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PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATIONS
SKEE 3533
SECTION 06
Dr Noor Asniza Murad
Asniza@fke.utm.my

Adapted from latest version by NAS

Journal
Which journal?: Journal of Electromagnetic
Waves and Applications (JEMWA)

Topic 4 Digital
Why choosing
this journal?:
Modulation

- Covers the Antenna theory and applications,


biological effect.
- Succinct papersLine
withinCoding
10 pages
NRZ
- Sample and guideline for authors sample
RZ
Bi-phase
Manchester
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Block diagram for digital


transmission system

PCM processes:
Sampling, Quantization
Coding
Analog

ADC

RZ,
NRZ,
AMI
Line coding

ASK,
FSK,
PSK
Digital
transmission

Block diagram for digital transmission system


Before any digital signal can be transmitted
(via transmission medium or wireless) it
must undergo line coding. What is line
coding??
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PCM Procedures

Line Coding
Binary 1 and 0 in PCM signal can be represented by several formats
known as line coding.

information

PCM

Line
coder

channel

Reasons for line The purpose of a line coding is to match the output signal
coding:
to the channel for baseband transmission.
1. Synchronization
2.

Error detection

3. Error correction

To interpret the received signal correctly, the bit interval of


the receiver should be exactly same or within certain limit
of that of the transmitter. Any mismatch between the two
may lead wrong interpretation of the received signal.

Six main properties of line


coding
Transmission bandwidth : it should be as small as possible
Power efficiency : transmitted power should be as small as
possible
Error detection and correction capability: it should be possible to
detect , and preferably correct, detection errors.
Transmission voltage and DC component
Adequate timing content : it should be possible to extract timing
or clock information from the signal
Transparency: it should be possible to transmit a digital signal
correctly regardless of the pattern of 1s and 0s.
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Line Code Format


Return to
Zero (RZ)
Phase
encoded and
Delay
Modulation

Nonreturn to
Zero (NRZ)

LineCode
Format

NRZ vs. RZ
NRZ
No return to zero during a
portion of bit duration

RZ
Signal return to zero at the middle
of bit duration
the signal drops (returns) to zero
between each pulse.
This takes place even if a number
of consecutive 0's or 1's occur in
the signal. The signal is selfclocking.
This means that a separate clock
does not need to be sent alongside
the signal, but suffers from using
twice the bandwidth to achieve the
same data-rate as compared to
non-return-to-zero format.
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NRZ (Non Return to Zero)


- Popular method
- easy
- Data does not return to 0 in one
clock interval

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

- No synchronization. Can use start


bit for synchronization purposes

1. NRZ-L (NRZ-Level)
1 => High level
0 => Low level

2. NRZ-M (NRZ-Mark)
1 => transition at the starting of interval
0 => no transition

3. NRZ-S (NRZ-Space)
1 => no transition
0 => transition at the starting of interval

RZ (Return to Zero)
Return to 0 at the center of bit interval
The same advantages/disadvantages with
NRZ
Overcome by using bipolar signal and
alternating pulse for synchronization

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
t

1. RZ (Unipolar)
1 => High level
0 => Low level

2. RZ (Bipolar)
1 => Alternately +ve
0 => Alternately ve

3. RZ (AMI Alternately Mark Inversion)


1 => Alternately +ve and ve only in the
middle of the interval then return to 0
0 => Low level
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Bi-phase (NRZ)
Used in optical communication system,
satellite and video recorder

Self synchronizing

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

Theres always a transition at the start of the


interval for the Bi-Phase M and S
1. Bi phase M
1 => transition from the middle of the
interval
t
0 => no transition at the middle of the
interval
2. Bi phase L (Manchester Coding)
1 => transition from HI to LO from starts to
t
the middle of the interval
0 => transition from LO to HI at the middle
of the interval
used in Ethernet IEEE 802.3 standard in LAN
t 3. Bi phase S inverse of Bi phase M
1 => no transition in the middle of the
interval
0 => transition in the middle of the interval
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Bi-phase (NRZ) - cont

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
t

1. Differential Manchester
1 => transition from the middle of the
interval
0 => transition at the start of the interval

2. Miller/ Delay Modulation


1 => transition from the middle of the
interval
0 => no transition unless the next is 0

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Line code format

Digital Signal Encoding Formats

Bandwidth

Minimum BW for PCM signal is given by:

BW = bit rate = fb = nfs = n(2fm)


2
2
2
2
For the PCM signal that use the line code format as unipolar
and polar NRZ or bipolar RZ, the minimum BW for the PCM
band is reduced to:

BW = bit rate = fb = nfs > n(2fm)


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