CHAPTER 1

1. Define research and explain the different between applied and basic research.
Answer : business research as an organized,systematic,database,critical,objecti
ve,scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with
the purpose of finding answers or solution to it.and the different between appli
ed and basic research is, applied research done with the intention of applying t
he results of the findings to solve specivic problems currently being experience
in the organizations,and basic research done chiefly to enhance the understandi
ng of certain problems that commonly occur in organization settings,and seek met
hods of solving them. 2. Why is it important for managers to know about research
? Answer : the important for managers to know about research because they will
become more discriminating when sifting through information in business journals
,take calculate risk in the decision making, knowing full well the probabilities
attached to the different possible outcomes. 3. Exlain why handling the manager
researcher relationship effectively is important . Answer : it is very importan
t because managers should know about research for good decision making. 4. Descr
ibe a situation where it would be more beneficial to engage an external research
team rather than an internal one ! Answer : if a problems is a complex one, or
if there are likely to be vested interest, or if the very existence of the organ
ization is at stake because of one or more serious problems, it would be advisab
le to engage external researcher despite the increase cost involve. 5. because b
asic research is not applied immediately to a problem, it is less valuable and A
nswer : my comment is that some applied research could have a shorter time frame
that some basic research. 6. if managers learn how to conduct good research by
taking a course such as this book offers , there would be no need to here anyone
to solve problems in organizations . What is your response to this statement ?
Answer : my response in this statement is yes I agree with this statement becaus
e such knowledge sharpens, manager sensitivity to the mw riad variables operatin
g in a situation & reminds of them of the multicausality and multifinality of ph
enomena, thus avoiding inappropriate, simplis is notions of one variable causing
another. 7. Described a situation where research will help you as a manager to
make a good decision ? Answer : Xerox is unsular and isnt ready for the increasin
gly competitive, high-tech world. Xerox Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 1

still relies on old fashioned and slow selling analog copiers for more than half
its revenue, and despite its double digit growth in digital products and servic
es, the companys sales rose just a persent. 8. Given the following situation : a.
Discuss with reasons , whether it will fall in to the category of applied or ba
sic research , and b. Who will conduct the research a. Applied research b. part
of corporate management, corporate finance section Answer : According to this te
xt box is used basic research to know about this problem will conduct the resear
ch is manager and external researcher.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
2

Chapter 2
1. Describe the hallmarks of scientific research. a. Purposivenees b. Rigor c. T
estability d. Replicability e. Precision and confidence f. Objectivity g. Genera
lizalibility h. Parsimony 2. What are the step in hypothetico-deductive research
? Explain them, using an example not in the book. a. Observation : first step ,
in which one senses that certain changes are occurring, or that samo new behavio
s, attitudes, and feelings are sufacing in ones environment. b. Preliminary infor
mation gathering : this could bo done by talking informally to several people in
the work setting or to clients, or to other relevant sources, thereby gathering
information on what is happening and why. c. Theory formulation : the next step
, is an attempt to integrate all the information in a logical manner, so that th
e reason for the problem can be conceptualized and teted. d. Hypothesizing : at
this point, one might hypothesize that if a sufficient number of items are stock
ed on solves, customer dissatisfaction will be considerably reduced. e. Further
scientific data collection : in onther words, further scientific data collection
is needed to test the hypotheses that are generated in the study. f. Data analy
sis : tha data gathered are statistically analyzed to see if the hypotheses that
were generated have been supported. g. Deducation : if it was found from the da
ta analysis that increasing the stocks was positively correlated to customer sat
isfacation then one can deduce that if customer satisfaction is to be increasd,
the shelves have to be better stocked.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
3

Example : Abstract: This article offers a pedagogical sequence for teaching the
development of a thesis for the research report. The unit presented introduces s
tudents to a heuristic of research and shows students how to apply research tech
niques. The sequence elucidates the steps and loops through which a researcher p
asses in moving from initial topic to completed thesis. The article argues that
neither research nor written report can work without a (hypo)thesis. Arguing aga
inst the currently taught inductionist models of research, it adopts Karl Popper
s model of research by conjecture and refutation. The process of conjecture and
refutation is just as valid for librarybased research as it is for original sci
entific research. The pedagogical sequence, then, shows students how to develop
conjectures and how to use literature to refute or modify them in the developmen
t of a final thesis for the research report. 3. because research is very useful
for every organization. 4. Hypothesis testing is called deduction research. Some
times, hypotheses that were not originally do get generated thourgh the process.
5. because it would interfere in the management process 6. not in accordance wi
th the existing order.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
4

Chapter 3
1. As manager, what kinds of information do you think you will be exploring thro
ugh the Internet for research ? Answer : The information from the internet is el
ectronic mail ( e mail ), conduct research, look at and obtain data and text inf
ormation, graphics, sound and video and also promote and sell the products on th
e internet. 2. In what ways are personal computers useful to the organization ?
Answer: In addition , the PC can be used for data collection and analysis for ma
king business decisions or developing strategies on a daily basis . For example
, for forecasting production needs , performing credit analysis , financial anal
ysis and such . 3. How do you think you will aply the concepts of data warehousi
ng and data mining in a company doing retail Business ? Answer : It is easy to h
elps research to see how the information technology function through data wareho
using and data mining. 4. How does the PC help in information gathering and info
rmation dissemination ? Answer : A file server a CPU that provides PC connected
to it with the hardware and software resources needed to process data effectivel
y. 5. How can the PC technology be missued ? give some hypothetical instances wh
ere this could accur
PC will increasingly included even more sophisticated configurations of voice ,
data and video technologies . PC can handle enormous amounts of data quickly and
can be operated by individuals with minimal training. They have created a revol
ution in the production , processing and transformation of information ( stern a
nd stern , 1996 )

Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky

5

Chapter 4
1. How would you like describe the Research Process? Answer : Identification of
the broad problem area to be researched, preliminary data gathering trough inter
views and literature survey, and problem definition. 2. Explain the preliminary
data collection Method Answer : Unstructured interviews, structured interviews,
and library research would help the researcher to define the problem more specif
ically and envolve atheory, delineating possible variable the problem. 3. Why is
it important to gather information on the background of the organization? Answe
r : It is important for the researcher or the research team especially if on out
side sgency conducts the research to be well acquainted with the background of t
he company or organization studied. 4. Should a researcher always obtain informa
tion on the structural aspects and job characteristic from those interviewed? Gi
ve reasons for your answer with examples? Answer : So that a researcher can easi
ly obtain accurate data and reliable then those of the interviews. 5. How would
you go about doing literature survey in the area of bisiness ethics? Answer : Aw
arenesess of information sources and ability to acces the requisite information
at will, through the internet, are great assets to the manager. 6. What is the p
urpose of literature survey? Answer : to find out the various problems that occu
r in an organization and provide an assessment of the organization and provide g
ood advice. 7. Why is appropriate chation important? What are the consequences o
f not giving credit to the source from which material are extracted? Answer : co
nsequences is we can in demand by local authorities or persons having such infor
mation 8. The problem definition stage is perhaps more critical in the research p
rocess than the problem solution stage. Discuss this statement!
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
6

Answer : Because the problem definition stage is oritied that the focus for furt
her research, or, in other word, the problem, be unambiguously identified and de
fined. 9. Why should one get hung up on the problem definition if one already kn
ows the broad problem are to be studied ? Answer : Because a problem could simpl
y indicate an interest in an issue where finding the right answers might help to
improve an existing situation. In either case, ne should know what exactly the
issue is for whish one seeks answers. 10. Acces the one line system in your libr
ary and (a) generate a list of the references that relate to the performance of
general motors, and (b) obtain the abstracts of these studies? Answer : a. acces
sing data in the library are very important, because we can get a reference from
the book according to what we are going thorough. b. otherwise we will have the
insight and vast knowledge when we will make a research abstract. 11. Access th
e on line system and obtain a list of references that deal with product image? A
nswer : With the access on line, we become easy in finding a variety of referenc
e sources list that will support our research. and also we can get various types
of image products from the company. 12. Offer a cleary focused problem statemen
t in the broad area of corporate culture? Anwer : every company must certainly h
ave many problems, but with the research that there is a problem in the company
can overcome and be given a proper solution 13. After studying and extracting in
formation from all the relevant work done previously, how does the researcher kn
ow which particular references, articles, and information should be given promir
ence in the literature survey? Answer : after successfully doing research, it mu
st be submitted with the correct data, but it must be clear information, from wh
ich the reference and the data obtained.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
7

Chapter 5
1. Because literature survey is a time consuming exercise, a good ai depth interv
iew should suffice to develop a theoretical framework. Discuss this statement Ans
wer : The purpose of the literature survey is to ensure that ni important variab
le is ignored that has in the past been found to have had an impact on the probl
em.Interview and literature survey are included in the preliminary Dta Gathering
. 2. These is an adventages in stating the hypothesis botch in the null and in t
he alternate, it adds clarity to our thinking about what we are testing, explain
Answer : The alternate hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null, is a stat
ement expressing a relationship between two variables or indiciting differences
between groups to explain in future, in setting up the null hypothesis, we are s
tating that there is no difference between what we might find in the population
characteristics and the sample we are studying 3. It is advantageous to develop
a directional hypothesis whenevwr we are sure of the predicted direction. How wi
ll you justify this statement ? Answer : Whenever direction of the relationship
is know,it is better to develop directional for reasons that will become clear i
n our distinction. 4. For the following case problems at roadway Hospitality Answe
r : a. Identifity the main problem Keen on developing a viable strategy to elimi
nate the brand confusion and make clear the distinction. b. Develop a Theoretica
l Framework - Differentiate among the different types of facilities offered - Ke
en on developing a viable strategy to eliminate the brand confusion and make cle
ar the distinction
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
8

- Many complained about how old the buildings were and how poorly the facilities
were maintained - Different classification would be important c. Develop at tea
st four hypotheses - The roadway deluxe was meant for business travels, the road
way express was meant for looking for the least accommodation, and the roadway r
oyal - Many complained about how old the buildings were and how poorly the facil
ities were maintened - The quality of services was also rated poor - Thought tha
t he fisrt needed to understand how the different classifications would be impor
tant to the several classes and then he could develop a marketing strategy
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
9

Chapter 6
Discussion questions and points to ponder : 1. What are the basic research desig
n issues ? describe them in some detail 2. Why are the basic design issues impor
tant to consider before conducting the study and even early as at the time of fo
rmulating the research question ? 3. Is a field study totally out of the questio
n if one is trying to establish cause and effect relationship ? 4. An explorator
y study is just as useful as a predictive study . Discussion this statement. 5. W
hy is the unit of analysis an integral part of the research design ? 6. Discussi
on the interrelationships among noncontrived setting . the purpose of the study
type of investigation , research interference and time horizon of study 7. Below
are now scenarios . indicate how researcher should proceed in each case that is
, determine the following , giving reasons : a. The purpose of the study b. The
type of investigation c. The exterm of researcher interference d. The study set
ting e. The time horizon for the study f. The unit of analysis Answer 1. Basic r
esearch designs can be seen from the issues associated with the decision about t
he purpose of the study (exploratory, descriptive, hypothesis testing), where th
e research will conducted (i. e, study setting), the type of research that shoul
d be (kind of investigation), the extent to which researchers manipulated and co
ntrol research (researcher interference level), the temporal aspects research (t
ime horizon), and the rate at which data will be analyzed (if the unit of analys
is), is an integral part of the research design. 2. Because it is important to n
ote that the more sophisticated and rigorous the research design, the greater th
e time, cost and other resources expended on the study.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
10

3. Yes, because relational studies conducted in the organization and called a fi

eld study. field studies conducted to establish cause and effect relationships a
ssociated with the natural environment and with our immediate field of study wil
l be able to make the question of cause and effect because we know directly from
an incident or problem that occurred in the field 4. An exploratory study is un
dertaken when not much is know about the situation at hand , or when no informat
ion is available on how similar problems or research issue have been solved in t
he past . In such cases , extensive preliminary work needs to be done to gain fa
miliarity with the phenomena in the situation and understand what is occurring ,
before we develop a model and set up a rigorous design for comprehensive invest
igation. 5. Because , the unit of analysis is the part that must exist in design
ing the research because we formulate research questions in the form of data col
lection, sample size, and even the variables included in the research framework.
6. The relationship between the background of thought, learning objectives, typ
e of investigation, researchers intervened, and the learning time is if we alrea
dy know the background of thinking, then we can determine the purpose of researc
h that we lakukan.Setelah issues above will be formulated so we can act appropri
ately in the research process and be able to use the time needed for this resear
ch. 7. Among the two scenarios. Indicate how the researcher should begin in each
case, determine the matter - the following and give reasons. Scenario A a) Lear
ning Objectives : description b) Type of investigation : correlation c) The inte
rference of the researcher : the maximum d) Background study : lab experiments e
) Time of study : Longitudinal f) Unit of analysis : group Scenario B a) Learnin
g Objective : Test the hypothesis b) Type of investigation : correlation c) The
interference of the researcher : approaching maximum d) The Background of learni
ng : a field study e) Time of study : cross sectional f) Unit of analysis : indu
stry
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
11

Chapter 7
1. what are the differences between causal and co relational studies? the differ
ences between causal and co relational studies is relationships between two vari
ables in an organizational setting, several variables that might co vary with th
e dependent variable have to be controlled. And correlational. 2. in what ways d
o lab experiments differ from field experiments? The controls and manipulations
are best done in an artificial setting-the laboratory-where the causal effect ca
n be tested. When controls and manipulation are introduced to establish cause an
d effect relationships in an artificial setting. We have laboratory experimental
designs also known as lab experiments. The experimental and control groups in t
he field experiment could be made up of the people working at several plants wit
hin in certain radius, or from the different shift in a production plant. For in
stance and the effects of the piece-rate system are to be studied. 3. Define the
terms control and manipulation. Describe a possible lab experiment where you wo
uld need to control a variable. Further, include a possible variable over which
you would have no control buy which could affect you experiment. variable contro
l is affecting the independent variable, manipulation s means that we created di
fferent levels of the dependent variable to asses the impact on the dependent va
riable. 4. Explain the possible ways in which you can control nuisance variables.
One way of controlling the contaminating or nuisance variables is to match the v
arious groups by taking the confounding characteristics and deliberately spreadi
ng them across groups. 5. What is internal validity and what are the threats to
internal validity? Even the best designed lab studies could be influenced by fac
tors that might affect the internal validity of the lab experiment. That is some
confounding factors might still be present that could offer rival explanations
to what is causing the dependent variable. These possible confounding factors po
se a threat to internal validity. The seven major threats to internal validity a
re the effects of history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, selection, stat
istical, regression, and mortality.
6. explain the concept of trade off between internal validity and external validi
ty If we want high internal validity, we should be willing to settle for lower ex
ternal validity and vice versa. To ensure both types of validity, researches usu
ally try first to test the causal relationships in a tightly controlled artifici
al or lab setting, and once the relationship has been Collected by :: Osama A.Sh
awky 12

established, they try to test the causal relationship in filed experiment. 7. Ex

plain full how you would demonstrate to machine operators and convince them that
through knowledge of the operating policies and procedures reading the manual)
will eliminate almost all on-the-job accidents. Show machine operators and assur
ed them that knowledge through operational policies and procedures, read the man
ual) will eliminate almost all accidents on-the-job. tell or remind the machine
operators to read instruction , instructions, and also follow the existing proce
dures. worked well so that accidents can be reduced in the works
8. it a control group is a part of an experimental design, one need not worry abo
ut controlling other exogenous variables. Discus this statement. some experiment
al design are set up with an experimental and a control group the former alone b
eing exposed to a treatment and not the latter. the effects of the treatment are
studied by assessing the deference in the out comes-that is the posttest scores
of the experimental and control groups.
9. a research wants to set up a lab experiment to test the effects of deferent k
inds of leadership styles on followers attitudes. The three particular kinds of
leadership styles she is interested in testing are autocratic, democratic, and p
articipative. You are asked to enlist some students to play the part of follower
s. What cover story would you give the participants? Autocracy is a form of gove
rnment in which one person possesses unlimited power. in this government the gov
ernment in full control, society must join the government says should not be aga
inst. Democracy is a political government carried out either directly by the peo
ple (direct democracy) or by means of elected representatives of the people (Rep
resentative democracy). Participation the process of involving young people in p
rojects, policy reviews or ideas to encourage decision-making and empowerment, o
wnership of opinion and influence in youth services and issues that affect them
and promote inclusion (particularly used amongst marginalized groups in the gove
rnment. 10. because the external validity of lab experiments is not usual high,
they are useless for investigation cause and effect relationships in organizatio
n. Comment on this statement. External validity of lab experiments is not usual h
igh, they are useless for investigation cause and effect relationships in organi
zation if we do find a cause and effect relationship after conducting a lab exper
iment, can we then say with confidence that the same cause and effect relationsh
ip will also hold true in the organizational setting. 11. covariance (i.e. , two
variable varying together either positively or negatively) and control are integ
ral aspects of experimental design. Discuss. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 13

because with positively and negatively we can try experimental design.

12. the Solomon four-group design is the answer to all our research questions per
taining to cause and effect relations because it guards against all the threats
to internal validity. Comment on this statement. the Solomon four-group design is
the answer to all our research questions pertaining to cause and effect relatio
ns because it guards against all the threats to internal validity. yes, i am agr
ee. because of the number of subjects that need to be recruited, the care with w
hich the study to be designed the time that needs to be devoted to the experimen
t, and other reasons the cost the conducting such as experiment is high. 13. bel
low is a note on self-esteem. After reading it, apply what you have learned in t
his chapter and design a study after sketching the theoretical framework. The ro
le of self-Esteem in efficacy One often wonders why some people earn more than o
thers. Economists focused on the importance of education. Basic skills, and work
experience what they power. Researches also found that self-esteem was instrumen
tal in acquiring human capital. we can use causal and cor relational method. fir
stly, we specify the function such as function X1 as education and function X2 a
s Basic skills, and work experience. from that we can search connection and impa
ct from this problem.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
14

Chapter 8
1. What is meant by operational definition and way is it necessary ? Answer : Op
erationalizing, or operationally defining a concept, to render it measurable, is
done by looking at the behavioral demensions, facets or properties denoted by t
he concept,Because will help to illustrate how this is done. 2. Operationally de
fine the following : Answer : a. Sexual harassment is both simple and complex, i
t is simple because it is defined as unwelcome sexual behavior by one person aga
inst another person againt another person. It is complex because it can involve
behaviors that in other contexts are considered positive and reaffirming b. Dive
rsity-positive environment is about a achievement motivation likely,driven by wo
rk,unable to relax, impatience with inerfectiveness,seeks moderate challenge,see
ks feed back c. Career Success means different things to different people. For s
ome, monetary reward is a measure of success. Yet others have multiple definitio
n of success. 3. Describe the four types of scales. Answer : a. Nominal scale is
one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories or grou
ps b. Ordinal scale not only categorizes the variables in such a way as to denot
e differences among the various categories, it also rank-orders the categories i
n some meaningful way. c. Interval scale an inverval scale allows us to perform
certain arithmentical operations on the data collected from the respondent d. Ra
sio scale overcomes the deficiency of the arbitrary orgin point of the intercal
scale, in that it has an absolute (in contrast to an arbitrary) zero point which
is a meaningful meansurement point. 4. How is the interval scale more soplistic
ated than the nominal and ordinal scales ? Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 15

Answer : An inverval scale allows us to perform certain arithmentical operations

on the data collected from the respondent. Whereas the nominal scale allows us
only to qualitatively distinguish groups by categorizing them into mutually excl
usive and collectively exhaustive sets, and the ordinal scale to rank-order the
preferences the scale 5. Why is the ratio scale considered to be the most powerf
ul of the four scales ? Answer : Because it has a unique zero origin (not an arb
itrary origin) and subsumes all the properties of the other three scales.
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16

Chapter 9
1. The following rating scale are often use in organizational research : - Dicho
tomous scale - Category scale - Likert scale - Numerical scales - Semantic diffe
rential scale - Itemized rating scale - Fixed or constant sum rating scale - Sta
ple scale - Graphic rating scale - Consensus scale We will briefly describle eac
h of the preceding attitudinal scale. Rangking scale are used to tap preferences
between two or more objects or item (ordinal in nature). However, such ranking
may not give devinitive clues to some of the answers ought. 2. Because we need t
o be reasonably sure that the instruments we use in our research do indeed measu
re the variables they are supposed to, and that they measeure them accurately. F
irst an item analysis of the responses to the questions tapping the variable is
done and then the reliability and validity of the measures are established as de
scribed below. 3. Cheap - - - - - - - - - expensive Strategic- - - - - - - unstr
ategic Confortable - - - - -unconfortable 4. according to our group agreed becau
se the instrument has been developed recurrent already known and will produce a
good answer. 5. as a valid instrument can be proved compared with a reliable ins
trument that has not been valid,
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
17

Chapter 10
1. As a manager you have been invited to come learn the research team and freque
nt advice on how to improve the performance of your staff. What steps would you
take to assuage their concerns even before the team sets foot in your department
? Answer : How to improve a performance at the staff / employees is by means of
holding a program such as: a. Improving Performance Performance is the desired o
utcome of behavior. Individual performance is the basis of organizational perfor
mance. Perananpenting in performance appraisal has increased workplace motivatio
n. This performance appraisal (performance appraisal) is basically a key factor
in order to develop an effective and efficient organization. Employees want and
need feedback regarding their performance and assessment provides the opportunit
y to provide feedback to them if performance is not in accordance with the stand
ards, the assessment provides an opportunity to review the progress of employees
and to develop performance improvement plans. there are 5 (five) factors in per
formance assessment, namely: a. Quality of work include: acquisition, accuracy,
performance and acceptance of output b. Quantity of Work include: Volume of outp
ut and contribution c. Supervision required, include: need advice, direction or
repairs d. Attendance include: regularity, dapatdipercaya / reliable and timely
b. Provide motivation Motivation is a state in the person that drives a desire i
ndividumelakukankegiatan-specific activities to achieve Motivation goal basicall
y is the process that determines how much effort will be devoted to carrying out
the work. Motivation or incentive to work is crucial to the achievement of some
thing objective, then the man must be able to grow as high work motivation for e
mployees within the company c. Improve discipline Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
18

Discipline itself interpreted as a willingness to someone that may arise with th

eir own consciousness to follow the rules and regulations prevailing in the orga
nization. 2. What is bias, and how can be reduced during interview ? Answer : Ir
regularities in the interview usually refers to a mistake or inaccuracy of the d
ata collected. Deviations can be reduced during the interview by repeating and c
larifying questions we ask so that they understand the questions that we provide
, and cites some of the answers to ensure a deep understanding of the response p
erson being interviewed so that we do not deviate from the answers they give. 3.
Explain the principles of wording, stating how these are important in questionn
aire design, siting examples not in the book. Answer : Principle of the words us
ually refer to factors such as conformance content questions, how questions and
level of language used, the type and form of questions asked, order of questions
, personal data sought from respondents. Content and purpose Questions Variable
facts will determine the types of questions will be asked. If these variables ar
e subjective variables such as satisfaction, and engagement in which the respond
ents believe measuring perceptions and attitudes of the dimensions and the eleme
nts. The purpose of each question should be carefully considered so that the var
iable is in the measure. Language and Words on Questionnaire Language questionnai
re to be seen from the respondents level of understanding. The choice of words wi
ll depend on the level of education, the use of terms and idioms in the culture
and framework of the respondents. For example, when English is the official lang
uage spoken by the two cultures, particular words may be foreign to a culture. 4
. What are projective techniques and how can they be profitably used ? Answer :
This technique is useful in providing an opportunity to express their attitudes
of respondents without a personal embarrassment. These techniques help the respo
ndent to project their own attitudes and feelings on the subject aware of being
studied. So projective technique plays an important role in motivation research
or attitude surveys. 5. Describe the different data sources, explaining and from
multiple sources related to the reliability and validity of the measures ? Coll
ected by :: Osama A.Shawky 19

Answer : Direct Interview Advantages: the interview used to obtain data directly
from the company. which is a communication from one worker to obtain information
in accordance with the desired and by conducting interviews obtained more compl
ete data. Disadvantage: time consuming interview techniques and a very large cos
t for the sample is big enough and spread. Interviewing means of communication b
etween the interviewer and the interviewee, this tends to generate a difference
in interpretation between the two. Questionnaires Advantages: the questionnaire i
s a research method that must be answered respondents to express his views on an
issue. The use of questionnaires as data collection methods have several advant
ages, among them are questions that will be presented to respondents can be stan
dardized, the respondent can answer a questionnaire on their leisure time, the q
uestion can be thought of in advance so that answers can be trusted compared wit
h a verbal answer, and questions raised would be more accurate and uniform. Disa
dvantage: the respondent can not give more details because the answer is limited
to matters in question. Observation Advantages: With the observation that many s
ymptoms can be investigated, the results are more accurate and difficult to argu
e with. Many objects are only willing to taken only with the observation data, s
uch as too busy and less time to be interviewed or to complete a questionnaire.
Losses: Observations depends on observation and memory skills. Many events and c
ircumstances that are difficult objects observed, especially concerning the life
of a highly confidential approach for cloning. 6. How are multiple methods of d
ata collection and from mulyiple sources related to thereliability and validity
of the measures ? Answer : For example, if the responses were collected through
questionnaires. Before the instrument, or measuring devices used to collect rese
arch data, it is necessary to test the questionnaire for validity and reliabilit
y of measurement validity tersebut.Uji useful to know whether the measure is val
id, the valid means of measuring the accuracy of measuring or the proper tools t
o measure a variable to be measured. Validity and reliability tests used to exam
ine Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 20

the data derived from a list of questions or questionnaire respondents, the vali
dity and reliability can be proved that the list of questions in the questionnai
re filled out by the respondents are representative of the population or not. Th
ere are two important conditions which apply to a questionnaire that is necessar
y for a valid and reliable questionnaire. A questionnaire is said to be valid if
the question on a questionnaire able to express something that will be measured
by the questionnaire. While a questionnaire said reliable (reliably) if a perso
n answers to the questions are consistent or stable over time. 7. Every data coll
ection method has its own built-in biases. Therefore, resorting to multimethods
of data collection is only going to compound the biases. How would you critique t
his statement? Answer : I think that good research requires data from multiple s
ource data collection method. In a study of accounting rriset basically can be d
one through several methodologies, through a quantitative methodology, qualitati
ve, or triangulation. To avoid confusion between the research methodology with t
he research methods necessary to distinguish prior understanding between the two
. The research methodology is part of science that studies how the procedures fo
r seeking truth. 8. One way to deal with discrepancies found in the data obtained
from multiple sources is to average the figures and take the mean as the value
of the variable. What is your reaction to this ? Answer : In the data collection
is sometimes we find a mismatch. Therefore we must look carefully and closely to
the data, so we know whether the data is feasible or not to be used as data in
a study. 9. How has the advancement in technology helped data gathering ? Answer
: Advances in technology can help us to collect data by providing easy to colle
ct the data we need in the research, such as collecting detailed data products h
ave been sold through the tracking of optical scanners and bar code, data search
es on the Internet that provide convenience, data recording using tools such as
video camera recorders and others. In some processing using electronic data proc
essing which also provides error-free. 10. How will you use the data from observ
ational study to reach scientific conclusions ? Answer : Data from the informati
on we were with a variety of processing tools such as statistical analysis with
SPSS and other analysis tools for testing and our test results we will use it to
take a scientific conclusion. 11. The fewer the biases in measurement and in the
data collection procedures, the more Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 21

scientific the research. Comment on this statement. Answer : We agree with that
view because if the smaller size of the bias in our research, it means that our
research will be increasingly closer to the truth and the more scientific and we
can use as a reference for similar examination or subsequent research.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
22

Chapter 11
Discussion question and points to ponder Identify the relevant population for th
e following research foci and ruggest the appropriate sampling design to investi
gate the issues, explaining why the are appropriate. Wherever necessary, identif
y the population frame as well. A gun manufacturing firm would like to know the
types of guns possessed by various age groups in Washington, D.C. A hospital adm
inistrator wants to find out if the single parents working in the hospital have
a higher rate of abseneism than parents who are not single. A researcher would l
ike to assess the extent of pilferage in the materials storage warehouses of man
ufacturing firms in the east coast. The director of human resources wants to inv
estigate the relationship between drug abuse and dysfunctional behavior of blue
coliar workers in a particular plant. a. explain why cluster sampling is a proba
bility sampling design. b. what are the advantages and disadvantages of cluster
sampling. c. describe a situation where you would consider the use of cluster sa
mpling. a. explain what precision and confidence are and how they influence samp
le size. b. discuss what is meant by the statement there is a trade of between p
recision and confidence under certain condition. The use of a convenience sample
in organizational research is correct because all members share the same organi
zational stimuli and go through almost the same kinds of experiences in their or
ganizational lives. Comment. Use of a sample of 5.000 is not necessarily better
than using one of 500. How would you react to this statement. Nonprobability sam
pling design ought to be preferred to probability sampling designs in some cases
. Explain with examples. Because there seems to be trade of between accuracy and
confidence for any given sample size, accuracy should be always considered more
important than precision. Explain with reasons why you would or would not agree
.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
23

Overgeneralizations give rise to much confusion and other problems for researche
rs who try to replicate the findings. Explain what is meant by this. Double samp
ling is probably the least used of all sampling designs in organizational resear
ch. Do you agree? Provide reasons for your answer. Answer 1. a. toy gun was poss
essed by most children under 10 years in washington DC, while the 1 0 years old
most children have the kind of long-barreled weapons. b. yes, a single parent wh
o works at the hospital have a higher level, probably because she lived alone. C
. the results showed that the level of theft in the company s warehouse storage
facilities, material is very high. this is possible because the place is less st
rict vigil. and may also exist in the party who did this. D. results of investig
ations of the human resources director indicated that the relationship between d
rug users with the blue-collar workers is very tight. it can known from direct i
nterviews to the workers. 2. a. cluster sampling lends it self to greater biases
and is the least generalizable of all the probability sampling designs because
most naturally occurring cluster in the organizational contex do not contain het
erogeneous elements. b. advantages cluster sampling is have intergroup heterogen
eity and intergroup homogeneity are found. And disadvantages cluster sampling, t
he units costs of cluster sampling are much lower compared to the other probabil
ity sampling. c. I will use cluster sampling when I ve worked in companies that
have products that were homogeneous and heterogeneous. 3. a. precision and confi
dence are important issues in sampling because when we use sample data to draw i
nference about the population. b. in essence, confidence reflects the level of c
ertainty with which we can state that our estimates of the population parameters
. 4. yes probably almost all members of the organization has many similarities i
n past life experiences, so that all use of convenience samples in research orga
nizations. 5. there is a point, because for what use the sample or samples when
the truth is not much better than the sample lebiah little. better use of sample
s provided that some truth can be guaranteed.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
24

6. in nonprobability sampling designs, the elements in the population have no pr

obabilities attached to their being chosen as sample subjects. 7. strongly agree
that the accuracy and reliability are more important than precision. because if
the samples were unreliable and inaccurate, then the study could not be account
ed for properly. 8. yes maybe the new researchers who want to replicate the find
ings should be more wisely in copying them, do not claim to have problems due to
imitate the findings of other researchers who have first found it. 9. probably
due to double sampling easier and more convenient to use in research. This desig
n provides added information at minimal additional expenditure.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
25

Chapter 12
1. What kinds of biases do you think could be minimized or avoided during the da
ta analysis stage of research ? Answer : Out range / missing / responses Missing
data / blank Inconsistency Precision and accuracy, data / answers 2. When we co
llected wonders if he should of treatment in experimental designs which statisti
cal test would be most appropriate to test the treatment effects? Answer : The m
ost appropriate statistical test to examine the effects of treatment, that is pa
ired t-test test. 3. A tax consultant wonders if he should be more selective abo
ut the class of clients he was serves, so as to maximize his income. He usually
deals with four categories clients, the very rich, rich, upper middle class and
middle class. He has record of each client and each client served, the tax paid
by them and how much he has charged them. Since many factors in respect to the c
lients (number of dependents, business deductibles, etc.) irrespective of the ca
tegory they belong to, he would like an appropriate analysis to be done to see a
mong the four categories of clientele he should choose to be served in the futur
e. What kind of analysis should be done the preceding cas and why ? Answer : Nam
ely multiple linear regression analysis, because we analyze the variation of the
various factors which vary widely. With multiple linear regression test and loo
k at the coefficient table 4 we can see among the most influential variables on
corporate income by looking at the largest beta value. The largest beta value is
the most important and influential on corporate earnings, so should the tax con
sultant must choose the variable with the largest beta. 4. Below are tables 12A
to 12D, summarize the results of data analyses of research conducted in a sales
organization that operets 50 different cities of country, with a total sales for
ce of about 500. the number of sales sample for the study was 150: Collected by
:: Osama A.Shawky 26

You are to : 1. Interpret much of the information contained in each table as det
ailed as possible. 2. Can summarize the results for the CEO of the company. 3. M
ake recommendations based on the results of your interpretation. Answer : 1. a.
From table 12A can result in that: Sales have averaged 75.1 with a standard devi
ation of 8.6, minimum 45.2 and maximum sales sales amounted to 97.3 There are ma
ny sellers sebesr average standard deviation of 25 with 6, a minimum of 5 and a
maximum of 50 Population had an average of 5.1 with a standard deviation of 0.8,
minimum 2.78 and maximum of 7.12 Campaigns have an average of 10.3 with a stand
ard deviation of 5.2, a minimum of 6.1 and a maximum of 15.7 b. From table 12B:
states that there is a relationship between the variables concerned. Correlation
coefficient with the seller s sales amounted to 0.76 means that closeness is st
rong correlation The population correlation coefficient with sales of 0.62 means
that closeness is strong correlation Correlation coefficient with a sales reven
ue of 0.56 means keeretan is strong correlation Advertising with a correlation c
oefficient of 0.68 means the closeness of the sales are strong correlation With
a total population correlation coefficient of 0.06 means that the seller is weak
closeness correlation Correlation coefficient with the number of ads of 0.16 me
ans that the seller is weak closeness correlation Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
27

 Correlation coefficient of income with a population of 0.11 means the closeness

of the coefficient of weak An ad with a population correlation coefficient of 0.
36 means the closeness of the coefficient of weak Correlation coefficient with t
he advertising revenue of 0.23 means the closeness of the correlation is weak. c
. Table 12C So from the ANOVA table F value of 3.6 & significant F of 0.01. so c
an we conclude that there was no significant difference between the variance var
iabel2 who are. d. 12D table On the table there are 0.6594, who showed the corre
lation relationship of the 4 independent variables on the dependent variable (sa
les) & hubunganny is strong unidirectional nature. Valueme-adjusted coefficient
of determination (adjusted R square) of 0.35225 means that 35.225% of sales vari
able is explained by the independent variable number of sellers, population, inc
ome & advertising. 64.775 and the rest is explained by other variables. Standard
errors indicate possible errors that may occur if we see dikolom data, we will
see that beta is the largest advertising amounted to 0.47 with a significant lev
el of 0.00001 who showed that advertising is the most significant variable affec
ting. 2. From the table it was concluded that of the variables that most influen
ce the advertising compared with the number of sellers, population, and income,
because advertising has the largest beta value. 3. The recommendation that our g
roup is the company must give more attention to advertising by increasing advert
ising, that could increase sales and corporate earnings.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
28

Chapter 13
1. Because a copy of the letter of authorizationfrom the spomsor of the study, a
pproving the investigation and detailing its scope, will be attached at the begi
nning of the report. 2. The exwcutive summary is a brief account of the research
study that provides an overview, and highlights the following important informa
tion related to the study : the problem statement, the sampling design, the data
collection methods used, results of data analysis, the findings, and the recomm
andations, with suggestions for their implementation. 3. The similarities and th
e difference of basic and applied research reports is an axecutive summary in th
e case of applied original research and a synopsis in the case of basic research
. 4. The written report and its purpose,The written report and its audience. 5.
Necessary to specify the limitations of the study in the research report is very
important because make use for the results of data analysis and the written rep
ort. 6. Speaking audibly, clearly, and without distracting mannerisms.
Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky
29

Chapter 14
1. Briefly describe a situation where , give the result of a hypothesis testing
study , the manager has to extensively apply experience and common sense in maki
ng the final decision. Answer : Manager wrestly with a multitode of problems big
and small in their every day work life. The differences between a succesfull an
d not so successful organization lies in the quality of decisions mode by the ma
nagers in the system to sum up, research is scientific path that leads the manag
ers to decision making and experience and common sesnse are the beacons that gui
de managers to solve problems sensibly. 2. Which involves a more difficult decis
ion-making situation for a manager-applying the results of qualitative study or
a hypothesis testing study?why? Answer : A qualitative studies, because there is
always an undecer mined element of risk that manager takes in making the propos
ed changes. 3. Describe and depict through a diagram the cycle of the research p
rocess , from the time when the area in investigated for the first time , to fin
ding definitive answer to the problems encountered in that area . Answer : - Obs
ervation - Preparation of data collection - Definition problems - Theoretical Fr
amework - Hypothesis Development - Design Scientific research - Data collection,
analysis, and intrepertasi - Deduction - Making Presentations Writing Decision
Report Report Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 30