1 ek
2
4
/ 4 =1/
(0, t) =
1
p
ek ek
k2
2 (t+1)
dk =
2 (t+1)
ek ek
p
k
2
2 R
p
ek dk
2(t+1)
p
ek
(t+1) dk
p
= 2 t+1 2 .
[Es normal que tienda a . Estamos constantemente metiendo calor en toda la varilla].
30
b]
c]
a]
t 41 + = 0
2
(, 0) = e
t t 2 = 0
(, 0) =
2
t = k k4
(k, 0) = p1 ek
t + k 2 t 2 = 0
2
e / 8
/4
= p1 ekt e
2
2
(k,1) = p1 ek / 4
2
t 2 + t = 0
(, 0) =
EDO en t
t + (2k 2 + t) = 0
2
(k, 0) = 2e2k
k 2 (t+1)
4
2
(k, t) = p(k) ek / t =
EDO en t
e
t+1
= p 1
1
p
d.i. 2
(k, t) = p(k) e
t2
2
ek
e2k
t cte
(, t) =
c]
t 2t = 0
(, 0) = ()
t + 2tk 2 = 0
2 2
p
= p(k) et k =
(k, 0) = 1/ 2
1
p
2
et
k2
(t)2
t+1
2 5t4 t cte
4t
2t
1
1+t
= 2 e
d.i.
t2
2
t2
2
= p
.
p
t
5t4
e2(1+t)k
2
8(1+t)
2
2
1
p e / 4t
2 t
t2
e 5t4 .
2
a) y 00 + y = 0
= 0 regular, y =
ck k
k=0
0 : c2 = 0 = c5 = c8 = ; c3 =
b) (1+ 2 )y 00 2y = 0
y=
c0
23
, c4 =
(2013-14)
k(k 1)ck k2 +
k=2
c1
34
X
k=0
, . . . ; y = c0 1+
k3
ck k+1 = 0 ; ck = (k1)k
, k = 3, 4, . . . ;
n=1
X
(1)n 3n
(1)n 3n+1
+ c1 +
258(3n1) 3n n!
4710(3n+1) 3n n!
n=1
ck k , ck = k4
ck2 , c2 = c0 , c4 = c6 = = 0 , c3 =
k
c1
3
k=0
X
y = c0 1+ 2 + c1 +
n=1
(1)n+1 2n+1
(2n1)(2n+1)
y1 = 1+ 2 , y2 = (1+ 2 )
d
(1+2 )
R 2
C cos
Resoluble, = (1+sen
)2
c) cos y 00 + (2 sen ) y 0 = 0
cos
c1
, c5 = 35
, c7 =
c1
57
,. . .
y = c0 [1+ 2 ] + c1 + (1+ 2 ) rctn .
= 2 log 1+sen
cos
C
1+sen
, y=K+
y = K + C[1 sen + sen2 sen3 + sen4 ] = K + C 1 + 2 + 61 1 3 + 1 13 4 +
2
3
4
O bien, 1 2 24
+ [2c2 + 6c3 + 12c4 2 + ] + 2 + 6 [c1 + 2c2 + 3c3 2 + ] = 0 ,
k=0
k(k 1)ck k2 +
k=2
2kck k +
k=1
k=0
1
2
4 + .
O bien: y 00 (0)+y(0) = 0 , y 00 (0) = 2 ; y 000 +2y 00 +4y 0 = 0 , y 000 (0) = 4y 0 (0) = 0 ; y +2y 000 +6y 00 = 0 , y (0) = 6y 00 (0) = 12 .
1
2
k : (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 2(k + 1)ck = 0 , ck+2 = k+2
ck ck = 2k ck2 c6 = 31 c4 = 16 , c8 = 41 c4 = 4!
, ... ;
c2k = 1k c2k2 =
1
c
k(k1) 2k4
1 4
1 6
= y = 1 2 + 2!
3!
+ +
(1)k 2k
+
k!
= e
ck k , sabiendo que c0 = 0 y c1 = 1 .
k=0
k(k 1)ck k2 +
k=2
[2kck k1 2kck k ] +
k=1
k=0
y = 2 +
5
6
1
2
4 + .
y + (2 2)y 000 (3+ 2)y 00 4y 0 = 0 y (0)+ 2y 000 (0) 3y 00 (0) 4y 0 (0) = 0 , y (0) = 12
y1 = e , e
R 2
R 2
R
d.i.
2
= e 2 y = ce + ke 0 es ds y = e 0 es ds = e 0 1+ s2 + 12 s4 + ds
1 5
= 1 + 21 2 16 3 + + 31 3 + 10
+ = 2 + [ 13 + 12 ] 3 [ 13 + 16 ] 4 + p
p
2 y 00 y 0 = 0
1=s&
p
p d.i.
p
p
p
(1 )(1 2)y 00 + 2y 0 2y = 0
p
2
, = Ce
, y = K + C( 1)e
= 0 regular, y =
ck k ck =
y = 1 + 2( 1)e
3(k2)
ck1
k
2(k3)
ck2
k
k=0
1
c0 = c1 = 1 c2 = 1 , c3 = 1 ,. . . Si ck2 = ck1 = 1 ck = kk = 1 y = 1 + + 2 + = 1
.
R 2
R
R
R
2
1
1
1
c2
O bien, y1 = , e = e ( 1 12 ) , y2 = 212
=
(
)
=
,
y
=
c
+
+
d.i.
1
2
2
2
1
1
(1)
(1)
La serie converge en (1, 1) el teorema aseguraba que lo haca al menos en (1/ 2, 1/ 2) .
42 y 00 3y = 2
b)
= s+ 1
a) Euler. ( 1) 34 = 0 = 32 , 21 , yp = A2 8A 3A = 1 y = c1 3/ 2 + c2 1/ 2 +
y 00 (1) = 0
O bien:
3y = 0 y = s+ 81 s3 18 s4 +
42 y 000 + 8y 00 3y 0 = 0 , y 000 (1) = 43 ; . . .
a) y 00 + 2y 0 =
1
( 1)3
8
1
( 1)4
8
+ .
0 + 2 =
O tambin:
y = ( 1) +
1 2
+ C2
3
y=
2
6
C
+ K , como antes (con otro nombre de las constantes).
b) 2 y 00 3y 0 + 3y = 9 ln
c) 2 y 00 + 4y 0 + 2y = e
y=
c1
c2
2
R
R
+ yp , |W| = 4 , yp = 2 e + 1 e =
a) y 00 + y 0 + y = 0 = 0 regular. y =
ck k
2c2 + c0 = 0 , c2 =
1
c
2 0
=0;
1 :
kck k +
k=0
0 :
k(k 1)ck k2 +
6c3 + 2c1 = 0 ,
c3 = 13 c1 = 13
1
ck = 1k ck2 c4 = c6 = = 0 , c5 = 15 c3 = 15
ck k = 0 , con c0 = 0 y c1 = 1 .
[para que se anule en = 0 ]
k2 :
e
2
1 5
y = 13 3 + 15
.
b) 3y 00 + y 0 + y = 0
ck k+2/ 3 , c0 6= 0
k=0
1
5/ 3 : 16c2 + c0 = 0 , c2 = 16
c0 ;
1
1 2
1
1
c2 = 896
c0 y1 = 2/ 3 1 16
+ 896
4 .
c3 = c5 = = 0 , c4 = 56
1/ 3 : 0 c0 = 0 , c0 indeterminado;
[converger en todo R,
pues lo hacen y b ].
1
k1/ 3 : ck = k(3k+2)
ck2
2/ 3 : 5c1 = 0 , c1 = 0 ;
c) y 00 2y 0 + 4e y = 0
1
c .
9 0
Ya 3 no nulos:
1 6
+ .
t0
k=0
y1 = 3 4 +
X
X
y1 = 1/ 3 ck k
3(k + 31 )(k 23 )ck k2/ 3 + 2(k + 31 )ck k2/ 3 6(k + 13 )ck k+1/ 3 + 2ck k+1/ 3
k=0
k=0
Re
(2 2 )
3
2/ 3
bk k
k=0
X
k=0
d = 1/ 3
R 1+2+22 + 4 3 +
3
4/ 3
6(k1)
c
k(3k+1) k1
d = 3(1 25 2 16 4 + ) = 3
2(3k4)
4y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 0
y2 =
X
(1)k
n=0
s = 1/ 2
(2k)!
dy
d
y1 = 1/ 3 .
2n n
n!(13n)
. O bien:
5
k1 : bk = k(3k1) bk1 b3 = 12
b2 = 61 b0 ; . . .
10
c2 = c3 = = 0
= 0 singular regular, r =
k = cos
dy 1
ds 2s
d2 y
d2
, 0 ; y1 = cos
=
d2 y 1
ds2 4s2
dy 1
ds 4s3
1
,0
2
p R
d2 y
ds2
; y2 =
1/ 2
p
cos2
X
n=0
y2 = 1 25 2 61 3 + .
1
ck k analtica; ck = 2k(2k1)
ck1 ,
= 2 sen
y = c1 cos
+ s = 0 , y = c1 cos s + c2 sen s
+ c2 sen
3y 00 + 2y 0 + 4y = 0 = 0 singular regular de 2 y 00 + 23 y 0 + 4
y = 0 con ( 1)+ 32 = 0 , 1 = 31 , 2 = 0 .
3
11
Se anula en = 0 la y1 =
k=0
X
0
bk k no se anula en 0 (y es analtica).
k=0
3(k + 13 )(k 23 )ck k2/ 3 + 2(k + 31 )ck k2/ 3 + 4ck k+1/ 3 =
X
k(3k + 1)ck k2/ 3 + 4ck k+1/ 3 = 0
4
2
4
4
ck = k(3k+1)
ck1 c2 = 27 c1 = 27 c0 , c3 = 15
c2 = 105
c0 y1 = 1/ 3 1 + 27 2 105
3 + .
Esta serie, segn Frobenius, converge al menos donde lo hacan = 32 y b= 4
, es decir, .
3
12
ck k+3 , c0 6= 0 .
k=0
X
(k + 3)(k + 2)ck k+3 (k + 3)ck k+4 5(k + 3)ck k+3 + 9ck k+3 =
X
k 2 ck k+3 (k + 3)ck k+4 = 0
3 :
k+3 :
0 c0 = 0 , c0 indeterminado;
k2 c
ck =
k (k + 2)ck1 = 0 ,
k+2
k2
4 :
c1 3c0 = 0 , c1 = 3c0 ;
5 :
y1 = 3 1+ 3+ 33 +
solucin que claramente tiende a 0 cuando 0 .
La otra solucin y2 = 4
bk k + y1 ln tambin tiende a 0 cuando 0 pues 3 ln 0 .
0
k=0
6
2 (1+ 2 ) y 00 6y = 0 = 0 singular regular de 2 y 00 1+
2 y = 0 con ( 1) 6 = 0 1 = 3 , 2 = 2 .
X
Est acotada en = 0 la y1 =
ck k+3 , c0 6= 0 la serie converger al menos en (1, 1) , donde lo hace b() .
k=0
(k + 3)(k + 2)ck k+3 + (k + 3)(k + 2)ck k+5 6ck k+3 = 0 3 : 6c0 6c0 = 0 , c0 indeterminado;
13
k+1
ck2
4 : 6c1 = 0 , c1 = 0 ; 5 : 20c2 + 6c0 6c2 = 0 , c2 = 37 c0 ; k+3 : (k + 5)kck + (k + 1)kck2 = 0 , ck = k+5
5
c3 = c5 = = 0 , c4 = 59 c2 = 21
c0
14
2 y 00 + (4 )y 0 + 2(1 )y = 0
y1 = 3
3 5
5 7
21
. El coeficiente de 2012 es 0 .
ck k1 , y2 =
k=0
X
X
(k 1)(k 2)ck k1 + 4(k 1)ck k1 (k 1)ck k + 2ck k1 2ck k =
k=0
bk k2 + dy1 ln .
k=0
k(k + 1)ck k1 (k + 1)ck k = 0
k=0
k1
. 1 : 0c0 = 0 . Con recurrencia: c1 =
k1 : k(k+1)ck kck1 ck = k+1
c0 =1
0
ck = (k+1)!
X
0
1 :
X
0
2
k
y1 = 1 1+ 2!
+ 3! + + (k+1)!
+ =
(k 2)bk k3 + dy10 ln +
dy1
, y200 =
e 1
2
X
0
c0
2
y10 = 12 + 16 + .
2dy10
dy1
2
d = 0 ( b1 indeterminado, elegimos b1 = 0 ); k2 : bk =
Identificada y1 : y2 = e 1
2
15
R 4 4 e
(e 1)2
= 12 . Hallada y2 : y1 = 12
bk1
k
b2 = b3 = = 0 y2 = 12
R 4 e
e
2
= 0 singular regular, r = 0, 1 y1 =
. Solucin general: y =
c1 e
2
ck k acotada en = 0 .
k=0
k=2
[2kck k1 + 3kck k ] +
k=1
y1 = 1
1
+ 13 2
2
1 3
+ +
(1)k
k+1
ck
ck k = 0 ck+1 = k+2
k=0
1
k
k+1
+ =
log(1+)
, funcin no analtica en = 1 .
ck sk analtica, pero y2 = s
k=0
Utilizando que y1 =
bk sk + 1 log s no analtica en s = 0 ( = 1 ).
k=0
: e
2+3
(1+)
= e
1
[ 2 + 1+
]
1
2 (1+)
, y2 =
R d
1+
log(1+)
16
y 00 + (1 2 )y 0 + py = 0
r = 0 doble; y1 =
ck k ; recurrencia: ck =
pk+2
ck2
k2
; c1 = 0 = c3 =
k=0
Si p = 2n , n = 0, 1, , y1 es un polinomio de grado 2n . Si p = 4 , y1 = 1 2 +
1 4
+ c22
17
(1 2 )y 00 2y 0 + y = 0
ck k
k=0
k=2
0 : 2c2 + c0 = 0 c2 =
2kck k +
k=1
c0
2
ck k = 0
k=0
k +k1
11
ck+2 = (k+2)(k+1)
ck c4 = 0 , c5 = 11
c = 120
c1
20 3
2
De otra forma: y 00 (0)+ y(0) = 0 y 00 (0) = 0 . Y derivando: (1 2 )y 000 4y 00 y 0 = 0 y 000 (0) = y 0 (0) = 1 ,
(1 2 )y V 6y 000 5y 00 = 0 y V (0) = 5y 00 (0) = 0 , (1 2 )y V 8y V 11y 000 = 0 y V (0) = 11y 000 (0) = 11 .
Haciendo + 1 = s obtenemos (2s s2 )y 00 + 2(1 s)y 0 + y = 0 , s2 y 00 + s
r2 = 0
ni y1 = c0 + c1 s+ ni y2 = b0 s+ + y1 ln |s| tienden a 0 si s 0 ( 1 ).
2 y 00 + y 0 + 2 14 y = 0
18
2(1s) 0
s
y + 2s
y=0
2s
y=r
r+2 00 + (2r + 1)r 0 + (r 2 41 )r + r+2 = 0 ,
p
p
Eligiendo r = 21 se obtiene 00 + = 0 = c1 cos + c2 sen . Solucin: y = c1 cos
+ c2 sen
.
1
, 12
2
; y1 =
ck k+1/ 2 , y2 =
k=0
k=0
1
b k1/ 2
4 k
+ bk k+3/ 2 =
X
k(k 1)bk k1/ 2 + bk k+3/ 2 = 0 ;
k=0
X
X
(1)n 2n
(1)n 2n+1
1
1
bk = k(k1)
bk2 = k(k1)(k2)(k3)
bk4 = ; y = 1/ 2 b0
+ b1
(2n)!
(2n+1)!
k=0
19
(2 1)y 00 4y 0 + 6y = 0 .
ck k
k=0
k=0
k=2
4kck k +
k=1
6ck k = 0
k=0
c0 = y(0) ; 1 : 6c3 4c1 + 6c1 = 0 c3 = c31 = 1 c1 = y 0 (0) ;
(k2)(k3)
k ck+2 = (k+2)(k+1) ck c4 = 0 = c6 = , c5 = 0 = c7 =
y = 1+ 3 32 + 3 = ( 1)3 .
X
k+2
k+3
k+2
2(k + 3)(k + 2)ck s
+ (k + 3)(k + 2)ck s
4(k + 3)ck s
4(k + 3)ck sk+3 + 6ck sk+3
k=0
X
k=0
k1
2k(k + 3)ck sk+2 + k(k + 1)ck sk+3 = 0 sk+2 : 2k(k + 3)ck + (k 1)kck1 = 0 ck = 2(k+3)
ck1 , k 1 .
= 1s s12 1 s4 y+ 2s3 y 4s s2 y + 6y = s2 1 s2 y + s 6 2s2 y + 6y = 0 ,
P
P
ecuacin para la que s = 0 es singular regular con r = 2, 3 . Sus soluciones y1 = s12
y y2 = s13 + dy1 ln s
se van al infinito cuando s 0+ ( ).
R
20
( 1)y 00 + y 0 py = 0
2s+2
s2 +2s
s6
= s3
(s+2)2
s4
= s3
= 0 singular regular, r = 2, 0 ; y1 =
1
22
s
s
4
3s3
y = k1 s3 + k2
ck k+2 ; ck =
(k+1)kp
ck1
k(k+2)
k=0
4 3
,
3
...
R R [1/ (2 )]
2
+ + 1 0
Para p = 2 , y2 = 2 e 4
= 2 ln 1
0
2
s2
O bien, =
1
s
s0+
ck sk 0 .
s0
4
+ 2s+ s2
3
y 00 + y = 0
y(0) = y 0 (1) = 0
0 (teor 1). = 0 : y = c1 + c2 ,
cn sen
n=1
(2n1)
2
y 00 + y = 0
y(1) = y(1) = 0
(2013-14)
y(0) = c1 = 0
y 0 (1) = c2 = 0
y 0 . = 0 no autovalor.
y(0) = c1 = 0
(2n1)
(2n1)2 2
, yn = sen
n =
, n = 1, 2, . . . .
2
22
y 0 (1) = c2 cos = 0
. Como r = 1 , yn , yn = 12 , es cn = 2
s=+1 y 00 + y = 0
y(0) = y(2) = 0
n2 2
R1
0
sen
ns
n = 2 , yn sen 2
2
(2n1)
8(1)n+1
d = 2 (2n1)2
2
n
+ n
2
2
= sen
, n = 1, 2, . . . .
2 2
n par, c1 = 0 sen
c cos c sen = 0
Directamente ( > 0 ): c1 cos + c2 sen = 0 = sen 2 = 0 , n = n22
.
n impar, c2 = 0 cos
1
2
R1
R1
X
n(+1)
n(+1)
n(+1)
2[1+(1)n ]
=
cn sen
. r = 1 . yn , yn = 1 sen2
= 1 , cn = 1 sen
d =
.
2
2
2
n
n=1
2 y 00 + y 0 + y = 0
y 0 (1) = y 0 (e) = 0
0
y 0 (1) = c2 = 0
y 0 + 1 y = 0 . 0 . = 0 : y = c1 + c2 ln , 0
y (2) = c2 / e = 0
y 0 (1) = c2 = 0
c sen = 0
y 0 (2) =
e 1
O haciendo = es
d2y
ds2
cn cos(n ln ) .
n=0
y0 = {1} .
n = n2 2 , yn = cos(n ln ) , n = 1, 2, . . .
+ y = 0 , y(s = 0) = y 0 (s = 1) , problema conocido con esos n e yn (s) = cos ns .
, 1 =
Re
d = e 1 , 1, 1 =
1
Re
yn , yn = 1 1
Re 1
,1
d = 1 c0 = 1,1 = e 1 .
Re
(1)n e1
cn = 2 1 cos(n ln ) d = 2 1+n2 2 , n 1 .
1
2
cos (n ln ) d = 12
0 y
p
y 0 4 + y = 0 , > 0 . Casi Bessel: s = = s2 y 00 + sy 0 + s2 41 y = 0
2 2
n(1)
c.c.
p
p
, n = 1, 2, . . .
y = c1 cos
+ c2 sen
n = n 9 , yn = p1 sen
3
00
00
p
=s+1 + = 0
+ = 0
n(1)
O bien: = y (1) = (4) = 0 (0) = (3) = 0 n = sen ns
= sen
.
3
3
2 y 00 + y 0 + 2 14 y = 0
y(1) = y(4) = 0
X
c
pn
sen
n=1
n(1)
2
. r = . yn , yn =
y 00 + y = 0
y 0 (0) y(0) = y(1) = 0
R4
1
sen2
> 0 : Si = 0 , n =
c c = 0
2
1
Si 6= 0 : c cos
+ c2 sen = 0
1
c c = 0
1
= 0 : c2 + c =
1
2 0
n(1)
2
d = 32 , cn = 32
(2n1)2 2
,
22
yn = cos
R4
1
3/ 2 sen
n(1)
2
d no elemental.
(2n1)
.
2
tn n = n , yn = sen n ( 1) .
< 0 : y = c1 ep + c2 ep ,
c1 ep + c2 ep = 0
p
p[ep + ep ] + [ep ep ] = 0 th p =
Si < 1 hay un = p20 y0 { sh p0 + p0 ch p0 } .
El menor autovalor es negativo si < 1 , 0 si = 1
2
y positivo si > 1 para = 0 es = 4 .
cos3 =
3
4
cos(n1)
cos(n3)
3 cos(n+1)
1 cos(n+3)
= 4
+
4
+
n+1
n1
n+3
n3
0
0
=
3 1+(1)n
4
n+1
1+(1)n
1 1+(1)n
+ 4
n1
n+3
cos3 =
X
m=1
8m(4m2 7)
(4m2 1)(4m2 9)
1+(1)n
3n 1+(1)n
= 2
n3
n2 1
sen 2m
n
+ 2
1+(1)n
n2 9
2n(n2 7)[1+(1)n ]
(n2 1)(n2 9)
, (0, ) .
a) () = 1
2 X sen(2m1)
.
2m1
m=1
1 < < 0
2-peridica de () = 1,
1, 0 < < 1
m=1
m gordo
m=2
2(1)n+1
4[(1)n 1]
sen n
3 n3
n=1
X (1)n
2 = 13 + 42
n2
n=1
1,0
0,75
0,5
0,25
0,0
0,0
0,2
0,1
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
a) sen, m x= 2, 5, 20
b) sen, n = 2, 5, 50
b) cos, n = 2, 5
a) () = sen2 = 12 21 cos 2 , ya desarrollada 0 = 12 , 2 = 21 y los dems n y los bn son 0 .
R
R
R
b) () = | sen | par bn = 0 . 0 = 1 | sen | d = 2 0 sen d = 4 . 1 = 2 0 sen cos d = 0 .
R
cos(1+n) cos(1n)
sen cos n d = 1 0 [sen(1+ n)+ sen(1 n)]d = 1
+
1+n
1n
0
X
n
1 1+cos n
2
1+cos n
2 1+(1)
4
cos 2m
=
.
+ 1n
= 1n2 | sen | = +
1+n
14m2
n = 2
R
0
m=1
c) () = sen
d) () =
2 R
impar. n = 0 . bn =
, si < 0
sen , si 0 <
1
= 1 2
2 0
() =
1 , 01
0 , 1<2
0 = 22
R1
0
n = 1
bn =
0
1 R
0
d = 1 , n =
R1
0
cos
0
2
n
2
sen n d =
sen cos n d
R0
sen sen n d
R0
; 1 = 0 ; n = 1
Si () =
sen
1 R
2 X (1)m
2m+1
m=0
cos
(2m+1)
2
(12n)
(1+2n)
(1)n n
cos
d = 8 14n2
2
2
sen n d , n = 1, 2, . . .
n cos
n
L
2
d = n
sen
n
2
, es n =
0 , n par
2(1)m
(2m+1)
cos n d , n = 0, 1, . . .
, n = 2, 3, . . . ; b1 = 25 ; bn =
n=1
1
2
cos
1+(1)n
1n2
2
L
RL
0
() cos
, n = 2m+ 1
1
(1 )+ (1+ ) = 21
2
1(1)n
n
, n = 2, 3, . . . .
n
L
d . En este caso:
1
2
2 X (1)m
2m+1
m=0
cos
(2m+1)
2
2 X (1)m
2m+1
m=0
cos(2m+ 1) =
X
(1)m
1
2
2
2m+1
m=0
(2n1)2
(2n1)
, n = 1, 2, . . . . yn , yn = 2 .
Autofunciones conocidas: n = 22 , yn = sen
2
R
R / 2
(2n1)
(2n1)
cn = 2 0 () sen
d = 2 0 sen
d
2
2
(2n1)
(2n1)
(2n1) / 2
R
8 sen
2 cos
4 cos
/ 2
(2n1)
4
2
4
4
+ (2n1)
cos
d =
.
= (2n1)
2
2
2n1
0
(2n1)
X
X
X
4 )
sen
8 sen2( n
(2n1)
2
2
=
= 4
Por tanto: 4 = cn sen
2
4
2n1
n=1
y 00 + y = 0
y(0) = y(1) y 0 (1) = 0
(2n1)2
n=1
(2n1)
n=1
1
[ (+ )+ ( )]
2
X
1
c =0
a) = 0 : y = c1 +c2 c1 + c c = 0
1
2
2
1
(2n1)2
n=1
= 8 .
c1 = 0 0 = 0 autovalor con y0 = {} .
p
> 0 : y = c1 cos + c2 sen , y 0 = c1 sen + c2 cos , =
c1 = 0 &
c2 queda indeterminado si sen = cos .
c2 (sen cos ) = 0
Hay infintos n con n = tn n n = n2 , yn = sen n .
w1
Como 0 < 0 podra haber < 0 . El dato nos dice que no, pero lo comprobamos:
c1 = c2 &
p
y = c1 ep + c2 ep
y0
1
p
p
p
p
c2 (p[e + e ] [e e ]) = 0
th p
p
no existe p > 0 con p = th p , pues (th p)0 (0) = 1 .
0
cn yn () = c0 +
R1
0
d =
1
2
tan w
n=1
n=0
En particular, 1, =
y , =
R1
0
2 d =
1
3
. Por tanto, c0 =
w2
1/ 2
1/ 3
3
2
1,yn
yn ,yn
, 1 = 23 +
R1
Calculemos, aunque no se pida, el resto de coeficientes: 1, sen n = 0 sen n d = 1 [1 cos n ] ;
n
R 1 1cos 2
1
sen 2n
1
sen n cos n
1cos2 n
2
n
d = 2 4
= 2
=
. cn = (1+cos
.
sen n , sen n = 0
2
2
2
)
n
<1 ,
0
En forma autoadjunta: y 0 e2 + e2 y = 0 [problema de S-L regular].
p
2 + 2+ = 0 = 1 1 . En principio, puede haber negativos.
y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 0
y(0)+ y 0 (0) = y(1/ 2) = 0
1 = p y = c1 e(p1) + c2 e(p+1)
= 1 y = (c1 + c2 )e
p
y(0)+ y 0 (0) = c
y( 21 ) = (c1 +
c2
2
2 =0
c1 = c2 = 0 .
)e1/ 2 = 0
c1 = c2 = 0 .
X
1, yn
n=1
Como
R 1/ 2
0
yn , yn
cos2 b =
1
2
yn , con 1, yn =
R 1/ 2
0
e cos(2n 1) d , yn , yn =
R 1/ 2
0
cos2 (2n 1) d
R 1/ 2
R
(cos b+b sen b)e
b
(1+ cos 2b) = 14 + sen
1, yn = 14 e
e cos b d =
,
4b
0
1+b2
concuimos que: 1 = 4
X
(1)n+1 (2n1)e1/ 2 1
1+(2n1)2 2
e cos(2n 1) .
n=1
X
R1
1 = cn P2n1 ()
c2 = 7 0 52 3 32 d = 78
n=1
r() = 1
R1
c3 = 11 0 63
5 35
3 + 15
d = 11
8
4
8
16
0
[1 2 ]y 0 + y = 0
y(0) = 0, y acotada en 1
1,5
1,25
1,0
0,75
0,5
0,25
0,0
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
y 00 2y 0 = 2
y(1)+ y 0 (1) = y(2) = 0
y 00
1
2
0 0
, obtenemos: 2 = 23 .
11
2 0
y = 2
c1 + 4c2 = 0
El homogno tiene slo la solucin trivial y 0 ,
c1 = c2 = 0 .
c1 + 8c2 = 0
el no homogneo tiene una nica solucin.
c1 + 4c2 2 = 0
c1 = 2 , c2 = 0 , y = 2 .
c1 + 8c2 2 = 0
y 00 y 0 + y = 0
y(0) = y() = 0
12
0
a] En forma autoadjunta: e y 0 + e y = 0 el peso es r() = e .
b] Como 0 = 0 = 0 , q 0 sabemos que los 0 , con lo que = 2 no es autovalor, cosa que es fcil
de ver directamente: 2 2 = 0 , = 2,1 y = c1 e2 + c2 e ,
ya que, por ejemplo, el determinante de los coeficientes
Para = 54 es = 1
15
2
1
1
e2 e =
y(0) = c1 + c2 = 0
y() = c1 e2 + c2 e = 0
c1 = c2 = 0 ,
e e2 6= 0 .
y(0) = c1 = 0
= 21 i y = c1 cos + c2 sen e/ 2 ,
/ 2
y() = c1 e
=0
c1 = 0 y c2 cualquiera.
As pues, = 54 es autovalor y la autofuncin correspondiente es y = e/ 2 sen .
c] Como para = 2 el homogneo tiene slo la solucin trivial, el no homogneo tendr solucin nica.
Si = 54 tendr infinitas o ninguna. () = e/ 2 (la de la ecuacin en forma autoadjunta).
R
Como 0 e/ 2 e/ 2 sen d = cos 0 = 2 6= 0 , el problema no homogno no tiene ninguna solucin.
2 y 00 + 3y 0 + y+ y = 0
y(1) = y(e) = 0
13
a] y 00 + 3 y 0 + 12 y+ 12 y = 0 , e
3/
0
= 3 , 3 y 0 + y+ y = 0 peso r() = .
12 sen2( ln ) d = ln = s =
sen( ln )
sen2(s) ds =
1
2
y(1) = c1 = 0
c] Para = 0 es = 1 doble y = c1 + c2 ln 1
=0
, c2 .
.
Z
1
1 cos(2s)] ds =
y(e) = (c1 + c2 ) e1 = 0
1
2
c1 = c2 = 0 . No es autovalor.
Como el homogneo tiene slo la solucin trivial, el no homogneo tendr solucin nica.
y 00 + y = sen
y(0) = y 0 ( 2 ) = 0
14
Autovalores y autofunciones del homogneo: n = (2n 1)2 , yn = sen(2n 1) .
n = 1, 2, . . .
Para cualquier 6= (2n 1)2 el homogneo slo tiene la solucin trivial y el no homogneo solucin nica.
c.c.
Por ejemplo para = 0 la solucin es y = c1 + c2 sen y = sen nica solucin del problema .
infinitas
=0
Para = (2n 1)2 el homogno tiene infinitas y el no homogneo tendr ninguna segn sea 6= 0 la
R / 2
0
integral = 0 sen sen(2n 1) d la ecuacin ya est en forma autoadjunta: [y 0 ] + y = sen .
R / 2
2 d 6 = 0 , ya que para los otros autovalores = 9,25, . . .
sen
Por tanto, no hay solucin slo si = 1
0
la integral es cero [sin calcularla: sen es ortogonal a las otras autofunciones] y hay infinitas soluciones.
R / 2
n6=1 sen(n1)
n
La integral no es difcil de calcular: = 21 0
cos 2(n 1) cos 2n d =
= 0,
sen
4n
4(n1)
R
/ 2
y para n = 1 : = 12 0
1 cos 2 d = 4 6= 0 .
15
c.c.
c1 = 0
c.c.
c1 = 0
4
y 00 + y = cos 3
y 0 (0) = y 0 ( 4 )+ y( 4 ) = 0
sen
8
y 0 (0) = c2 = 0
0 = 0
= 0 no
0 . = 0 : y = c1 + c2 0
0
autovalor.
> 0
y ( 4 )+ y( 4 ) = c1 = 0
> 0 : y = c1 cos + c2 sen . y 0 (0) = 0 c2 = 0 y 0 ( 4 )+ y( 4 ) = c1 cos
sen
=0.
4
4
Si cos 3 = c1 cos +
= 1 ).
n=2
c1 =
cos 3, cos
cos , cos
R / 4
0
cos 3 cos d
R / 4
0
cos2 d
R / 4
0
(cos 4+cos 2) d
R / 4
(1+cos 2) d
0
2
+2
Para i), por no ser = 0 autovalor hay solucin nica del no homogneo. Para ii), hay infinitas del
R / 4
homogneo yh = {cos } y el no homogneo no tiene solucin pues: 0 cos 3 cos d = 14 6= 0 .
c2 .
a)
(, t) =
Tn (t) sen n
n=1
n=1
(2013-14)
Separando la homognea:
Tn0 +n2 Tn sen n = e2t = e2t
X 00 + X = 0
n = n2 , Xn = sen n ,
X(0) = X() = 0
n = 1, 2...
Bn sen n , con Bn = 2
n=1
n=1
R
0
sen n d =
2[1(1)n ]
n
Tn0 + n2 Tn = Bn e2t
Tn (0) = 0
d..
n
n
Tn = Cen t + Tnp . Tnp = Ae2t [2+ n2 ]A = Bn , Tn = Cen t + n2B2
e2t C = n2B2
. Por tanto:
X
X B
2
2
1
n
(, t) =
e2t en t sen n = 4
e2t e(2m1) t sen(2m 1) .
n2 2
(2m1)[ (2m1)2 2]
2
m=1
n=1
b)
Probamos: = T0 (t) +
Autofunciones homogneo:
X 00 + X = 0
Xn = cos n .
X 0 (0) = X 0 () = 0
n=0,1,2,
Tn (t) cos n
n=1
(ya desarrollada)
n=1
Tn (0) cos n =
n=1
1
cos22
2
T 0 = sen t
T 0 + 4T2 = 0
3
1
0
2
.,
(y los dems Tn 0 ) = 2 cos t 2 e4t cos 2 .
T0 (0) = 1/ 2
T2 (0) = 1/ 2
=1
t = e2t cos
(, 0) = 0 , (0, t) =
Probamos: (, t) =
Tn (t) cos(2n 1)
n=1
X 00 + X = 0 , X 0 (0) = X
, t =0
2
=0 ,
2
Xn = cos(2n 1) , n = 1, ....
Tn0 + (2n 1)2 Tn cos(2n 1) = e2t cos ya desarrollada.
n=1
T10 + T1 = e2t
y
T1 (0) = 0
R
T1 (0)=0
T1 = Cet + et et
T1 (t) = et e2t .
La solucin del problema en es: (, t) = 1 + et e2t cos 1 : toda la varilla tiende a ponerse a 1o .
t
00
X
t = 6 sen 6 cos 3 , 0, 2 , t > 0
+ X = 0
d)
Tn (t) sen(2n 1)
X(0) = X ( 2 ) = 0
(, 0) = (0, t) = ( , t) = 0
n=1
n=1
e)
t 1t = 2 cos , 0, 2 , t > 1
(, 1) = cos 3 , (0, t) = 2 , t = 0
Probamos =
Tn (t) cos(2n1) :
n=1
T10 = 1t T1 + 2
T1 (1) = 0
f)
T1 =
=XT X 00
X
= tT
= ,
T
n=1
d..
C
+ t
t
T1 = t
X 00 + X = 0
, Xn = cos (2n 1) , n = 1, 2, . . .
X 0 (0) = X 2 = 0
X
2
Tn0 + nt Tn cos(2n1) = 2 cos , (,1) = Tn (1) cos(2n1) = cos 3 .
n=1
(ya desarrollada)
1
t
+ 2 = 0 , (0, 1) , t > 0
t
= 31 (1 e9t ) sen 3
Tn0 + (2n 1)2 Tn = 3
, n = 2, 5 ;
1
Tn (0) = 0
+ 27
(1 e81t ) sen 9
T20 = 9t T2
T2 (1) = 1
T2
= XT
X 00
X
d..
= Ct 9
(ya desarrollada)
C = 1 . = t t 1 cos + t 9 cos 3 .
= TT + 2 = T 0 + (+ 2)T = 0 y
X 00 + X = 0
. 0 < 0 . El problema (8 de P3) puede tener negativos:
X(0) = X(1) X 0 (1) = 0
<0 ,
= p
X = c1 ep + c2 ep
X 0 = p(c1 ep c2 ep )
c1 = c2 = 0 , pues p 6=
X = c +c
ep ep
ep +ep
th p
c1 + c2 = 0
&
c1 (ep ep ) p(ep + ep ) = 0
= th p , si p > 0
0
w
th0 (0) = 1 .
c =0
= 0 X 0 = c1 2 c1 + c c = c = 0 = 0 autovalor, X0 = {} .
2
1
2
2
1
p
c =0 &
> 0 , = X = c1 cos + c2 sen c1 [sen
cos ] = 0
w1
w2
X
n=1
cn e
(n2 +2)t
sen n (, 0) = c0 +
tan w
cn sen n = (, t) = e2t .
n=1
[Para estas condiciones de contorno no fsicas no sabemos probar la unicidad (ni para el calor ni para esta ecuacin
similar), con lo que tal vez (o tal vez no) puedan existir otras soluciones no calculables por separacin de variables].
t = 0 , (0,1) , t > 0
(,0) = 0 , (0, t) = 0 , (1, t) = 1
X 00 + X = 0
(2n1)2 2
n =
22
X 0 (0) = X(1) = 0
Imponiendo a (, t) =
t = 0 , (0,1) , t > 0
. Sabemos que al hacer = X()T(t) :
(,0) = 1 , (0, t) = (1, t) = 0
2 2
(2n1)
, Xn = cos
; T 0 + T = 0 Tn = e(2n1) t/ 4 , n = 1, 2, ...
2
cn e(2n1)
n=1
2R1
cn = 1
cos
(2n1)
2
2 t/ 4 cos (2n1)
2
(2n1)
2
4
d = (2n1)
sen
el dato inicial (, 0) =
cn cos
n=1
. =1+
4 X (1)n
2n1
e(2n1)
n=1
(2n1)
2
= 1
2 t/ 4 cos (2n1)
2
t
1 .
La = 1 del cambio es la distribucin estacionaria hacia la que tienden las temperaturas. Esto era
esperable ya que tenemos el extremo izquierdo aislado y obligamos al derecho a permanecer a 1 .
t = 0 , (0, ), t > 0
Casi a ojo se ve que = t cumple las condiciones de contorno.
(, 0) = 0, (0, t) = (, t) = t
00
X + X = 0
t =
Xn = {cos n} , n = 0, 1, . . .
= t
X 0 (0) = X 0 () = 0
(, 0) = 0, (0, t) = (, t) = 0
R
X
X
X
b
= T0 (t)+ Tn (t) cos n T00 + [Tn0 + n2 Tn ] cos n = = 20 + bn cos n , con bn = 2 0 cos n d:
n=1
n=1
2
b0 = 2 2
2
bn = n
sen n 0
= ,
T00 = 2
T0 (t) = 2 t ,
T0 (0) = 0
(, t) = t 2 +
n=1
2
n
R
0
sen n d =
2
[1 cos n]
n2
4
(2m1)4
, si (/ 2, )
0 , si = / 2
, si (0, / 2)
m=1
4/ (n2 ) , n impar
0 , n par
Tn (t) = nb2n [1 en t ] .
[1 e(2m1) t ] cos(2m 1)
[P]
X 00 + X = 0
[]
T 0 + T = 0
t = (2 + 2)et
(, 0) = 2 , (0, t) = (1, t) = 0
cos
1
(, 0) = 2sen
, (0, t) = (1, t) = 0
1
R 1 cos
X
X
d..
2
2
cos
(, t) = 20 +
n en t cos n 20 +
n cos n = 2sen
20 = 0 2sen
d = 2 ,
1
1
n=1
n =
=2
n=1
2 R1
4 R1
cos cos n d = sen
[cos(n + 1)+ cos(n 1)] d
sen 1 0
1 0
2 cos
sen 1
et + 4
X
(1)n+1
n2 2 1
en
2 t
cos n 2
t
n=1
2(1)n
n+1
2(1)n
n1
Ms largo es resolver [P]: = T0 (t) + Tn (t) cos n T00 + [Tn0 + n2 2 Tn ] cos n = 73 et + et Bn cos n ,
n=1
n=1
n=1
R1
R1
4(1)n
4 R1
sen n d= 2 2 .
pues 0 (2 + 2) d = 37 , y siendo Bn = 2 0 (2 + 2) cos n d= n
0
n
2 2
T00 = 37 et
Tn + n2 2 Tn = Bn et Tn = Cen t + Tnp
7 t
T
=
2
e
,
, Tnp = Aet
0
3
Tn (0) = Bn
T0 (0) = 13
t
2 2
e
d..
Tnp = n2 B2n1 et Tn =
Bn [et n2 2 en
n2 2 1
2 2 t
T 0 T
T
= 2+ (2 37 ) et + 4
X 00
X
(1)n
X
n2 2
en
n2 2 1
n=1
cos n 2 .
t
T 0 = ( )T
00
= X + X = 0
X(0) 4X 0 (0) = X(3) = 0
c = 4c2
= 0 no autovalor. > 0 : c1 [4 cos
, tn 3n = 4n 1 = 14
3+ sen 3] = 0
2
1
n = n2 1 = 16
, Xn = {sen n + 4n cos n } X1 = {sen 4 + cos 4 } .
1
= c1 e( 16 )t (sen
+ cos 4 ) + cn e(n )t Xn ()
4
n=2
4[ 2 +1]
(sen 4 + cos 4 )
t 3+2
1
1
Si < 16
, 0 . Si = 16
,
t
R 3
, con c1 = R03
0
X1 d
X12 d
p
4[ 2 +1]
3+2
1
1
. Si > 16
, e( 16 )t manda y X1 > 0 .
t
X 00 + 2X 0 + X = 0
X(0) = X(1)+ X 0 (1) = 0
a]
0
p
2 + 2+ = 0 , = 1 1 . En forma S-L queda e2 X 0 + e2 X = 0 .
p
c1
pe1+p c
pe1p = 0
c =0
= 1 : X = [c1 + c2 ] e , X 0 = [c2 c1 c2 ] e c1 = 0
2
X 0 . = 1 no autovalor.
X(0)=0
> 1 : X = [c1 cos + c2 sen ] e c1 = 0 X(1)+ X 0 (1) = c2 cos e
(2n1)
n =
, n = 1, 2, . . . n = 1+ n2 , Xn = e sen n .
2
b]
t 2 = 0 , (0, 1) , t > 0
(, 0) = e , (0, t) = (1, t)+ (1, t) = 0
(, t) =
= XT
cn en t e sen n (, 0) =
n=1
1=
X
n=1
T0
T
X 00 + 2X 0 + X = 0
X(0) = X(1)+ X 0 (1) = 0
=n
T 0 + T = 0 Tn = en t
cn e sen n = e
n=1
(2n1)
2
cn sen
X 00 +2X 0
X
, cn = 2
R1
0
sen
Sin simplificar el e : e =
(2n1)
4
d = (2n1)
2
, =
2 2
4 X et(2n1) t/ 4
2n1
sen
n=1
(2n1)
2
R1
e , X
(2n1)
cn Xn () cn = X , X n = 2 0 e2 e e sen
d ,
2
n
n
peso
n=1
R1
(2n1)
d = 12 .
pues Xn , Xn = 2 0 e2 e2 sen2
2
peso
= ept+q
+ (p q2 2q)
t (2q+ 2)
= 0 q = p = 1 lleva al calor. As pues:
2
t = 0
= et+ = (+ )et+
Xn = sen n , Tn = en t .
(, 0) = 1, (0, t) = (1, t) = 0
P
cn Tn Xn lleva al desarrollo de antes y haciendo = et llegamos a la solucin de arriba.
t rr + rr = 0 , r < 1, t > 0
=1
(r, 0) = 0 , (1, t) = 1
T 0 + T = 0
t rr + 1r r = 0
rR00 + R0 + rR = 0
(r, 0) = 1, (1, t) = 0
R acotada, R(1) = 0
X
Problema singular visto en 3.1 (y 3.2): n = n2 con J0 (n ) = 0 , y Rn = J0 (n r) ; = cn en t J0 (n r))
n=1
cn J0 (n r) = 1 ,
n=1
pues
a] g() =
X
n=1
2 R1
cn = J2 (
rJ0 (n r) dr
n) 0
1
R1
0
rJ0 (n r) dr =
bn sen n con bn = 12
R 1/ 2
0
bn =
1
n
R n
0
en t
J (n r) 1 en todo el crculo]
n J1 (n ) 0
t
1
J (n )
n 1
2
sen n d = n
cos n
2
n2 2
n
2
sen
sen2 n
=
2
1
4
1
n
cos
n
2
1/ 2
0
2
+ n
R 1/ 2
0
1/2
cos n d
g
1/4 1/2
pues g es continua en = 14 y
1/ 2+0
2
1
=4 .
= 41 ,
2
pues vimos en problemas 3 que la suma de la serie era 8 .
En
1
2
n=1
sJ0 (s) ds =
= 1 2
se puede comprobar:
n=1
2
n2 2
2
2
m=1
1
(2m1)2
b]
X 00 + X = 0
, n = n2 2 , Xn = sen n ;
X(0) = X(1) = 0
n = 1, 2, . . .
t (, 0) =
X
T 00 + n T = 0
, Tn = sen nt =
cn sen nt sen n .
T(0) = 0
n=1
bn
ncn sen n = g() cn = n
, (, t) =
n=1
2
n3 3
n=1
sen n
R 5/ 4
R 1/ 2
1
3
1
64
= 64
.
Entonces es: 12 , 34 = 12 1/ 4 g = 21 1/ 4 d = 16
1
n2 2
cos n
sen nt sen n .
2
g*
1/2
1/2
3/2
1/2
= 0 , [0, 2] , t R
tt
2 sen , [0,]
, t (, 0) = 0
(, 0) =
0 , [,2]
(0, t) = (2, t) = 0
= 12 (+t)+ (t) , con extensin impar y 4-peridica.
X
X
(, t) =
cn cos nt
sen n
(, 0) =
=
cn sen n
2
2
2
n=1
cn =
2 R
2
2 sen sen
1R
Adems, c2 =
0 , [,2]
n=1
n
2
d =
1 R
0 , n = 2m
8 sen n
2
cos 2n 1 cos 2n + 1 d = (n2 4)
= 8 (1)m , n = 2m 1 .
n6=2
(2m1)2 4
(1)m
8 X
2
(2m1)
4
m=1
10
tt = 0, [0, ], t R
(, 0) = t (, 0) = 0
(0, t) = sen t, (, t) = 0
Tn (t) sen n , 1 =
n=1
Si
11
2
n
= (1
sen n
n=1
2 6= n2 ,
nt
.
2
(2m1)t
2
cos
(2m1)
2
sen
(2m1)
2
=0
= 2 (1 ) sen t
tt
(, 0) = (1 )
(, 0) = 0,
t
(0, t) = (, t) = 0
) sen t
=+
tt 4 = 0 , 0 , 21 , t R
(,0) = t (, 0) = 0 , (0, t) = t ,
tt 4 = 0 , 0, 12 , t R
1
, t =0
2
. Conocidas separacin de variables y autofunciones:
(,0) = 0, t (, 0) = 1 , (0, t) = 12 , t = 0
00
00
T + 4T = 0
X + X = 0
Xn = sen(2n 1) ;
Tn = sen(4n 2)t , n = 1, 2, ...
0
X(0) = X (1/ 2) = 0
Probamos: =
T(0) = 0
n=1
n=1
R 1/ 2
0
4
sen(2n 1) d = (2n1)
. =t
2 X
1
2
(2n1)2
n=1
No sabemos resolver estos problemas con DAlembert. Para que (0, t) = 0 se debe extender impar respecto a 0 y, por
el otro dato, par respecto al extremo derecho L . Resulta entonces una g de periodo 4L , que es precisamente el periodo
de los senos impares de la serie. Anloga situacin (con cosenos) se da si hay en la izquierda y en la derecha.
12
tt + 2t 5 = 0 , [0,] , t R
(,0) = 0, t (, 0) = g() , (0, t) = (, t) = 0
= X()T(t)
T 00 +2T
5T
00
= XX =
X 00 + X = 0
T 00 + 2T 0 + 5T = 0
p
p
p
Para esos : T = et c1 cos 5n2 1 t + c2 sen 5n2 1 t , pues 2 + 2+ 5n2 = 0 = 1 i 5n2 1 .
p
X
Imponiendo (,0) = 0 : c1 = 0 , Tn = et sen 5n2 1 t . (, t) =
cn et sen 5n2 1 t sen n .
n=1
p
p
p
X
Imponemos el dato que falta: t (, t) =
cn et 5n2 1 cos 5n2 1 t sen 5n2 1 t sen n
n=1
i) t (, 0) =
cn
5n2 1
sen n = g() cn = p
n=1
2
5n2 1
g() sen n d .
0
ii) En el caso de ser g() = 2 sen , todos los cn = 0 excepto c1 4 = 2 (, t) = et sen 2t sen .
13
2r
tt rr r = 0, r 1, t 0
(r, 0) = 0, t (r, 0) = 1r sen r
(1, t) = 0
sen nr
bn sen nt
r
sen nr
r
sen t sen r
r
n=1
t (r, 0) =
n=1
tt rr = 0, r 1
1 R r+t
ii) = r t (r, 0) = sen nr G(r)
= 2r
G (s) ds
rt
(r, 0) = (0, t) = (1, t) = 0
G extensin impar
de G respecto a 0 y 1.
1
Como sen r es impar respecto a esos puntos, G(r) = sen r , = 2r
R r+t
rt
14
= 0, (, y) (0, ) (0, )
(, y) = 5+ cos y, (0, y) = y (, 0) = y (, ) = 0
a)
(, y) = c0 +
cn sh n cos ny (, ) = c0 +
n=1
5
sh
+ sh
cn sh n cos ny = 5+ cos y =
n=1
b)
Yn (y) cos n
n=0
Y100 Y1 = y
Y1 = e
ey e1y
1+e
cos y .
e1y
1+e
y cos .
Y 00 + Y = 0 , Y 0 (0) = Y 0 () = 0
X 00 + 6X 0 X = 0 , X 0 (0) = 0
p
p
2
2
n = n2 , Yn = {cos ny}, n = 0, 1, ... X 00 + 6X 0 n2 X = 0 , X = c1 e 9+n 3 + c2 e 9+n +3
X 0 (0)=0
p
p
p9+n2 3
p9+n2 +3
X
X0 = {1} ; Xn =
9+ n2 + 3 e
9+ n2 3 e
+
, n 1 . = cn Xn () cos ny
= XY
X 00 +6X 0
X
00
= YY =
n=0
(, y) =
cn Xn () cos ny = cos 4y c4 =
n=0
1
4 ()
4e2 +e8
y los dems cero = 2 8 cos 4y .
4e +e
R
R
X
cos =
bn sen n bn = 2 0 cos sen n d = 1 0 sen(n+ 1)+ sen(n 1) d
n=1
cos(n+1)
1cos(n+1)
cos(n1)
1cos(n1) 2(1+(1)n )n
= 1
= 1
+
= (n2 1)
n+1
n1
n+1
n1
0
15
Si n = 1 no vale, pero b1 = 1
0
b]
m=1
8m
4m2 1
[ = 0 si
n impar]
sen 2m .
/2
00 + = 0
n = n2 , n = sen n , n = 1, 2, . . . y adems r 2 R00 + rR0 n2 R = 0 .
(0) = () = 0
Las soluciones acotadas de estas ecuaciones de Euler son Rn = r n , n = 1, 2, . . . , lo que nos lleva a probar:
n=1
16
n=1
= 0 , r < 1
(1, ) = ()
con () =
X
m=1
4
r 2m sen 2m
4m2 1
1, 0
0, < < 2
0 R2 2Rr cos()+r 2
0 5
0 54 sin
4
s = tn
3
5
Acotar el integrando
0
1
5
ds
2 85 s+1
5/ 3 ds
1+( 54
)
3
541sin 1
3
10
cos( 2 )
1
+ 1
2
rctn 43 >
1
+ 14
2
>
2
3
32 no basta, pero era un buen intento .
o X
1 2 X
r 2n1
Con la serie de 4.3 es ms largo: = +
r n n cos n+ bn sen n = = +
sen(2n 1)
2 n=1
2 n=1 2n1
1
valor
= 12 + 2 12 13 213 + 51 215 > 12 + 1 1 12
> 12 + 11
= 35
> 32
= 21 + 2 rctn 12 otro
exacto de .
48
48
17
a]
r 2 y 00 + ry 0 y = r 2
y 0 (1)+ y(1) = y(2) = 0
r 2 y 00 + ry 0 y = 0 y = c1 r + cr2
c1 c2 + c1 + c2 = 0
c1 [5 3] = 0
c2
%
datos 2c1 + 2 = 0 c2 = 4c1
b]
Directamente: y = c1 r + cr2 + r3
2c1 +
c2
2
4
3
=0
8
c + 32 c2 + 11
3 1
9
= 0 4c1 + c2 = 11
6
4c1 + c2 =
8
3
Imposible .
00 +
=0
llevan a probar:
2-peridica
r 2 00 +r0 n 2
X
X
r00 +0
r 2 b00
+rb0n n2 bn
n
n
n
n
= 0 (r)+ [n (r) cos n+ bn (r) sen n] 0 r 0 +
cos
n+
sen
n
= sen .
2
2
r
r
c1 c2 + 32 + 53 c1 + 53 c2 + 95 =
n=1
Las autofunciones de
n=1
Datos de contorno 0n (1) = b0n (1) = 0 , n (2) = bn (2) = 0 n , bn6=1 0 (es solucin y hay unicidad).
2 00
2
r b1 + rb01 b1 = r 2
c1 c2 + 23 = 0 c2 = c1 + 32
c2 = 0
Adems:
= r 2r
sen .
c
5
5
2
0
3
b1 (1) = b1 (2) = 0
2c1 + 22 + 43 = 0
c
+
=
0
,
c
=
1
1
2
3
3
18
a)
(4, ) = cos 5
, (r, 0) = (r, ) = 0
2
2
00 + = 0
n = 2n1
, n = cos 2n1
.
2
2
0 (0) = () = 0
n = 1, 2, . . .
(4,)=cos 5
X
1
1
R acot.
2
1 5/ 2
r 2 R00 + rR n R = 0 Rn = r n 2 =
cn r n 2 cos 2n1
c3 45/ 2 = 1 , = 32
r
cos 5
.
2
2
n=1
b)
R00
+ 1r R00 +
0
R00
+
n
1 0
R
r n
(r, ) = R0 (r) +
Rn (r) cos 2n
4n
r2
Rn (0) cos 2n = 3
r 2 R00
+ rR01 4R1 = r 6 c.c.
1
1
R1 = 32
(r 6 r 2 ) .
acot. en 0, R1 (1) = 0
2
r
r 2
4
2r 2r 3 = r
= 0 (r)+
X
n=1
n=1
= cos , r < 2
(2, ) = sen 2
c)
+ = 0
, n = 4n2 , n = cos 2n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
0 (0) = 0 2 = 0
X
00
n=1
rR00
+ R00 = 0
0
R0 = 3 y
acot. en 0, R0 (1) = 3
00 + = 0
n = cos n , sen n , n = 0, 1, . . .
2-per.
1
= 3 + 32
(r 6 r 2 ) cos 2 .
R r2r4
R 2 4
r6
.
, R1p = r 2 4/
r 2 r4/rr = 32
r
r 2 00 +r0 n 2
r00
+00 X
n
0
n
n
+
r
r2
n=1
cos n+
r 2 b00
+rb0n n2 bn
n
r2
sen n = cos .
n=1
(2, ) = sen 2 n (2) = 0 ; bn (2) = 0 , n 6= 2 ; b2 (2) = 1 y todas acotadas n6=1 , bn6=2 0 . Y adems:
2 00
r 1 + r01 1 = r 2 1p =Ar 2
r2
2r
r 2 c.c.
0 = c1 r + c2 r 1 + 3 1 (r) = 3 3
acotada y 1 (2) = 0
3A=1
= 13 r(r 2) cos + 41 r 2 sen 2 .
2 00
2
r b2 + rb02 4b2 = 0
c.c.
c
=
0
r
2
b2 = c1 r 2 + c2 r 2
b2 (r) = 4
4c1 = 1
acotada y b2 (2) = 1
d)
00 + = 0
(2n1)2
n =
, n = sen 2n1
, n = 1, 2, . . .
4
2
(0) = 0 () = 0
X
1
1 R acot.
1
1
r 2 R00 + rR n R = 0 R = c1 r n 2 + c2 r n+ 2 Rn = r n 2 =
cn r n 2 sen
n=1
X
n=1
e)
2 2
cn 2n1
sen 2n1
= , cn = 2n1
2
2
= 0 , 1 < r < 2
(1,) = 1+ sen 2 , r (2, ) = 0
sen 2n1
d =
2
16 X (1)n+1
(2n1)3
n=1
r n 2 sen 2n1
.
2
La ha de ser 2-peridica:
2n1 r (1,)=
2
00 + = 0
n = n2 , n = sen n, cos n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(0) = (2), 0 (0) = 0 (2)
Las soluciones de las ecuaciones de Euler para estos n , utilizando ya que r (2, ) = R0 (2)() = 0 , son:
r 2 R00 + rR0 n2 R = 0 = n ,
R0 = c1 + c2 ln r
Rn = c1 r n + c2 r n
R0 (2)=0
0
2
0
2
r n + 22n r n n cos n+ bn sen n .
n=1
1+ 22n n cos n+ bn sen n = 1+ sen 2 (ya desarrollada).
n=1
1 2 16
(r, ) = 1+ 17
r + r 2 sen 2 .
= 4 sen 2 , 0 , 2 , r < 1
f)
0
2
R0 = {1} , Rn = r n + 22n r n , n = 1, 2, . . .
r, 2 = 0
(0) =
Rn (r) sen 2n
n=1
R00
+
n
=0
R0n
r
4n2 Rn
r2
n=1
n=1
Adems habr que exigir que las soluciones estn acotadas en el origen ( r = 0 ).
Los nicos Rn
6 0 (este problema de Dirichlet tiene solucin nica) saldrn de resolver los problemas:
r 2 R00
+ rR01 4R1 = 4r 2
1
R1 acotada, R1 (1) = 0
2
r
r 2 R00
+ rR02 16R2 = 0
2
R2 acotada, R2 (1) = 1
, R1p = r 2
R r 2 4
4/ r
dr r 2
R r 2 4
4/ r
dr = r 2 ln r
1 2
r ,
4
o probando
c.c
Ase2s 4Ar 2 = 4r 2 , R1 = c1 r 2 + c2 r 2 + r 2 ln r c2 = 0 y c1 + 0 = 0 .
R2 = c1 r 4 + c2 r 4 c2 = 0 , c1 = 1 .
c.c.
19
= 0 , r < 2 , 0 ,
2
r (2, ) + k(2, )
= 8 cos 2
(r, 0) = r, 2 = 0
00 + = 0
, n = 4n2 , n = cos 2n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
0 (0) = 0 2 = 0
R acotado
X
R0 = c1 + c2 ln r R0 = 1
2n r 2n cos 2n .
= 20 +
R2n = c1 r 2n + c2 r 2n R2n = r 2n
n=1
X
n=1
(r, ) = r 2 cos 2 .
ii) Para k = 0 (es problema de Neumann), 0 queda libre, 2 [4+ 0] = 8 , y los dems 2n = 0 .
(r, ) = C + 2r 2 cos 2 .
20
00
+ = 0
(2n1)2
n =
, n = sen 2n1
, n = 1, 2, . . .
0
4
2
(0) = () = 0
1 R acotada en 0
1
1
Rn = r n 2 .
r 2 R00 + rR n R = 0 R = c1 r n 2 + c2 r n+ 2
= 0 , r < 1, (0, )
(1, )+ 2r (1, ) = 4 sen 3
2
(r, 0) = (r, ) = 0
(r, ) =
cn r n 2 sen
n=1
cn 1+ 2n 1 sen
n=1
2n1
3
2
2n1
= 4 sen
21
cn (n 12 )r n 2 sen
2cn 1 n sen
= C r 1/ 2 sen
, (r, 0) = (r, ) = 0
= r 3/ 2 sen
n=1
rr + rr + r
2 + 4 = 0 , r < 1 , 0 < <
(1, ) = sen
X
n=1
3
2
, r (r, ) =
2n1
2 r 3/ 2 sen
= 4 sen
3
2
3
2
c2 = 2 , c1 cualquiera
y los dems cn = 0 .
3
2
00
+ 4R = 0
= R R00 + Rr + R
r2
r 2 R00
R
00
+ rR
+ 4r 2 = =
R
00 + = 0
(2n1)2
, n = sen 2n1
, n = 1, 2, . . . y r 2 R00 + rR0 + (4r 2 n )R = 0 .
n =
4
2
(0) = 0 () = 0
p
2
2
Parecida a Bessel. Para quitar el 4 : s = 4 r = 2r R0 = 2 dR
, R00 = 4 ddsR2 s2 ddsR2 + s dR
+ (s2 n )R = 0 ,
ds
ds
que es Bessel con p = n 21 , cuyas soluciones acotadas en r = 0 son: Jn 1 (s) = Jn 1 (2r) = Rn (funciones
elementales)
2
Probamos: =
cn Jn 1 (2r) sen
2
n=1
1
J 1 (2)
J 1 (2r) sen
2n1
X
n=1
cn Jn 1 (2) sen
2
2n1
= sen
c1 =
1
J 1 (2)
y los dems cn = 0
22
rr + 1r r + r12 =
2r
2r
sen 2
2 sen
1+r 2
X
2
2
2
00
+ 1r 00 +
00
+ 1r 0n nr 2 n cos n + b00
+ 1r b0n nr 2 bn sen n = 1+r
2 sen
0
n
n
n=1
2r
2 00
0
2
r 2 00
+ r00 = 0 ; r 2 00
+ r0n n2 n = 0 , n 1 ; r 2 b00
+ rb01 b1 = 1+r
2 ; r b n + rb n n b n = 0 , n 2 .
0
n
1
(1, ) = 1 0 (1) = 1 y que las dems se anulan en 1 . Slo tendrn solucin no trivial:
2 00
r 0 + r00 = 0
c.c.
0 = c1 + c2 ln r 0 = 1 , para i] y para ii].
0 (1) = 1, 0 acotada
2 00
2r 2
r r 1
r b1 + rb01 b1 = 1+r
2
= 2r 1 , (r) = 2 ,
b1 = c1 r + c2 r 1 + b1p . Necesitamos la fvc:
2
1+r 2
1 r
b1 (1) = 0, b1 acotada
R r 2 +11
R 1
1
b1p = r 1 1+r 2 + r 1+r 2 = r + r rctn r 1 .
i] En r < 1 , como
b1 = 1 2 r +
rctn r r0
1 , debe
r
r + 1r rctn r 1 .
= 1 + r 2 r + r + 1r rctn r 1 sen .
ii] En el infinito b1p 2 r1 . Para que b1 pueda estar acotada debe ser c1 = 2 . Adems: 2 +c2+ 2 1 = 0
r/ 2
b1 = 1r 2 r + r + 1r rctn r 1 . = 1 + 1r 2 r + r + 1r rctn r 1 sen rctn
1 .
1/ r
r
23
En los apuntes:
Plano
(r, ) =
n
n = R
bn =
0
+
2
0
+
2
R 2
n
[R
n
Espacio
r n [n cos n+ bn sen n]
() sen n d , n = 1, 2, . . .
cos n+
bn
Rn
sen n] =
n=1
3R
4r
n =
00
4
cos 3
+ 3 cos
4
4
cos n +
n=1
X
0m m2 t
e
2
cos my +
m=1
e5t
cos cos 2y
cnm sen
25
a)
3R2
5r 2
t 4 dt
2R4 5
5r 4 2
cos +
cos3 32 cos
nm e(n
+m2 )t
[los dems
cnm = 0 ]
= 0 , 1 < r < 2
(1, ) = cos , (2, ) = 0
[o tanteando].
00
X + X = 0
Xn = {sen n}, n = 1, 2,
X(0) = X() = 0
00
Y + Y = 0
= XYT
Yn = {cos my}, m = 1, 2,
Y 0 (0) = Y 0 () = 0
p
00
T + (+ )T = 0, T(0) = 0, Tnm = {sen n2 +m2 t}
(, y, t) =
2R4
5
cos n cos myt=0 = 1+ cos cos 2y
cnm
n2 +m2
sen n cos my =
n=1 m=0
p
c30 9 = 12
p
c34 25 = 12
m=1 n=1
n=1 m=0
(2n+1)Rn+1 R 1 3
t Pn (t) dt
2
1
R1
6
4
3R2
= 5 , 3 = 7R4 0 5t2 3t2 dt
sen n cos my , t (, y, 0) =
n2 +m2 t
() Pn (cos ) sen d
00
X + X = 0
Xn = {cos n}
0
0
X (0) = X () = 0
00
= XYT Y 0 + Y =0 0
Yn = {cos my}
Y (0) = Y () = 0
0
2
2
T + (+ )T = 0, Tnm = e(n +m )t , n, m = 0, 1, . . .
tt = 0 , (, y) (0, ) (0, ), t R
(, y, 0) = 0 , t (, y, 0) = sen 3 sen2 2y
b)
(0, y, t) = (, y, t) = 0
y (, 0, t) = y (, , t) = 0
X
R1
(, y, t) = 1 +
n r (n+1) Pn (cos )
n =
1 = 3R2
R
cos + 4r
3 cos 3
X
n0 n2 t
e
2
(2n+1)Rn+1 R
2
0
() = cos3
(, y, 0) = 1+ cos cos 2y
a)
(0, y, t) = (, y, t) = 0
y (, 0, t) = y (, , t) = 0
X
n=1
() cos n d , n = 0, 1, . . .
24
0
+
r
(r, ) =
n=1
R R 2
1
6
sen 3t sen 3
1
10
1cos 4y
2
sen 3
0
sen 0 + sen = 0
y r 2 R00 + 2rR0 R = 0 .
La acotacin en = 0, nos da los autovalores n = n(n+ 1) y autofunciones n = Pn (cos ) , n = 0, 1, . . .
X
n r n 22n+1 r n1 Pn (cos ) .
resulta R(2) = c1 2n + c2 2n1 = 0 Rn = r n 22n+1 r n1 (r, ) =
n=0
X
n=0
n 1 22n+1 Pn (cos ) = cos = P1 (cos ) 1 = 71 y los dems cero.
b)
= 0 , r < 1
r (1, ) = cos3
(r, ) =
1 2
8r
7
r cos .
La serie de la pgina 71 de los apuntes satisface todo menos el nuevo dato inicial:
(r, ) =
n r n Pn (cos ) r (1, ) =
nn Pn (cos ) = cos3
n=1
n=0
R
R1
cos3 Pn (cos ) sen d = 2n+1
t 3 Pn (t) dt y 0 indeterminado (es Neumann).
n = 2n+1
2n
2n
0
1
(Desarrollo posible por ser 0 el primer trmino del desarrollo de cos3 en estas autofunciones).
Para calcular los n posibilidad (la ms larga y general) es hacer un par de integrales:
R1
R1
R1
2
1 = 23 1 t 4 dt = 35 , 3 = 76 1 t 3 [ 25 t 3 32 t] dt = 76 0 [5t 6 3t 4 ] dt = 15
R1
Los dems n = 0 pues 1 = 0 si n par, y para desarrollar un Qk bastan los k primeros Pn .
Pero para esta () mejor tanteamos: cos3 = 25 52 cos3 32 cos + 35 cos 33 = 25 , 1 =
P3 (cos )
Por tanto,
c)
=C+
3
2 3 5
r cos + 15
r 2
5
= 0 , 2 + y 2 + z 2 < 1
= 3 si 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
1
4
sen3 cos 3 +
=
r3
4
3
4
3r 3
20
3
5
3
[3r r 3 ] cos + 13 r 3 cos3
15
t
,
3
2
2
|r=1 = sen3 cos3
P000
= 15 , P33 = 15 sen3
3
sen [5 cos2 1] cos + 35 sen cos
sen [5 cos2 1] cos + 3r
sen cos = 15 3+ 22 3y 2 3z 2
5
sen3 cos =
sen3 cos 3
cos3 32 cos = C +
P1 (cos )
1
4
sen3 cos 3
3
20