PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATIONS
SKEE 3533
SECTION 06
Dr Noor Asniza Murad
Asniza@fke.utm.my
Journal
Which journal?: Journal of Electromagnetic
Waves and Applications (JEMWA)
Topic 4 Digital
Why choosing
this journal?:
Modulation
PCM processes:
Sampling, Quantization
Coding
Analog
ADC
RZ,
NRZ,
AMI
Line coding
ASK,
FSK,
PSK
Digital
transmission
PCM Procedures
Line Coding
Binary 1 and 0 in PCM signal can be represented by several formats
known as line coding.
information
PCM
Line
coder
channel
Reasons for line The purpose of a line coding is to match the output signal
coding:
to the channel for baseband transmission.
1. Synchronization
2.
Error detection
3. Error correction
Nonreturn to
Zero (NRZ)
LineCode
Format
NRZ vs. RZ
NRZ
No return to zero during a
portion of bit duration
RZ
Signal return to zero at the middle
of bit duration
the signal drops (returns) to zero
between each pulse.
This takes place even if a number
of consecutive 0's or 1's occur in
the signal. The signal is selfclocking.
This means that a separate clock
does not need to be sent alongside
the signal, but suffers from using
twice the bandwidth to achieve the
same data-rate as compared to
non-return-to-zero format.
8
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1. NRZ-L (NRZ-Level)
1 => High level
0 => Low level
2. NRZ-M (NRZ-Mark)
1 => transition at the starting of interval
0 => no transition
3. NRZ-S (NRZ-Space)
1 => no transition
0 => transition at the starting of interval
RZ (Return to Zero)
Return to 0 at the center of bit interval
The same advantages/disadvantages with
NRZ
Overcome by using bipolar signal and
alternating pulse for synchronization
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
t
1. RZ (Unipolar)
1 => High level
0 => Low level
2. RZ (Bipolar)
1 => Alternately +ve
0 => Alternately ve
Bi-phase (NRZ)
Used in optical communication system,
satellite and video recorder
Self synchronizing
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
t
1. Differential Manchester
1 => transition from the middle of the
interval
0 => transition at the start of the interval
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13
Bandwidth