Management Curriculum
Abstract
The need to embed business ethics in the teaching of management disciplines has at times given rise to a debate as to whether ethics should
be taught as a stand-alone course or in an embedded manner. So far, the
majority of opinions favors a consensus that both approaches are relevant
and should be used complementarily for optimal results.
This book offers unique insights into the experience of seasoned
academics who embed business ethics in teaching management theory
and practice. Its multidisciplinary approach enriches its content, as the
insights of our colleagues from within their fields are invaluable. It therefore complements other business textbooks. After general themes (curriculum integration, adult learning, learner commitment, and generation Y
classrooms), this volume covers ethics and responsibility in people management, team building, change management; operations management,
business law, and digital marketing communications.
The book provides a platform to share experiences of teaching ethical profitability. This contributes to resolving concerns experienced when
faculty wish to incorporate ethics into their teaching but feel they lack
preparation or ideas on how to do it. The chapters describe each d
iscipline
briefly, raise the typical ethical issues therein, and suggest teaching strategies and exercises or projects. The developing versus developed country
perspectives sections may interest schools with high student diversity. The
book also meets in-company training needs for attaining and sustaining
an ethical culture.
Keywords
adult learning, business ethics, business law, change management,
corporate social responsibility, developed versus developing country
Contents
Foreword
.........................................................................................ix
viii Contents
Foreword
The first guidelines for individuals and business owners to manage their
financial affairs in an ethically accountable manner date back over 3,500
years. The Hebrews believed that God bestowed moral freedom on all
people and gave them the capacity and personal responsibility to choose
between good and evil. The Hebrews also emphasized the dignity of the
individual and hence the need to express mercy toward the poor and
oppressed. Over time these ethical principles were reflected in both
Christian and Islamic theology.
According to some scholars, the foundation of capitalism can be
traced back to the Protestant Reformation in 1517. Not only did the
Reformation give individuals a religious obligation to pursue wealth, but
it also gave them the self-discipline to do so. Convinced that prosperity was Gods blessing and poverty His curse, Protestants had a spiritual
inducement to labor industriously. They viewed hard work, diligence,
efficiency, and prudence as necessary traits for businessmen to succeed in
a highly competitive world.
By the time of the Industrial Revolution (circa 1760) the exemplary
Protestant was no longer a selfless saint, but rather an enterprising businessman, motivated by self-interest. Calvinist values of work and prudence thus degenerated over time into harsh individualism, materialism,
and selfishness. This turnaround was given added impetus by liberals
such as Adam Smith, who contended that individuals who acted from
self-interest worked harder and achieved more. He also argued that a free
economy, in which private enterprise was unimpeded by government regulations, was as important as political freedom for the well-being of the
individual and the community.
By the 18th century, hitherto accepted business practices such as
child labor and slavery, however, came under increased scrutiny. Religious
groups, such as the Quakers, for example vehemently opposed the slave
trade. As they also shunned enterprises that produced and sold alcohol
and weapons, the Quakers became the first individuals to integrate their
x Foreword
personal values with their investment and business decisions. Unfortunately, few investors, business owners, and appointed managers followed
suit.
With the progression of time, the notion greed is good has become
firmly ingrained in the modern psyche. However, in contrast to previous
centuries, the adverse consequences of unsustainable and unethical business practices now reverberate globally. I firmly believe that the current
state of affairs could be attributed, albeit in part, to the anthropocentric
(human-centered) economic models that form the foundations of most
tertiary commerce curricula. These models not only promote self-interest
and the pursuit of short-term shareholder wealth maximization, but they
also encourage what Hobbes and Descartes called mechanistic materialismthe view that nonhuman nature is a set of inert raw resources to be
mastered and exploited. This view has led to the unrestrained exploitation
of natural resources for economic ends, often harming local communities
in the process.
As aptly pointed out in this textbook, a fundamental shift is required
in how future business managers are educated. Although many tertiary
institutions have recognized the need to shape morally mature and
ethically aware corporate actors (especially after the 2008 global financial
crisis), many grapple with the goal of business ethics education and question whether business ethics courses should be grounded in philosophy
or business. Others question whether business educators should focus
on theoretical underpinnings or practical relevance, and whether ethical
decision making should be taught within a dedicated module or whether
it ought to be integrated throughout the business curriculum.
This textbook goes a long way in addressing these questions. Many
practical examples are provided to enhance the cognitive moral development (and hence moral behavior) of adult learners. These examples
span key functional areas such as human resource management, marketing communications, and operations management. One chapter is also
devoted to teaching the increasingly important and complex phenomenon of responsible change management. I also found the chapters dealing with ethics teaching in business law courses and building ethics as
a foundational principle across an integrated undergraduate curriculum
particularly insightful and valuable.
Foreword
xi
The advice imparted in this textbook will greatly assist business educators in shaping the moral judgment and courage of the next generation
of managers, directors, analysts, policy makers, and investors. Only when
business educators (and here I include myself ) take our responsibility of
imbuing students with intellectual and moral virtues more seriously, could
the tide of unsustainable and unethical business practices be stemmed.
German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer once remarked that there
are three steps in the revelation of any truth: in the first instance it is
ridiculed, in the second, resisted, in the third it is considered self-evident.
I think this textbook greatly contributes to making ethical decision
making self-evident in all realms of business. Its greatest value lies not in
being prescriptive, but rather in empowering business educators in teaching a complex and emotive subject.
May future generations reflect back on our era as one in which the
values of respect, accountability, and integrity in business dealings made
a strong and sustained resurgence.
Prof Suzette Viviers
Department of Business Management
Stellenbosch, South Africa
CHAPTER 1
Embedding Ethics in
Teaching Management
Kemi Ogunyemi
Lagos Business School
when studied deeply though they evaluate human behavior through distinct lenses. At the risk of appearing simplistic, one could say that responsibility looks at ethics with a focus on the agent, while sustainability looks
at ethics with a focus on the effects of the actions of the agent on other
people in the present and in the future. A responsible agent would strive
to impact people positivelywhether in terms of maintaining a healthy
environment or a healthy society or a healthy economy (healthy meaning
conducive to the health of human beings). At times, perhaps especially in
developing countries, there is a resistance to an emphasis on the vertical
dimension of sustainability, which looks to generations to come when
demanding equity. This is at times because they experience blatant challenges to equity in the present and so find it difficult to center their worries
on the future while the horizontal dimension is neglected by their governments. For example, a campaign to plant trees is unlikely to get much
traction in a society rife with unemployment and enduring bad roads and
a near nonexistent power supply. Ethical action in such a situation would
have more to do with ensuring good governance (which admittedly entails
both increased responsibility and sustainability) and fairness.
The work of ethics educators contributes in some part to heightening
the sense of responsibility and the concern for sustainability in students
on programs that embed ethics.2 When these students are professionals,
it is hoped that their training will come in useful in making them responsible agents who think sustainability and act accordingly.3 Efforts in this
direction, whether at national, corporate, or individual level, also tend to
reduce the ease with which other individuals and organizations rationalize
their own unethical behavior. On the other hand, it makes it less difficult
for them (these others) to apply already known principles of ethical action
to their own lives as well.
2
3
his responsibilities. Teachers of organizational behavior disciplines particularly need to fully incorporate their ethical dimensions (as also applies
to those of accounting, finance, and a number of others).4 Take, for
example, the field of human resources management (HRM). Teaching
recruitment without teaching about respect for diversity or about nondiscrimination carries the risk of graduating someone who pretends to
be an expert on a role that is very critical to organizations but who may
not be fully aware of the ethical considerations inherent to the role. If
the same happens with performance management, people development,
talent management, and so on, then emerges a professional with technical
competence but without the ethical competence requisite for handling
his or her responsibilities. Applying ethical concepts within their disciplines requires ethical sensitivity in faculty themselves. It also requires
innovativeness to find novel approaches to teaching the same topic(s).
These are skills that are critical for any educator to possess, independent
of the need to teach ethics.
At times, it is easier to start with sub disciplines or aspects of disciplines that reveal a more obvious need for the introduction of ethical
considerations. In those cases, the teacher uses these segments as a lever to
bring ethics into the classroom; for example, the teaching of responsibility
while dealing with safety in operations management or of sustainability
while dealing with supply chain management.
terms. The chapter provides interesting case studies that could be helpful
in business ethics teaching. Discussing each area (e.g., employment, management, and training), the authors, Jesus Barrena-Martinez, Macarena
Lopez-Fernandez, and Pedro Miguel Romero-Fernndez, draw out the
ethical implications in an interesting manner. They might help the teacher
of CSR to systematically show the way in which human resource policies
should align with CSR. Conversely, faculty in the field of HRM could
also benefit from this chapters content.
The highlight of the chapter contributed by Timothy London on
team building is the manner in which ethical quandaries are identified
out, at many levels: how students in teams will face ethical challenges;
ethical challenges in forming teams; and ethical challenges in actually
teaching about team building and determining at what levels to make students uncomfortable. It is a chapter that is truly international, not being
rooted in any one nationality or teaching system. This ease of applicability
to management educators around the world is a great plus. Completing
the module, Greg Latemores chapter on change management is written
in accessible language and deals with the topical issues in organizational
change. The descriptions of the different approaches to ethical change
management are very useful. The author provides very good descriptions
of what is involved in change management and some of the ethical issues
that can arise when change is introduced in an organization. The four key
approaches toward ethical change management are discussed and some
fascinating ethical stories shared. The need for mutual respect and trust is
emphasized. The case studies included are interesting and practical.
The How Matters is the caption given to the third and final module. Chapter 9, authored by Wayne Buck and Jeffrey Schaller, starts us
off with a focus on sustainability as an ethical norm and analyzes ethical
questions from the easily grasped perspectives of occupational process and
product safety. Their reference to the difference between potato chips and
microchips is a vivid way of explaining how the criteria apply. The authors
advocate an appealing teaching strategy of combining modest expectations with an experiential approach. They explain how existing operations management simulations, for example, the Deepwater Simulation
Game, can help to introduce ethics into operations management courses.
Finally, the authors advise teachers to encourage students self-reflection
and draw attention to the context of their behavior and their evolving
mindsets over the course of the simulation. With digital media growing
in both scale and significance, this is an important topic to address. Ogechi Adeola demonstrates a good understanding of this field of study and
covers a lot of material in a concise and accessible manner. In her chapter
(Chapter 10), she provides an interesting summary of the emerging ethical issues in relation to digital marketing. The contemporary nature of
the topic and the projects and exercises section are the highlights of the
chapter. For example, the Wal-Mart fake blog controversy offers readers an engaging real life example for debate and discussion. The use
of brainstorming sessions establishes an open and encouraging clime,
which favors active listening and respect for diversity in the classroom. In
Chapter 11, the final chapter of this volume, Keith Diener draws a useful
comparison between U.S. and UK legal systems governing specific issues
impacting business. His work displays in-depth knowledge of legal considerations and familiarity with various laws relating to business ethics
some being of general application and others more particular. According
to Keith, ultimately, students need to be taught to ask not only the legal
question, Can we legally do this? but also the ethics question, Is this
the right thing to do? His chapter suggests that such ethical reflection
can have a profound effect on managerial decision-making.
Concluding Reflections
There is a lot of published research already available publicly on ethics education. The usefulness of this book lies in the insights shared by
faculty in non-ethics disciplines in order to facilitate, for their peers, the
incorporation of ethics into regular teaching. This needs to be done in
such a way that, whether teaching finance or operations or entrepreneurship, students learn in a manner that respects their need to know the
ethical considerations that, in real life, accompany optimal decision making and can thus make better informed and more responsible choices.
An enhanced moral judgment is an invaluable asset to them for this purpose.5 They should not only be able to sense or know that something is
wrong but also to know and to be able to explain why. The people who
pass through our classrooms go on in life to become part of organizations
and engage in making decisions that affect the world we live in. We are
all interdependent. Just as past ethical scandals all over the world had
consequences that reached all of us albeit remotely in many cases, for
example, making schools see more clearly the relevance of ethics teaching
and research,6 so also will the teacher who embeds ethics in teaching have
a far-reaching impact even when she or he is ignorant of it. I am certain
that many of us will find it good to have the guidance and examples
that can be adopted and adapted across disciplines as presented in this
book. There is reason to believe that it is a much-needed resource,7 given
the continuous clamor for more effective integration of business ethics
education.8
Besides, the increasing sensitivity globally to ethical standards means
that business is more and more as unusual. Organizations are, more and
more, appreciating and prizing ethical employees.9 They clearly see the
need to have employees who are able to handle the issues that arise in the
workplace.10 In fact they are coming to expect this ethical competence,
apart from technical expertise and soft skills.11 As time goes by, more of
them will find means and establish systems to reward this very important
requirement in order to further promote and foster it.
References
Baetz, M.C., and D.J. Sharp. 2004. Integrating Ethics Content into the Core
Business Curriculum: Do Core Teaching Materials Do the Job? Journal of
Business Ethics 51, no. 1, pp. 5362.
Hoivik, H. 2009. Developing Students Competence for Ethical Reflection
While Attending Business School. Journal of Business Ethics 88, no. 1,
pp.59.
Molyneaux, D. 2004. After Andersen: An Experience of Integrating Ethics into
Undergraduate Accountancy Education. Journal of Business Ethics 54, no. 4,
pp. 38598.
Nastase, M., and D.C. Gligor-Cimpoieru. 2013. A Plea for the Importance
of Business Ethics Education for Future Managers in an International
Competitive Environment. Review of International Comparative Management
14, no. 2, pp. 191201.
Neesham, C., and J. Gu. 2015. Strengthening Moral Judgment: A Moral
Identity-Based Leverage Strategy in Business Ethics Education. Journal of
Business Ethics 131, no. 3, pp. 52734.
Rasche, A., D.U. Gilbert, and I. Schedel. 2013. Cross-Disciplinary Ethics
Education in MBA Programs: Rhetoric or Reality? Academy of Management
Learning and Education 12, no. 1, pp. 7185.
Sigurjonsson, T.O., A.A. Arnardottir, V. Vaiman, and P. Rikhardsson. 2015.
Managers Views on Ethics Education in Business Schools: An Empirical
Study. Journal of Business Ethics 130, no. 1, pp. 113.
Sims, R.R., and E.L. Felton. 2005. Successfully Teaching Ethics for Effective
Learning. College Teaching Methods and Styles Journal 1, no. 3, pp. 3148.
Sims, R.R., and E.L. Felton. 2006. Designing and Delivering Business Ethics
Teaching and Learning. Journal of Business Ethics 63, no. 3, pp. 297312.
Smit, A. 2013. Responsible Leadership Development Through Management
Education: A Business Ethics Perspective. African Journal of Business Ethics
7, no. 2, pp. 4551.
Index
AACSB. See Association to Advance
Collegiate Schools of Business
adult learning theory, 29, 31
AI. See appreciative inquiry
AMA. See American Marketing
Association
American Marketing Association
(AMA), 163
anti-bribery laws, 194195
anti-discrimination legislation,
197199
Apple, 82
appreciative inquiry (AI), 113,
119121
Association to Advance Collegiate
Schools of Business (AACSB),
11
authentic engagement, 117118
BAIB. See BA (Hons) International
Business
BA (Hons) International Business
(BAIB), 36
brainstorming sessions, 178179
business ethics, x, 47, 13, 1516
business law
ethical issues in
anti-bribery laws, 194195
anti-discrimination legislation,
197199
contract law, 196197
cultural and societal morality,
201202
human rights treaties, 199200
law governing corporations,
200201
teaching ethics in
integrating ethics in, 204205
thematic topic, 202203
business organizations in-class activity,
210212
Carrolls pyramid, 67
case briefs and hybrid case briefs,
212213
Certified Public Accountant (CPA),
142
Christian and Islamic theology, ix
CISG. See Convention on Contracts
for the International Sale of
Goods
click through rate (CTR), 177
codes of conduct public, 180
communication, 79
contract law, 196197
conventional, 19
Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods
(CISG), 196
corporate social performance (CSP),
68
corporate social responsibility (CSR),
4, 36, 6570
and HRM, 7073
CPA. See Certified Public Accountant
CSP. See corporate social performance
CSR. See corporate social
responsibility
CTR. See click through rate
cultural and societal morality,
201202
data profiling, 169172
developing vs. developed country
perspectives, 2021, 8586,
103104, 125127, 153154,
180181, 206207
DeVille School of Business (DSoB),
3, 12
digital content, 179
digital media
digital marketing discipline,
164166
232 Index
Index 233
millennials, 5556
class presentations, 57
close-to-life drama and issues,
5859
digitalized classrooms, 58
ethics education, 5355
group activity and engagement,
5758
position papers, 57
reflection exercises and reflection
papers, 59
respectful discussions, 57
safety, 60
standards and values, 60
teaching ethics to, 5660
video clips, 58
videos, 58
moral responsibility, 12
multicultural environment, 13
multidisciplinary integration, 12
NBS. See Nottingham Business
School
NGOs. See nongovernmental
organizations
nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs), 74
notecard activity, 208209
Nottingham Business School (NBS),
4
Nottingham Trent University (NTU),
4, 35, 3841
sustainability awards 2015, 39
NTU. See Nottingham Trent
University
OATHs
NTU, 4145, 4850
in professions, 3637
OECD. See Organization for
Economic Cooperation and
Development
OM. See operations management
operations management (OM),
137138
discipline of, 138139
ethics teaching strategy, 144149
typical ethical issues in, 139144
234 Index