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GREETINGS

Good morning! bom dia até o meio dia.

Good afternoon! boa tarde.
Good evening boa noite. usa-se ao encontrar uma pessoa à noite.
Good night! boa noite . usa-se ao despedir de alguém à noite.
So long! até logo
Good bye! até logo, adeus.
Hi! oi, olá, saudação entre amigos.
Hello! alô, olá,
Bye bye tcchau tchau

Introducing People

Claire: Good morning!

I’m Claire. Claire Stevenson. What is your name?
David: David. David Martinelli.
Claire: Nice to meet you David.
David: Nice to meet you too.
Claire: How are you?
David: I am well, and you?
Claire: I am fine, thanks.

Verb TO BE = ser ou estar.

Present affirmative Present negative

I am I’m I am not I’m not

You are You’re You are not you aren’t
He is He’s He is not He isn’t
She is She’s She is not She isn’t
It is It’s It is not It isn’t
We are We’re We are not We aren’t
You are You’re You are not You aren’t
They are They’re They are not They aren’t

Present interrogative Present interrogative

affirmative negative

Am I? Am I not? Ain’t I
Are you? Are you not? Aren’t you?
Is he? Is he not? Isn’t he?
Is she? Is she not? Isn’t she?
Is it? Is it not? Isn’t?
Are we? Are we not? Aren’t we?
Are you? Are you not? Aren’t you?
Are they? Are they not? Aren’t they?
Exercise 01) Conversation
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Claire: Tony!
Tony : Hi Claire. Hey, we are not classmate this year.
Claire: I know. Tony, this is David. He is my new classmate.
Tony : Hi, David. Where are you from?
David: I’m from Brazil.
Tony : You are Brazilian! Cool!
Claire: Look! Mrs. Wilson! Mr. Thomson! Good afternoon.
Mrs. Wilson: Good afternoon. How are you Claire?
Claire: I’m fine. Thanks. David, these are our teachers. This is David.
Mr. Thomson: Nice to meet you, David.
David: Nice to meet you too.

Exercise: 02 Completar com verbo To Be nas formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa.

01. ------------- she a teacher?

02. No, she ------------- a teacher. She-------------- a painter.
03. ---------------- they doctors?
04. No, they -------------------- doctors. They ------------- engineers.
05. --------------- it an orange?
06. No, it ----------------- an orange. It is an apple.

Exercise 03 - Complete as sentenças usando a forma afirmativa ou negativa

do verbo TO BE

01. Are you a student?

02. Yes, I am.
03. I am from Turkey.
04. Where are you from?
05. ------------------ from Japan.
06. Mr. Brown--------------- our teacher.
07. Where --------------- he from?
08. He ----------------- from Michigan.
09 ---------------- Michigan in the South?
10. No, it ------------------. It is in the Midwest.
11. You ------------------- new students.
12. No, you ------------------- wrong. We are old students.
13. It --------------- hot in here
14. No, it ------------------- It is sixty degrees. It’s cool

(Exercise 04) Complete as sentences com as palavras apropriadas

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01. Hi. My name --------- is --------- Kunio. I ….... am .......glad to meet you.
02. Where is Mary living now? She is living in a dorm.
03. What is your field of study? Mathematics.
04. Where are the children playing? They are playing in
the garden.
05. People should eat fruit and vegetable. They are healthy.

ARTICLES Indefinite Article

A, AN
Is used before singular count nouns. They are names of persons, places, and things.

A It is used before a noun beginning with a consonant

Ex. He is a teacher.
AN is used before a noun beginning with a vowel
Ex. This is an orange

(Obs) A, AN Is used ONLY before SINGULAR nouns. DO NOT put it before a plural noun.

Ex: They are teachers.

These are oranges.

Exercise: 01 Complete the phrases with A or AN

01. He is -------------- plumber. ‘ 07. It’s-------------- ice cream.

02. We -------------- students.
03. I’m--------------- engineer.
04. It’s ---------------- house.
05. This is --------------- apple.
06. These ----------------- watches.
08. This is----------------- dictionary.
09. We are ------------------teachers.
10. She’s ------------------- actress.
11. This is ------------------- orange
12. She is ----------------- grandmother.

THE Definite Article

It is used before:
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01. Singular and plural count nouns and non-cont nouns.
Ex: The hat is red.
The hats are red.
The coffee is hot.

02. Specific things that the listener and speaker know about

Ex: How was the test? It was easy.

Would you like to read the magazine? Yes, thanks.
03. When the listener and speaker know that there is only one item.

Ex: Is there any cafeteria in this school?

Yes, the cafeteria is on the third floor.

04. When you are talking about part of a group.

Ex: Meat is usually expensive, but the meat at Ron’s Butcher Shop is cheap and delicious.

05. When you talk about something for the second time.

Ex: What did you buy?

I bought some apples and pears. The apples were bad, but the pears were delicious.

06. Use before the plural name of a whole family.

Ex: The Winstons live in New York.

07. Before names of oceans, rivers, mountains ranges, seas, canals, deserts, islands, and zoos.

Ex: The Pacific Ocean is on the West Coast.

The Mississippi River is the longest in the United States.
We visited the Rocky Mountains.
Where is the Dead Sea?
The boat went through the Suez Canal.
We visited the San Diego Zoo

Exercise 01: Use THE where necessary

01. ------------- house in ------------------- picture is red.

02. -------------- bus is blue and --------------- car is green.
03 -------------- birds are blue, ----------------- dog is black, and ---------------- car is white.
04. What color are ------------------- flowers? They are yellow.
05. -------------- girls are wearing black shoes.
06. -------------- history teacher is very intelligent.
07. ------------- book on the table is mine.
08. ------------- air in Mexico city is the most polluted.
09. Where is ---------------- Sahara desert located?
10. ------------- house on the corner is old.
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DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

THIS sing. este, esta, isto. É usado para pessoa, animal ou objeto que está perto.
esse, essa, isso
THESE pl. estes, estas. É usado para pessoas, animais, ou objetos que estão
esses, essas pertos.

THAT sing. aquele, aquela, aquilo. É usado para pessoa, animal ou objeto que está longe.

THOSE pl. aqueles, aquelas. É usado para pessoas, animais ou objetos que estão
longes.

Ex. This is a dictionary. This man is my friend.

This box is heavy. This picture shows a girl and a boy.
These are dictionaries. These men are my friends.
These boxes are heavy. These pictures show a girl and a boy
That book on the table is mine. That house is beautiful.
That blouse is expensive That hat is gray

Exercise 01) Conversation

Leo : Hi, Amy! Welcome to Brazil! This is our living room.

Amy: It’s beautiful! Who are they?
Leo : Those are my brothers, Lucas and Marco. That is my sister Amanda. And that is
my cousin, Claudia.
Amy: And is that your father?
Leo : No, that is my uncle, Bruno, and that is my aunt, Marlene. He is Claudia’s
father,
and she is Claudia’s mother.
Amy: Hey! What are these?
Leo : Ha, ha! These are my robot dogs! It is ok. They are not dangerous.
Amy: Good! Are those your uncle’s dogs?
Leo : Yes, they are.

Exercise: 02) Complete as sentenças com This or These That or Those and Is or Are.

01. Is this towel clean?

Yes, but these towels are dirty.
02. ---------------------- pens are blue.
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I know, but ------------------- pen is red.
03. Is ------------------ sock brown?
Yes, but --------------------- socks are black.
04. Is------------------- blouse small?
Yes, but ----------------- blouses are big.
05. Are -------------------- pictures old?
Yes, but ------------------ picture is new.

Verb TO HAVE - Ter

Present Present Present

affirmative negative interrogative

I have I have not haven’t Have I?

You have You have not You haven’t Have you?
He has He has not He hasn’t Has he?
She has She has not She hasn’t Has she?
It has It has not It hasn’t Has it?
We have We have not We haven’t Have we?
You have You have not You haven’t have you?
They have They have not They haven’t Have they?

Obs. Há duas formas de conjugar o verbo TO HAVE na forma interrogativa.

1) Invertendo o verbo antes do sujeito. 2) Usando o verbo auxiliar DO

Ex. Do I have?
Do you have?
Does he have?
Does she have?
Does it have?
Do we have?
Do you have?
Do they have?

SIMPLE PRESENT - A maioria dos verbos em inglês levam (S) na 3 ª pessoa do singular

Ex. TO LOVE – amar TO WALK – andar TO LIVE - viver

I, you, we, they love I, you, we, they walk I, you, we, they live
He, she, it loves he, she, it walks he, she, it lives
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(Exercise 01) Complete as sentenças com os verbos entre parênteses no presente.

01. Ali (speak) speaks Arabic.

02. Mary (eat) ----------------------- pasta every day for dinner.
03. Alice usually (take) --------------------- the bus to school.
04. Children (like) --------------------- to watch cartoon in the morning.
05. Wood (float) ------------------------ on water.
06. Dust (travel) ------------------------ through the air.
07. Rivers (flow) ------------------------ toward the sea.
08. Mary (write) ------------------------- a letter to her boy friend every day.
09. I (know) ----------------------- my son very well.
10. My parents (drink) ------------------- coffee in the morning.
Exercise 2) Complete as sentences com os verbos entre parênteses.

01. Monkeys (climb) ------------------------------------ trees.

02. Bees (make) ----------------------------------- honey.
03. A bee (visit) ----------------------------------- many flowers in one day.
04. Tina (get) ------------------------------------ her work done on time.
05. Tina and Pat (get) --------------------------------- the work done.
06. A turtle is an animal that (live) ---------------------------- near water.
07. A star (shine) ------------------------------------ in the sky at night.
08. Automobiles (cause) ----------------------------------- air pollution.
09. A river (flow) ---------------------------------------- downhill.
10. Brazil (produce) ----------------------------------------- one-forth of world’s coffee.

Os verbos terminados em CH, SH, S, X , Z, O levam ( ES ) na terceira pessoa do singular.

Ex. Catch - catches Wash - washes Pass - passes

Mix - mixes Buzz - buzzes Go - goes

I catch the train to go to work
They wash their hands before eating
We mix coffee and milk together
The bees buzz around the flowers
The students go on a school trip
Mary catches the train to go to work, too.
The little boy washes his hand before eating, too.
My mother mixes milk and coffee together.
The bee buzzes around the red rose.
My daughter goes on a school trip.

Os verbos terminados em consoante + Y, troca-se o Y por ( I ) e acrescenta ( ES )

Ex: study - studies try - tries fly - flies
They study hard for the test. She studies hard for the test.
The players try to win the game. Paul tries to win the game.
My parents fly tonight to New York. Katy flies tonight to New York.

Os verbos terminados em vogal + Y, simplesmente acrescenta ( S )

Ex: pay - pays stay - stays buy - buys

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John and Paul pay for their studies Susie pays for her study too.
The children stay in home when it is raining My sister stays in home when it is raining.
My parents buy The New York Times My brother buys The Economist.

Exercise 01 - Coloque S ou ES onde for necessário.

01. Alan like s to play soccer.

02. Rita do es like coffee.
03. Monkeys climb----------- trees.
04. Mike wash --------------- his own clothes.
05. Michelle go--------------- to school at seven.
06. Bees make---------------- honey.
07. David carry--------------- his briefcase.
08. Janet play --------------- tennis every day.
09. A frog catch ------------- flies with its tongue.
10. Frogs live ---------------- near water.

Exercise 02 - Colocar S ou ES onde for necessário.

01. My son watch ----------------TV too much.

02. Rita do-------------- not like coffee.
03. David carry ------------------ a brief case.
04. My teacher speak --------------- four foreign languages.
05. A rubber band stretch --------------- when you pull on it.
06. My mother come ----------------- home before dusk.
07. My father buy ------------------ a brand new car every 5 years.
08. We play ------------------- soccer ball on the weekends.
09. My boss fly ---------------------- to São Paulo every week.
10. The students finish ------------------- the test.

Exercise 03 Conversation

Leo : That is my town. The red building is my school.

Amy: What is that big building across from your school?
Leo : That is the shopping mall. And the little place behind the shopping mall is my
aunt’s restaurant. The food is great!
Amy: Cool!
Leo : The white building next to the park is the movie theater. There is a small bus in
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front of it.
Amy: What is that building next to the theater? Is it the police station?
Leo : No, it isn’t. It is a sport center. Those are athletic fields behind it. The police
station is next to my school

THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Para formar o presente progressivo usa se o Verbo TO BE + Verbo Principal + ING.

Usa-se a forma progressiva para expressar uma atividade que começou no passado e continua no
presente momento.
I’m working We are working
You are working You are working
He is working They are working
She is working
It is working

Ex:
It’s noon. I’m eating lunch at the cafeteria.
The babies are crying.
Ann is taking a shower.

Exercise 01. Complete as sentenças com os verbos entre parênteses no presente progressivo.

01. The children (play) are playing in the garden.

02. Ali (speak) -------------------------------- in Arabic with his brother.
03. The teacher (stand) --------------------------------------- in front of the students right now.
04. It’s 6:00 P.M. Mary is at home. She (eat) -------------------------------------- dinner.
05. Look out the window. It (rain) ---------------------------------- right now.
06. My sister (have) --------------------------------------- a party tonight.
07. While Mary (make) ---------------------- a cake in the kitchen, the children
(watch) --------------------------------------- cartoon in the living room.
08. The students (take) ----------------------------------------- a test in the class right now.
09. What (you do) --------------------------------- in the garden right now?
10. Today (I go) --------------------------------------- to visit my friend Janet.
11. The little boy (play) ---------------------------------------- with his car toys.

Exercise 02- Complete as sentenças com os verbos entre parênteses no presente progressivo.

01. Kate works at a restaurant. She (work) ---------------------------------------- this afternoon.

02. Emily and Sarah (plan) ---------------------------------------------------- to work at the ice cream
store this summer.
03. Denise (wear) -------------------------------------------------- blue jeans today.
04. My parents (build) --------------------------------------------------- a new house.
05. A mosquito (fly) -------------------------------------------------- around the little boy’s head.
06. My father (watch) ---------------------------------------------------- the news on the TV.
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07. Mary (read) --------------------------------------------------- a very good book self esteem.
08. Katherine (give) --------------------------------------------------- a party tonight.
09. The students (have) -------------------------------------------------- a test this morning.
10. The president (delivery) ----------------------------------------------- a speech to the nation

NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS Verbos não usados na forma progressiva

Hear believe be own need like forget

See exist have want love think
Understand possess prefer hate Know belong

FREQUENCY ADVERBS - Descreve a freqüência em que uma atividade ocorre.

Always sempre seldom raramente

Usually usualmente rarely raras vezes
Often com freqüência never nunca
Sometimes às vezes, ocasionalmente

Ex. How often do you drink coffee in the morning?

I always drink coffee in the morning.
How often do you walk to school?
I rarely walk to school.
How often do you study in the library?
I sometimes study in the library.

Obs: O advérbio é colocado entre o sujeito e o verbo.

Exercise 01. Responda as perguntas abaixo com os advérbios de freqüência.

01. How often do you drink coffee in the morning? -----------------------------------------

02. How often do you have a sandwich for lunch? -------------------------------------------
03. How often do they take a taxi to school? --------------------------------------------------
04. How often does she watch TV in the evening? -------------------------------------------
05. How often do your children wear a hat to school? ---------------------------------------
06. How often do you eat fish for dinner? -----------------------------------------------------
07. How often does Susie sleep past noon? ----------------------------------------------------
08. How often do your parents travel on vacation? -------------------------------------------
09. How often do your friends come for dinner? ----------------------------------------------
10. How often does it snow in Brazil? --------------------------------------------------------

Exercise 02. Complete as sentenças com o advérbio apropriado.

01. I see one or two movies every week. I often go to the movies
02. I let my roommate borrow my car one time last year.
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I rarely let my roommate borrow my car.
03. Maria eats cereal seven days a week.
Maria -------------------------------------- eat cereal for breakfast
04. Four out of five visitors to the museum stay for three hours or longer.
Museum visitors ---------------------------------------- stay for at least three hours.
05. We occasionally have quizzes in Dr. Jacobs’s history class.
Dr. Jacobs ------------------------------------------------ gives quizzes in history class.
06. The train from Chicago has been late ninety per cent of the time.
The train from Chicago is ------------------------------------------- on time.
07. In the desert, it rains only two days between May and September every year.
It ------------------------------------------------ rains there in the summer.
08. Every time I go to a movie, I buy popcorn.
I -------------------------------------------------- buy popcorn when I go to a movie.
09. Andy and Jake are friends. They go out for dinner at least three times a week
Andy and Jake -------------------------------------------- go out to dinner with each other.
10. Peter doesn’t believe the things he reads in newspapers.
Peter --------------------------------------------- believes the things he reads in newspapers.

VERB TO DO - É usado como verbo principal e como auxiliar.

TO DO - fazer (Como verbo principal)

Present Present
Present Present
Affirmat Interrogat
Negative Interrogative Negative
ive ive
I do I do not I don’t Do I? Do I not? Don’t I?
You
You do You do not don’t Do you? Do you not? Don’t you?
He does He Does he
He does not doesn’t Does he? not? Doesn’t he?
She does She Does she Doesn’t
She does not doesn’t Does she? not? she?
It
It does It does not doesn’t Does it? Does it not? Doesn’t it?
We do We do not We don’t Do we? Do we not? Don’t we?
You
You do You do not don’t Do you? Do you not? Don’t you?
They do They
They do not don’t Do they? Do they not? Don’t they?

TO DO - Como verbo auxiliar.

A maioria dos verbos em inglês usa o auxiliar DO nas formas interrogativa, e negativa.

Ex: Do you like coffee? No, I don’t like coffee.

Does she go to school in the morning? No, she doesn’t go to school in the morning
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Do they play soccer? No, they don’t play soccer.
Do we have class on Saturday? No, we don’t have class on Saturday.
Do your parents go out at night? No, they don’t go out at night.

Exercise 01. Complete as sentenças usando o auxiliar (DO)

01. Peter does not work at his father’s office.

02. Does Jack have a job?
03. -------------- you plan to get married?
04. How ------------- you get to work?
05. How much ---------------- this blouse cost?
06. How much money ------------------ they have in their pocket?
07. ------------- Tom study in the afternoon?

Exercise 02. Complete as sentenças com DO DOES, IS, ARE.

01. Jack -------------------------- not work at his father’s store.

02. ----------------------------you have a job?
03. Susan -------------------- working at the public library.
04. ------------------ snakes lay eggs?
05. ------------------ a lizard a réptil?
06. ------------------ a hen lay eggs?
07. Mosquitos ------------------------- pests.
08. ------------------------- a male mosquito bite?
09. A male mosquito --------------------------- bite.
10. ------------------ reptiles cold-blooded?

Exercise 03. Conversation

Chuck: I am hungry. Let’s eat.

Server: May I help you?
Judy : Yes, please. A cheeseburger and a milkshake, please.
Chuck: A cheeseburger, fries, and three cookies, please.
Susie : Ha, ha! You are hungry Chuck!
Server: Anything to drink?
Chuck: No thanks.
Steve : I’m not hungry, I am thristy.... A large soda please.
Server: Ok.... How many cheeseburgers?
Judy : Two hamburgers.

SIMPLE PAST - Regular Verbs. Os verbos regulares levam ED no final.

São usados para falar sobre atividades ou situações que começaram e terminaram no passado.

Like - liked walk - walked talk - talked fix - fixed

Arrive - arrived believe - believed fail - failed start - started
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Ex: Yesterday I walked from home to my office.
My friend Jane arrived last night at seven from Washington.
Mark fixed his car two days ago.
Mr. Smith history class started on time.
Sue failed her exam.

Exercise 01. Coloque as frases abaixo no passado.

01. Sara looks at the pictures. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------.

02. The children raise their hands. ---------------------------------------------------------------------.
03. Emily waits for her friend at the restaurant. ------------------------------------------------------.
04. The moon disappears from view during the day. ------------------------------------------------.
05. Eric talks to his friend on the phone. --------------------------------------------------------------.
06. Boys play with cars. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
07. Astronauts walk on the moon. ---------------------------------------------------------------------.
08. Steve cleans up his room. --------------------------------------------------------------------------.
09. Christopher lives in San Francisco. ---------------------------------------------------------------.
10. The dog chases the cat. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------.

SIMPLE PAST
To Be

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I was I was not Was I?

You were You were not Were you?
He was He was not Was he?
She was She was not Was she?
It was It was not Was it?
We were We were not Were we?
You were You were not Were you?
They were They were not Were they?

Examples:

01. I was at home when it started to rain.

02. I was not at home when it started to rain.
03. Was I at home when it started to rain?
04. We were at home when it started to rain.
05. We were not at home when it started to rain
06. Were we at home when it started to rain?

SIMPLE PAST
To Do
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Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I did I did not Did I?

You did You did not Did you?
He did He did not Did he?
She did She did not Did she?
It did It did not Did it?
We did We did not Did we?
You did We did not Did you?
They did They did not Did They?

Examples:
I did my homework my homework after dinner last night.
I did not do my homework after dinner last night.
Did I do my homework after dinner last night?
We did our homework after dinner last night.
We did not do our homework after dinner last night.
Did we do our homework after dinner last night?

THE SIMPLE PAST - INTERROGATIVE

Usa-se o Verbo to DO no passado + Sujeito + Verbo

Did I walk? Did we walk?

Did you walk? Did you walk?
Did he walk? Did they walk?
Did she walk?

Ex: Did Mary drink coffee this morning? Yes, she did.
Did you have a good trip? Yes, I did.
Did John lose his last penny gambling? Yes, he did.
Did Jessica throw her old shoes away? Yes, she did.
Did the little girl cut her finger with the knife? Yes, she did.

Exercise 01. Complete as sentenças abaixo com did.

01. What did you do yesterday morning?

02. What --------------------- your mother cook for dinner last night?
03. What --------------------- the students study in class this morning?
04. Where --------------------you go yesterday evening?
05. Where --------------------you find your scarf?
06. Where -------------------- Mary put the paper towel?
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07. -------------------- you eat lunch at the cafeteria?
08. -------------------- Peter call your brother last night?
09. How ------------------- the children behave at the party?
10. When ------------------ your mother move into the new house?

Exercise 02. Complete as sentenças com os verbos entre parênteses no passado interrogativo.

01. What time --------------- (you leave) --------------------- home this morning?
02. ---------------- (you know) ---------------------that your neighbor is a police officer?
03. ---------------- (they follow) ------------------------- the same routine every day?
04. ---------------- (Paul study) -------------------------- the problem?
05. ---------------- (she understand) ----------------------------- the question?
06. ---------------- (you listen) ------------------------------------------- to me?
07. ---------------- (the weather affect) --------------------------- your mood?
08. ---------------- (your parents buy) ----------------------------- a new house?
09. ---------------- (Alice come) --------------------------------- yesterday for dinner.
10. ---------------- (the children see) ---------------------------- the rainbow in the sky?

IRREGULAR VERBS:

Pres. Past Pres. Past Pres. Past Pres. Past

Begin began go went read read eat ate

Hold held shake shook drink drank keep kept
Shut shut cut cut lose lost speak spoke
Find found meet met spend spent give gave

Sue drank a cup of tea before class this morning.

We ate a delicious dinner at a Mexican restaurant.
When it began to rain last yesterday afternoon, I shut the windows.
I don’t have any money in my pocket. I lost my last dime yesterday. I am broke.
I read an interesting article in the newspaper last night.

MORE IRRREGULAR VERBS:

Pres. Past Pres. Past Pres. Past Pres. Past

Bite bit draw drew drive drove fall fell

Feed fed feel felt forget forgot get got
Heard heard hurt hurt leave left lend lent
Ride rode steal stole take took break broke
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Exercise 0l. Complete as sentenças abaixo com os verbos acima no Passado Simples.

0l.. Mary walked to school today. Rebecca drove her car.

02. When Allan slipped on the ice sidewalk yesterday, he fell down and
hurt his back.
03. I didn’t have any money yesterday, so my roommate ----------------------------------------------
me enough so I could pay for my lunch.
04. The children had good time at the park yesterday. They ------------------------------- the ducks
with small pieces of bread.
05. Alice called the police yesterday because someone ------------------------------------ her bicycle
while she was in the library studying.
06. Dick ----------------------------- his apartment in a hurry this morning because he was late
07. The children ------------------------------- pictures of themselves in the art class yesterday.
08. I have a cold. Yesterday I ------------------------- terrible, but I’m feeling better today.
09. Last night I ------------------------------- a strange noise in the house around 2 a .m., so I --------
up to investigate.
I0. My dog isn’t very friendly. Yesterday he (bite) --------------------------- my neighbor’s leg

List of some irregular verbs.

Fight fought hold held

Shake shook teach taught
Freeze froze think thought
Sell sold swim swam
steal stole ring rang
Sweep swept drive drove

Exercício 02 Complete as frases abaixo no passado simples com os verbos acima.

O1. Paul ------------------------------------the bottle so hard that it sprayed all over.

02. Since I hurt my knee, I can’t go jogging. Yesterday I --------------------------- in the pool for
an hour instead.
03. The climber, who was fearful of falling, -------------------------------- the rope tightly.
04. Johnny pushed Alan, and the two boys ---------------------------------- for a few minutes.
05. It was extremely cold last night, and the water we put outside for the cat -----------------------
solid.
06. Before I made my decision, I ----------------------------------- about it for a long time.
07. The telephone ------------------------------------eight times before anybody answered it.
08. Call the police! Someone ------------------------------------ my car.
09. My mother --------------------------------------- the floor with a broom.
10. Ted ------------------------------------ his car to Alaska last summer.

SHORT ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS.

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Question Answer

Does Bob like tea? Yes, he does - No, he doesn’t

Do you like tea? No, I don’t - I do not like tea.
Are you studying? Yes, I’m - No I’m not
Is Yoko studying? Yes, she is /No, she is not
Are they studying? Yes, they are / No, they are not
Did you go to class yesterday? No, I didn’t. I stayed in home.
Did you sleep well last night? Yes, I did. I slept very well.
Did Tome’s plane arrive on time yesterday? Yes, it did. It got in at 6.05 on the dot.
Did you stay home and studied last night? No, I didn’t. I went to a new movie.
Did you eat breakfast this morning? No, I didn’t. I didn’t have enough time.

Exercise 01.

01. Did you hear about the earthquake? ---------------------------------------------.

02. Did you write your parents a letter? ---------------------------------------------.
03. Did you feed the birds at the park? ---------------------------------------------.
04. Did you understand the question? ---------------------------------------------.
05. Did you read the newspaper this morning? --------------------------------------.

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

Expressa uma atividade que estava em progresso, (ocorrendo ou acontecendo ) num determinado
tempo no passado.

Passado do V. To BE + V. Principal + ING = WAS + V. + ING

I was eating dinner when Tom came. When = at the time.

I was sleeping when the telephone rang.
While I was doing my homework, my roommate was watching TV. While = during that time
While my mother was cooking dinner, I was setting the table.

Past progressive Past progressive

Affirmative Negative

I, He, She, It was working He, She, It was not working

You, We, They were working You, We, They were not working

Past progressive
Interrogative

Was I, He, she working?

 18
Were you, we, they working?

Exercise 01. Complete as sentenças com os verbos entre parênteses no presente/passado simples
ou no presente/ passado progressivo
.

01. At 6.00 p.m., Bob sat down at the table and began to eat. At 6.05, Bob (eat) was eating
dinner.
02. While Bob (eat) --------------------------------- dinner, Ann (come) ------------------------------
through the door.
03. Bob went to bed at 10.30, At 11.00 he (sleep) -----------------------------------------------------
04. While Bob (sleep) ---------------------------------------, the telephone (ring) ---------------------
05. While I (study) ------------------------------------- last night, Fred (drop by) ---------------------
06. My roommate’s parents (call) ------------------------- him last night while we (watch) -------
--------------------------------------------------- TV.
07. When my sister (come) ----------------------- home, I (talk) -------------------------------------
to my mother on the phone.
08. Yesterday afternoon I (go) ---------------------- to visit the Parker family. When I (get) -------
---------------------- there around two o’clock, Mrs. Parker (be) --------------------- in the yard
she (plant) ------------------------------ flowers in her garden.
09. Sally (eat) ---------------------------------- dinner last night when someone (knock) -------------
on the door.
10. A bee (fly) ------------------------------------------------- around the flower.
11. Look outside! It (snow) ----------------------------------------------------. Everything is beautiful
and white.
12. Where are the children? They (play) --------------------------------------------- games outside in
the street.
13. I can see a rainbow because the sun (shine) --------------------------------------------------- and
it (rain) --------------------------------------------------------- at the same time.
14. It is a cool autumn day. The wind (blow) ---------------------------------------------------- and
the leaves (fall) ------------------------------------------------------------to the ground.
15. What are you buying in this store? I (try) ----------------------------------------------------------
to find something special for my father’s birthday.

EXPRESSING TIME: USING TIME CLAUSE. Expressa tempo na oração.

When, after, before, and while: Expressa o tempo em que uma ação ocorre.
Put a comma at the end of a time clause. time clause + comma + main clause.
main clause + no comma + time clause

after + subject and verb = a time clause

before
while
when

When I went to Chicago, I visited my uncle.

 19
time clause main clause
I visited my uncle when I went to Chicago.
main clause time clause

Example:
After Mary ate dinner, she went to the library.
Mary went to the library after she ate dinner.
Before I went to bed I finished my homework.
I finished my homework before I went to bed.
While I was watching TV, the phone rang.
The phone rang while I was watching TV.
When the phone rang, I was watching TV.
I was watching TV when the phone rang.

Exercise 01 Combine the two sentences into one sentence by using time clause. Punctuate
carefully.

01. first: I got home

then: I ate dinner
a) After I got home, I ate dinner.
b) I ate dinner after I got home.

02. first: I washed the dishes.

then: I watched TV.
a) After -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b) ------------------------------------------ after ----------------------------------------------------------

03. first: I unplugged the coffee pot

then: I left my apartment this morning
a) Before --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b) ------------------------------------------- before--------------------------------------------------------

04. first: I was eating dinner

then: Jim came
b) -------------------------------------------- while ------------------------------------------------------
05. first: it began to rain
then: I stood under the tree.
a) When------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b) ---------------------------------------------- when ------------------------------------------------------

Exercise 02. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.

01. Last Friday it was a holiday. It (be) ------------------------ Independence Day. So, we didn’t have
to go to class. (02) I (sleep) ------------------------------ a little later than usual. (03) Around ten, my
friend Larry come (come) ------------------------------- over to my apartment.
 20
(04) We (pack) -------------------------------- a picnic basket and then (take)
------------------------------------------- the bus to Forest Park. (05) We (spend)
--------------------------------- most of the day there. (06) When we (get) -------------------------------
to the park, we
(find)------------------------------------------ an empty table near the pond. (07) There were some
ducks on the pond, so we (feed) ------------------------------ them.

EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO É usado para expressar uma situação ou hábito
passado que não existe mais.

Affirmative
I used to live with my parents. Now I live in my own apartment.
Ann used to be afraid of dog, but now she likes dogs.
Dan used to smoke, but now he doesn’t anymore.

Negative didn’t use to / never used to

I didn’t use to drink coffee at breakfast
I never used to drink coffee at breakfast, but now I always have coffee in the morning.

Question did + subject + use to

Did you use to live in Paris?
What time did you use to go to bed when you were a child?

Exercise 01: Make sentence with similar meaning by using used to. Some sentences are
negatives and some of them are questions.

01. When I was child, I was shy. Now I’m not shy.
I used to be shy, but now I’m not.
02. Now you live in this city. Where did you live before you came here?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
03. When I lived in my hometown, I went to the beach every weekend. Now I don’t go to the
beach every weekend.
I ------------------------------------ to the beach every weekend, but now I don’t.

04. Rita worked in a law office for many years. Now she doesn’t have a job.
Rita -------------------------------------- in a law office, but now she doesn’t.
05. Adam has a new job. He has to wear a suit every day. When he was a student, he always
wore jeans. Adam---------------------------------------------- a suit every day, but now he does.
06. Now you have a job every summer. Have you always worked during summers?
What ------------------------------------------------ in summer?

Exercise 02: Complete the sentences. Each sentence should have a form of used to
add your own words.
01. I ------------------------------------ my bicycle to work, but now I take the bus.
02. What time ------------------------------------ to bed when you were a child?
 21
03. I ------------------------------------------------ before midnight, but now I often go to bed very
late.
04. I ------------------------------------------------ when I was younger, but now I’m not.
05. Tom -------------------------------------------- tennis after work every day, but now he doesn’t.
06. I ------------------------------------------------- any physical exercise, but now I exercise for
one hour every day.
07. When you were a child, where ------------------------------------------------------ on vacation?
08. Ann --------------------------------------------- most of her lunch and dinner at restaurants
before she got married.
09. What --------------------------------------------- for fun when you were in New York?
10. I ---------------------------------------------------with my parents, but now, I don’t.
11. When you were a little kid, what --------------------------------------------- after school?

PREPOSITIONS:

PREPOSITION “IN” comes before:

EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE

IN continent IN Africa
country IN Mexico
state IN New York
city IN Los Angeles
building IN the bank
room IN the auditorium
the world IN the world

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME

IN century IN the eighteenth century

decade IN the 1990’s
year IN 1975
season IN the summer
month IN July
parts of the day IN the morning / the afternoon / the evening
time IN in the past / in the present / in the future

PREPOSITION “ON” Comes before:

 22

ON days of the week ON Wednesday

dates ON October 7

PREPOSITION “AT” Comes before:

AT time of the day AT 6:00 A.M. / noon / 2: P.M.

night
O’clock time AT 1:00 / 2:00 / 3:00 o’clock etc…

Exercise 01: Complete the sentence with In, At, On

01. History is the study of events that occurred ------------------- the past.
02. We don’t know what will happen ----------------------- the future.
03. Newspapers report events that happen ------------------ the present.
04. Last year I was junior in high school. ------------------ present, I am a senior in high school.
05. I am a student ------------------------- the present time, but I will graduate next month.
06. Ms Walker can’t come to the phone right now. She is in the meeting ----------------the
moment.
07. I usually take a walk --------------- the morning before I go to work.
08. Frank lies to take a nap ---------------- the afternoon.
09. Our family enjoys spending time together ------------------ the evening.
10. Our children always stay home -------------------- night.
11. I ate lunch ------------------- noon.
12. I got home ------------------- midnight.
13. I moved to this city -------------------- September.
14. I moved here ---------------------- l990.
15. I moved here ---------------------- September 3.
16. I moved here ---------------------- the fall.
17. ---------------- Wednesday, I work all day. ----------------- Thursday, I have English class.
18. My plane was supposed to leave ------------------ 7.07 P.M., but it didn’t take off until 8:30.

EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME: BE GOING TO AND WILL

Be going to and will tem o mesmo significado.

(be going to) é usado para expressar um plano pré-concebido.

(will) é usado para expressar um desejo voluntário.

She is going to succeed because she works hard.

She will succeed because she works hard.

I bought some wood because I am going to build a bookcase for my apartment.

This chair is too heavy for you to carry alone. I will help you.
 23

Exercise 01: Complete as sentenças com be going to ou will.

01. Why did you buy this flour?
I ------------------------------------------------------------ make some bread.
02. Could someone get me some water?
Certainly, I ------------------------ get you one. Would you like some ice in it?
03. I arranged to borrow some money because I ----------------------------- buy a motorcycle
tomorrow.
04. Could someone please open the window?
I --------------------------- do it.

05. Can I borrow this book? Sure, but I need it back soon.
I ------------------------- return it tomorrow.
06. I ------------------------------------ wear a dark suit to the wed reception. How about you ?
I’m not sure.

TIME CLAUSE: EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME

Before + subject and verb + a time clause. É usado para expressar uma ação futura
After “ “
When “ “
As soon as “ “
If

Before I go to class tomorrow, I’m going to eat breakfast.

After I eat dinner at 6:00, I’m going to study in my room.
I’ll give Mary your message when I see her tomorrow.
It’s raining right now. As soon as the rain stops, I’m going to walk downtown.
If it rains tomorrow, I’m going to stay home.

Exercise 01: Combine the idea of the two sentences into one sentence by using the time clause.

01. (after) first I’m going to finish my homework

then I’m going to bed.
After I finish my homework, I am going to bed.
I am going to bed after I finish my home work.

02. (when) first. I am going to Chicago next week.

then. I am going to visit the art museum.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
03. (after) first. I’ll go to the drug store.
then I’ll go to the post office.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
 24
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
04. (when) first. I’ll call john tomorrow.
then. I’ll ask him to my party.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .
05. (before) first. Ann will finish her homework.
then. She will watch TV tonight.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .
06. (as soon as) first. I will get home.
then. I am going to take a bath.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .

07. (if) possible condition result

Maybe it will rain tomorrow. I am going to stay home.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Exercise 02: Review of time clause and if clause. Complete as sentenças com os verbos entre
parênteses.
Leia com cuidado as expressões de tempo.

01. Before Tom goes to bed, he always brushes his teeth.

02. Before Tom (go) ---------------------------- to bed later tonight, he (write) -----------------------
a letter to his girl friend.
03. Before Tom (go) --------------------- to bed last night, he (take) --------------------- a shower.
04. While Tom (take) ------------------------- a shower last night, the telephone (ring) ------------
05. As soon as the telephone (ring) ----------------------- last night, Tom (jump) -------------------
out of the bed to answer it.
06. As soon as Tom (get) ---------------------- up tomorrow morning, he (brush) --------------------
his teeth.
07. Tom always (brush) --------------------- his teeth as soon as he (get) ------------------------ up.
08. After I (get) ---------------------- home every afternoon, I usually (drink) ----------------------- a
cup of tea.
09. After I (get) ---------------------- home from school tomorrow afternoon, I (drink) ------------ a
cup of tea.
10. After I (get) ----------------------- home from school yesterday, I (drink) ------------------------ a
cup of tea.
11. While I (drink) -------------------- a cup of tea yesterday afternoon, my neighbor (come) -------
--------------------- over, so I (offer)----------------------- her a cup of tea, too.
12. My neighbor (drop) --------------------------- over again tomorrow. When she (come) ----------
--------------, I (make) --------------------------- a cup of tea for her.
13. Jane (meet) ---------------------------- me at the airport when my plane (arrive) -------------------
---------------------- at 5:00 A.M. tomorrow.
14. If (I, see) -------------------------- Mike tomorrow, I (tell) ----------------------------- him about
the party.
15. I go to New York often. When I (be) -------------------------- in N.Y. next week, I (stay)
 25
--------------------------------- at the Park Plaza Hotel.
16. Cindy and I ( go ) --------------------------------- to the beach tomorrow if the weather
(be)
------------------------- warm and sunny.
17. As soon as the test ( be ) -------------------------- over in class yesterday, the students (leave)
--------------------------------- the room.
18. Jack (watch) ---------------------------------- a football game on the TV right now. As soon as
the game (be) ------------------------ over, he (mow) ---------------------------------- the grass in the
back yard.
19. As soon as I (get) ---------------------- home every day, my children always (run) ---------------
to the door to meet me.

PERSONNAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS

The object pronoun refers to the noun and is used in the place of the noun.

Subject pronouns (sujeito) Object pronouns (pronome do caso oblíquo)

I, You, He, She, It, Me, You, Him, Her, It,

We, You, They Us, You, Them

Kate is my friend. I know her very well.

Mike has a new blue bike. He bought it yesterday.
The Simpson are my friends. I know them for a long time.
The baby boy is crying. He is hungry. Can you please feed him?

Exercise 0l. Choose the correct words.

01. Ms. Lee wrote a note on my paper. She, her, wanted to talk to I, me.
02. Nick ate dinner with I, me.
03. You can ride with Jennifer and I, me.
04. Did you see Mark? He, him, was waiting in your office to talk to you.
05. I saw Rob a few minutes ago. I passed Sara and he, him, on the steps of the
classroom building.
06. Nick used to work in his father’s store, but his father and he, him, had
serious disagreements. Nick left and started his own business.
07. When the doctor came into the room, I asked he, him, a question.
08. The doctor was very helpful. She, her answered all my questions.
09. Prof. Molina left a message for you and I, me. He, him, needs
to see we, us.
10. Emily is a good baseball player. I watched Betsy and she, her,
carefully during the game. They, them, are the best players.
11. One time my little sister and I, me were at home alone. When our
parents returned, they found a valuable vase had been broken. They, them,
blamed we, us, for the broken vase, but in truth the cat had broken
it them. We, us, got in trouble with they, them,
because of the cat.
 26
12. Take these secret documents and destroy it, them.
13. Ron invited Mary and I, me, to have dinner with he,
him.
14. Maureen likes movies. Ron and she, her, go to the movies every
chance they get.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (Vem antes do substantive)

Subject Possessive
Pronoun Adjective

Example
I MY I am a student. MY books are on the desk.
YOU YOUR YOU are next to me. YOUR seat is here.
HE HIS HE is a professor. HIS subject is computer.
SHE HER SHE is my grandmother. HER name is Louise.
IT ITS IT is Yoko’s dog. ITS name is Rocky.
WE OUR WE are businessmen. OUR office is in New York.
YOU YOUR YOU are students. YOUR books are new.
THEY THEIR THEY are students. THEIR books are new.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUN (Vem antes do verbo ou no

final da frase)
Possessive Possessive
Adjective Pronoun Example

MY MINE This isn’t MY umbrella. MINE is blue.

YOUR YOURS This isn’t YOUR hat. YOURS is in the closet.
HIS HIS I am not wearing HIS coat. HIS is on the chair.
HER HERS We don’t have HER book. HERS is at home.
ITS ITS I have a dog. ITS name is Rush
OUR OURS This isn’t OUR car. OURS is in the garage.
YOUR YOURS Those aren’t YOUR books. YOURS are on the desk.
THEIR THEIRS That isn’t THEIR house. THEIRS is red.
 27
Exercise 01: Complete as sentenças com Pronome Possessivo ou Adjetivo Possessivo.

01. a: Can I look at your grammar book?

b: Why? You have your own book. You have yours, and I have mine.
02. a: Anna wants to look at your grammar book.
b: Why? She has ------------------- own book. She has --------------------, and I have mine.
03. a: Tom wants to look at your grammar book.
b: Why? He has --------------------- own. He has --------------------- and I have mine.
04. a: Tom and I want to look at your grammar book.
b: Why? You have ----------------------- own books. You have ----------------- and I have mine.

5. a: Tom and Anna want to look at our grammar books.

b: Why? They have ---------------------- own books. We have --------------------own books.
They have ------------------------- and we have ours.

Exercise 02. Complete as sentenças com pronome possessive ou adjetivo possessive.

01. Sara asked her mother for permission to go to a movie.

02. I don’t need to borrow your bicycle. Sara loaned hers .
03. Ted and I are roommates. ----------------------- apartment is small.
04. Brian and Louis have a huge apartment, but we don’t. --------------------- is small.
05. You can find ------------------------ in the top drawer of the desk.
06. The keys in the drawer belong to you. I have ---------------------- in----------------- pocket.
07. Tom and Paul talked about ------------------------ experiences in the wilderness area of Africa.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns are used when subject and object are the same person.

Myself I saw myself in the mirror.

Yourself You saw yourself in the mirror.
Herself She saw herself in the mirror.
Himself He saw himself in the mirror.
Itself The kitten saw itself in the mirror.
Ourselves We saw ourselves in the mirror.
Yourselves You saw yourselves in the mirror.
Themselves They saw themselves in the mirror.

By + reflexive pronoun = alone.

I sat by myself on the park bench.
Greg lives by himself.
 28
VERBS AND PHRASES COMMONLY FOLLOWED BY A REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

Believe in myself hurt yourself take care of yourself

Blame yourself give yourself (something) talk to yourself
Cut yourself introduce yourself teach yourself
Enjoy yourself kill yourself tell yourself
Feel sorry for yourself pinch yourself work for yourself
Help yourself be proud of yourself wish yourself (luck)

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with the reflexive pronouns.

01. Are you okay, Heidi? Did you hurt yourself?

02. David was really embarrassed when he had to go to the job interview with a bandage on his
face.
03. He had cut ------------------------------------------------- while he was shaving.
04. Do you ever talk to --------------------------------------- Most people talk to -----------------------
sometimes.
05. It’s important for all of us to have confidence in our own abilities. We used to believe in
-----------------------------------------------------
06. Sara is self-employed. She doesn’t have a boss. She works for ------------------------------------
07. Steve, who is in the wrestling team, wishes ---------------------------------------------- good luck
before each match.
08. There’s plenty of food on the table. Would you all simply help ------------------------------------
to the food?
09. Brian, don’t blame -------------------------------------------------- for the accident. It wasn’t your
fault. You did everything you could to avoid it.
10. I couldn’t believe in my luck! I had to pinch ----------------------------------------- to make sure
I wasn’t dreaming.
11. A new born puppy can’t take care of -------------------------------------------------------------------

12. I know Nicole and Paul have had some bad luck, but it is time for them to stop feeling sorry
for ----------------------------------------------- and get on with their lives.
13. Jane and I ran into someone she knew. I’d never met this person before. I waited for Jane to
introduce me, but she forgot her manners. I finally introduced ------------------------------------
to Jane’s friend.

SUMARY PRONOUNS

Subject Possessive Object Possessive Reflexive

Pronous Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns Pronouns

I my me mine myself
You your you yours yourself
He his him his himself
She her her hers herself
It its it its itself
 29
We our us ours ourselves
You your you yours yourselves
They their them theirs themselves

Possessive Adjective: Vem Antes do Substantivo

Possessive Pronoun: Vem Antes do Verbo ou no Final da Frase

Ex: This is your book, mine has a blue cover
The blue cover book is mine

Object Pronoun: Vem no final da frase ou depois do verbo

Ex: Kate is my friend, I know her very well.
This book belongs to Kate, please give it to her
O.P. refere-se ao nome e é usado para substituí-lo

Reflexive Pronoun: É usado quando sujeito e objeto são a mesma pessoa.

PARALLEL VERBS
Often a subject has two or more verbs that are connected by and

James makes his bed and cleans up his room.

Ann is cooking dinner and talking on the phone at the same time.
I will stay home and (will) study tonight. (It’s not necessary to repeat the helping verb)
I am going to stay home and (am going to) study tonight.
Exercise: 01. Correct the sentences with the correct form of the words in parentheses.

1. When I ( walk ) ------------------------------ into the living room yesterday evening, Grandpa
(read) --------------------------- a newspaper and ( smoke )-------------------------- his pipe
2. Helen will graduate next semester. She (move) --------------------------- to New York and
look) ------------------------------ for a new job after she (graduate) ------------------------.
3. Every day my neighbor (call) -------------------------- me on the phone and (complain)
-------------------------about the weather.
4. Look at Erin! She ( cry ) -------------------------- and ( laugh ) -------------------------- at the
same time
5. Yesterday my dog (dig) ------------------------ a hole in the back yard and (bury) ------------ a
bone.

USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME

The present progressive is used to express future time when the sentence concerns a definite
plan, a definite intention, a definite future activity. ( expressa uma ação futura quando se
referir a um plano, intenção ou atividade definida.)

Come, go, stay, arrive, leave, are used to express definite plan.
 30
Fly, walk, ride, drive, take, are used to express planned means of transportation.

Don is going to come to the party tomorrow night.

Don is coming to the party tomorrow.
We are going to go to a movie tonight.
We’re going to a movie tonight.

I’m going to stay home tonight.

I’m staying home tonight.

Ann is going to fly to Chicago next week.

Ann is flying to Chicago next week.
Bob is going to take a taxi to the airport tomorrow.
Bob is taking a taxi to the airport tomorrow.

Exercise 01.Complete the sentences with the appropriate pronouns + the Present Progressive

01. I met Jane after class yesterday and ------------------------------------------- her after class
again later today.
02. My friends came over last night, and ------------------------------------------- over this
evening too.
03. Susan didn’t come to class today, and ----------------------------------------- to class
tomorrow either.
04. We had a meeting this morning, and ----------------------------------------------- another
meeting tomorrow morning
05. I didn’t eat lunch at the cafeteria this noon, and -----------------------------------------------
lunch there tomorrow either.
06. I took a bus to work this morning, and ------------------------------------------------- the same
bus to work tomorrow morning.
07. Harry didn’t go to work today, and ---------------------------------------------- to work
tomorrow either
08. The children went to the beach today, and --------------------------------------------- to the
beach again

PRESENT PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES:

Using INTEND, PLAN, HOPE

Intend, plan, hope are used in present tenses to express present ideas about future activities.

I am intending / I intend to go to Paris.

I’m planning / I plan to take a trip next month.
I’m hoping / I hope to fly to Paris next month.

Intend To are followed by infinitive (To)

Plan To “ “
 31
Hope To “ “

Exercise 01) Make sentences that communicate the same or similar meaning. Use the verbs in
parentheses.

01. I think that I will graduate next June. (hope)

I am hoping / I hope to graduate next June.

02. I think that I will be at the meeting on time tomorrow. (intend)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
03. Tom thinks that he will buy a new red bicycle tomorrow. (plan)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
04. Jane thinks that she is going to get a good job after she graduates. (hope)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
05. I think I will stay in London for two weeks after I leave Paris. (plan)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
06. I think I will finish my education, get a job, start a family, and live happily ever after
(intend)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

IMMEDIATE FUTURE: USING BE ABOUT TO

Be about to do something express an activity that will happen in the immediate future

a) Ann’s bags are packed, and she is wearing her coat. She is about to leave for the airport.
b) Jack is holding his camera to his eye. He has his finger on the button. He is about to take
a picture.
Exercise 01. What are the following people about to do?

01. Sally has her hand on the door knob. ----------------------------------------------------------------

Ben is putting on his coat and heading to the door. ----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------
03. Eric is in the last question in the examination--------------------------------------------------------
04. Rita is holding a fly swatter and staring at a fly on the kitchen table ----------------------------
------------------------------------------
05. Nancy has dirty hands and is holding a bar of soap. She is standing at the bathroom sink.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 32
PREPOSITIONS COMBINATIONS

Borrow from believe in discuss with (someone)

Help with laugh at discuss about (something)
Introduce to admire for apply to (a place)
Stare at travel to apply for (something)
argue with (someone) argue about (something)

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with the appropriate prepositions.

1. I borrowed this dictionary ------------------------------------- Peter.

2. Could you please help me ------------------------------------- these heavy suitcases?
3. Sue, I’d like to introduce you -------------------------------------- Ed Jones.
4. You shouldn’t stare ----------------------------------------- other people. It’s not polite.
5. Marco Polo traveled ----------------------------------------- China in the thirteenth century.
6. Do you believe ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ghosts?
7. Are you laughing ------------------------------------------------------------------ my mistakes?
8. I admire my father ------------------------------------------------ his honesty and intelligence.
9. I argued ------------------------------ Jack ------------------------------------------------ politics.
10. I discussed my educational plan ---------------------------------------------------- my parents.
11. I applied ------------------------------------- the University of Massachusetts. I applied------
---------------------------------- admission to the University of Massachusetts.
12. Jane applied ------------------------------- a job at the automobile factory.

PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS To make most of the nouns plural, add S

Singular Plural

One bird two birds

One street two streets
One rose two roses

One dish two dishes Add ES to nouns ending in sh, ch, ss, x,
One match two matches
One class two classes
One box two boxes

One baby two babies If a noun ends in a consonant + Y change the Y

One city two cities to IES

One knife two knives Change the FE or F to VES

One shelf two shelves

One potato two potatoes Nouns that end in O is sometimes OES

sometimes OS
 33
One tomato two tomatoes
One hero two heroes
One mosquito two mosquitoes
One radio two radios
One piano two pianos
Photo two photos
One auto two autos
One zero two zeros (eos) can be both OES or OS
One volcano two volcanos (eos)

IRREGULAR FORMS OF PLURAL

One child two children one foot two feet

One goose two geese one man two men
One mouse two mice one tooth two teeth
One woman two women people
The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.

One deer two deer one fish two fish

One sheep two sheep one offspring two offspring
One species two species

Exercise 01. Write the plural form of the words.

One potato two potatoes a tax a lot of -------------------

One dormitory many ----------------- a possibility many ---------------------
One child two ------------------- one thief two -----------------------
One leaf a lot of --------------- a volcano many ---------------------
One wish many----------------- a goose many----------------------
A fish three------------------ an attorney a few ---------------------

LIST OF PREPOSITIONS

About before spite of to

Above behind down off toward (s)
Across below during on under
After beneath for out until
Against beside from over up
Along besides in since upon
Among between into through with
Around beyond like throughout within
 34

Exercise 02. Make sentences with the phrases listed below.

01. across the room 11. below the window

02. against the wall 12. beside my book
03. among my books and papers 13. near the door
04. between two pages of my book 14. far from the door
05. around my wrist 15. off my desk
06. at my desk 16. out the window
07. on my desk 17. under my desk
08. in the room l8. through the door
09. into the room 19. throughout the room
10. behind me 20. toward (s) the door

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives change the meaning of a noun by giving more information.

Adjectives are neither singular nor plural. Adjectives come before nouns.

The tall woman wore a new blouse.

The short woman wore a old dress.
The young woman wore a short dress.
Roses are beautiful flowers.
He wore a white shirt.
Adjectives can also come after the main verb BE

Roses are beautiful.

His shirt was white.
That girl is very pretty.
This book is really good.

USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES

Sometimes nouns are used as adjectives and they are used in the singular form.

I have a flower garden.

The shoes store also sells socks.

Exercise 01. Use a noun as an adjective in the second sentence.

01. My garden has vegetables. It’s a vegetable garden.

02. The program is on the television. It is a -------------------------------------------- program.
03. He climbs mountains. He is a -------------------------------------------------------- climber.
04. The lesson concerned history. It was a ----------------------------------------------- lesson.
 35
05. Tom works for the government. Tom is a ------------------------------------------- worker.
06. The soup has beans. It’s a ----------------------------------------------------------------- soup.
07. The factory makes automobiles. It’s an ---------------------------------------------- factory.
08. Janet forecasts the weather. Janet is a ----------------------------------------------forecaster.
09. This book is about grammar. This is a -------------------------------------------------- book.
10 .An album that contains photographs is called a -----------------------------------------book.

Exercise 02. The following sentences have many mistakes in the use of nouns. Find each noun.

01. The mountain in Chile are beautiful.

The mountains in Chile are beautiful.
02. Cat hunt mouse.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
03. Mosquito are small insect.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
04. Everyone has eyelash.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
05. Geese is larger than ducks.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
06. What is your favorite radio programs?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
07 Forests sometimes have fire. Forest fire endanger wild animal.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
08. Sharp kitchen knife can be dangerous weapon.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
09. There are many different kinds of people in the world.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
10. I applied to several university because I want to study abroad.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
11. Ted lives with three other universities students.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
12. The offspring of animal like horse, zebra, and deer can run soon after they are born.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
13. I like to read book and magazine articles about personal experience.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
14. Many modern devices require battery to work. Flashlight, pocket calculator, portable radio,
tape recorder, and many kind of toy often need battery.

Exercise 03. Find the nouns. Make them plural if necessary.

Whale look like fish, but they aren’t. They are mammals. 2) Mouse, tiger, and human beings are
other examples of mammal. (03) Whale are intelligent animal like dog and chimpanzee. (04)
Even though they live in sea, ocean, and river, whale are not fish. Fish lay egg and do not feed
their offspring. (05)Mammal give birth to live offspring and feed them. (06) There are many
kind of whale. Most whale are huge creature. (07) The largest whale are called blue whale.
(08) They can grow to 100 foot (30 meter) in length and can weigh l50 ton (l35.000 kilogram).
 36
(09} Blue whale are much larger than elephant, and larger than any of the now extinct
dinosaur. (l0) The heart of an adult blue whale is about the size of a compact car.
ll. Its main blood vessel, the aorta. is large enough for a person to crawl through. (12) Human
being have hunted and killed whale since ancient times. (13) Aside from people, whale have no
natural enemy. (14) Today many people are trying to stop hunting of whale.

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

Um apostrofe (‘) e um (s) é usado depois do nome para indicar posse.

Singular possessive noun: = noun + apostrophe + s
Plural possessive noun: = noun + s + apostrophe
Irregular plural * possessive noun: = noun + apostrophe + s
Singular
The student’s name is Peter.
My baby’s name is Caroline.

Plural
The students’ names are Peter, Paul, Mary, and Sue.
My babies’ names are Caroline and Catherine.

Irregular plural
Men’s names
The children’s names

Exercise 01. Use the correct possessive form of the noun to complete the sentences.

01. student One student asked several questions. I answered the student’s questions.
02. students Many students had questions after the lecture. I answered the students’
questions.
03. daughter I have one child, a girl. Our ------------------------------------------- bedroom is
next to ours.
04. daughters We have two children, both girls. They share a bedroom. Our ------------------
------------------------ bedroom is next to ours.
05. man Keith is a ----------------------------------------- name.
06. woman Heidi is a ----------------------------------------- name.
07. men Keith and Jeremy are ------------------------------------- name.
08. women Emily and Colette are ------------------------------------- name.
09. people It’s important to be sensitive to other ----------------------------------- feelings.
10. person I always look straight into a --------------------------------------- eyes during the
conversation.
11. earth The -------------------------------------- surface is about seventy per cent water.
12. elephant An ---------------------------------------- skin is gray and wrinkled .
13. teachers We have class in this building, but all of the --------------------------------------
offices are in another building.
14. teacher My grammar ----------------------------------------------- husband is an engineer.
15. enemy Two soldiers, each faceless and nameless to the other, fought to death on the
muddy river bank. At the end, the winner could not help but admire his ------
 37
--------------------- courage and wonder why he had to die.
16. enemies Through the years in the public office, he had made many political enemies.
He
made a list of his -------------------------------------------- names so that he could
get revenge when he achieved political power.

SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER vs. THE OTHER

Another means one more out of a group of similar items.

Another is a combination of an + other
The other means the last one in a specific group.

There is a large bowl of apples on the table. Paul is going to eat one apple. If he is still hungry
after that, he can eat another apple.
There are two apples on the table. Paul is going to eat one of them. Sara is going to eat the
other one.

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with another or the other

01. There are many kinds of animals in the world. The elephant is one kind. The tiger is
another.
02. There are two colors on this page. One is white ---------------------------------------------------- is
black.
03. Alex bicycle was ran over by a truck and destroyed. He needs to get -------------------------one.
04. The Smiths have two bicycles. One belongs to Mr. Smith. --------------------------------------
bike belongs to Mrs. Smith.
05. There are three books on my desk. Two of them are dictionaries. ------------------------------
one is a telephone directory.
06. The puppy chewed up my telephone directory, so I went to the telephone company to get
-------------------------------------- phone book.
07. Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia. Thailand is -----------------------------------------------
08. It rained yesterday, and from the looks of those dark clouds, we are going to have -----------
----------------------------------------- rainstorm today.
09. Nicole and Michelle are identical twins. The only way you can tell them apart is by looking
at their ears. One of them has pierced ears and -------------------------------------------------------
doesn’t have.
10. Of the fifty states in the United States, forty nine are located on the North American
continent.
11. Where is ------------------------------------------------------ located?
12. I have two brothers. One is named Nick. --------------------------------------------- is named
Matt

PLURAL FORM OF OTHER: OTHERS vs THE OTHERS

 38
Others mean several more out of a group of similar items.
The others mean the last ones in a specific group.
There are many apples in Paul’s kitchen. He is holding one apple. There are others in a bowl.
There are four apples on the table. Paul is going to take one. Sara is going to take the others.

Note: Others, the others, vem antes do verbo. Other, the other, vem antes do substantivo.
Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with other (s) or the other (s)

01. There are many kinds of animals in the world. The elephant is one kind. Some others
are tigers, horses, and whales.
02. There are many kinds of animals in the world. Some other kinds are tigers, horses, and
whales
03. There are three colors in the U.S. flag. One of the colors is red. -----------------------------------
are white and blue.
04. There are three colors in the U.S. flag. One of the colors is red. -----------------------------------
colors are white and blue.
05. There are four seasons. Spring and summer are two. --------------------------- seasons are fall
and winter.
06. Spring and summer are two of the seasons. ---------------------------------- are fall and winter.
07. There are many kinds of geometric figures. Some are circles. --------------------------- figures
are squares. Still others are rectangular.
08. Some ships are fueled by petroleum. ------------------------------ are propelled by atomic
powder.
09. Some boats are used for pleasure -------------------------------- boats are used for commercial
fishing.
PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS

Pay for graduate from arrive at (a building)

Agree with (someone) graduate in listen to
Agree about (something) arrive in (a city, a country) consist of
Invite to talk about (someone) talk to (something)
Complain to (someone) wait for
Complain about (something)

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with the preposition.

1. Tom paid ---------------------------- his airplane ticket in cash.

2. Joan graduated ------------------------------- high school two years ago.
3. I waited ------------------------------ the bus.
4. Jim is a waiter. He waits -------------------------------- customers at a restaurant.
5. I have a different opinion. I don’t agree ------------------------------- you.
6. I arrived ------------------------------ this city last month.
7. I arrived ------------------------------- the airport around seven.
8. I listened ------------------------------ the news on TV last night.
9. The exercise consists ------------------------------ verbs that are followed by preposition.
10. Jack invited me -------------------------------- his party.
11. I complained ------------------------------ the landlord ------------------------------- the leaky
faucet in the kitchen.
 39

MODAL AUXILIARIES
THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

Modal auxiliaries are helping verbs that express a wide range of meanings. (ability, permission,
possibility, necessity, etc) (são verbos auxiliaries que expressão uma grande variedade de
significados especificos)

Can I can speak English. (auxiliary + simple form of the verb)

Could He couldn’t come to class.
May It may rain tomorrow.
Might It might rain tomorrow.
Should Mary should study harder.
Had betterI had better study tonight.
Must Joe must see a doctor today.
Will I will be in class tomorrow.
Would Would you please close the door?
Have to I have to study tonight. (auxiliary + to + the simple form
Have got to I have got to study tonight. of the verb)
Ought to Kate ought to study harder.

Exercise 01 Add to where necessary.

01. I have ------------------------------- go downtown.

02. Tom has --------------------------------- play soccer this weekend.
03. Could you please -------------------------- open the window?
04. The students must ---------------------------------- learn all the irregular verbs.
05. Sally has -------------------------------- do her history report tonight.
06. I think you should ----------------------------------- take better care of yourself.
07. I ought ------------------------------- go to the post office this afternoon.
08. Would you ---------------------------------- speak more slowly, please?
09. Tom and I might------------------------------------ play tennis after work tomorrow.
10. Will you please ------------------ mail this letter for me?

EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

Bob can play piano.

You can’t understand the sentence. (negative)
You cannot understand the sentence. “
You can not understand the sentence. “
Our son could talk when he was two years old.
I could speak Spanish when I was ten years old.
I couldn’t speak Arabic until I went to school in South Arabia. (negative)
Joe couldn’t come to class today.
 40

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with can or can’t.

01. A cat can climb trees, but it can’t fly.

02. A fish -------------------------walk but it------------------------------- swim.
03. A dog ----------------------- bark, but it ------------------------------- sing.
04. You-------------------------- buy stamps at the post office, but you --------------------------
------------------------------ buy shoes there.
05. Tiny baby------------------------------- cry, but it ------------------------------------------ talk.
06. I------------------------------- write with a pen, but I ------------------------------------ with a
a paper clip
07. I----------------------------------------- read a book by moonlight, but I------------------------
read in sunlight.
08. Trees-------------------------------- produce oxygen, but rocks --------------------------------
09. You---------------------------------- drive from Philippines to Australia, but you ------------
------------------- drive from Italy to Australia.
10. You------------------------------ ride on the back of a cat, but you -----------------------------
ride on the back of a horse.

Exercise 02. ORAL: Use could

What could you do when you were child that you can’t do now?
What could you do when you were living in your own hometown that you can’t do now?
What did you want to do yesterday but you couldn’t do. Why couldn’t you do it?
What couldn’t you do when you were sick?

EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT

EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN

Express present or future

It may rain tomorrow. (express possibilite)

It might rain tomorrow.
Why isn’t John in class? I don’t know.
He may/might be sick.
It may not rain tomorrow. (negative)
It might not rain tomorrow.

Obs. Maybe it will rain tomorrow. (adverb - perhaps) talvez

Maybe John is sick.
John may be sick (modal auxiliary - possibility) pode estar

Children, you may have a cookie after dinner. (permission)

 41
Kids, you can have a cookie after dinner.
You may not have a cook. (negative)
You can’t have a cookie.
Exercise 01. ORAL: Answer the question using may, might, and maybe

Example: What are you going to do tomorrow?

Response: I don’t know, I may/might go downtown. Maybe I will go downtown.

What are you going to do tomorrow night?

What do you have in your purse?
What is Sue going to do tonight?
Kate is not in class today. Where is she?
What’s Paul going to do after class today?
What are they going to do this weekend?
What are you going to do after you graduate?

USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY

Why isn’t Greg in class? I don’t know. He could be sick (present possibility)
Look at those dark clouds. It could start raining any minute. (future possibility)
Peter didn’t show up for my birthday dinner. Was he studying for his test? Yes, he could be.
ASKING FOR PERMISSION: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I

Polite questions possible answers

May I please borrow your pen? yes

Could I please borrow your pen? yes, of course
Can I please borrow your pen? yes, certainly
sure (informal)
Exercise ORAL: Ask polite questions using may I, could I, can I.

Ellen has a book. I want to see it for a minute.

May I / Could I / Can I please see your book for a minute?

01. Chris has a red pen. I want to see it for a minute.

02. Dan has a calculator. I want to borrow it.
03. Sue has a new camera. I want to see it for a minute
04. Your friend is carrying a heavy bag. What are you going to ask her?

ASKING FOR ASSISTENCE:

WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILL YOU, CAN YOU
Ask for someone’s help or cooperation

Polite questions possible answer

Would you please open the door? Yes / I’d be happy to
Could you please open the door? Yes / Of course / I’d be glad to
 42
Will you please open the door? Of course / Sure (informal)
Can you please open the door? Certainly / Okay

Note: Please comes after the subject or at the end of a sentence.

Exercise 01. ORAL: Ask polite questions. Use the expressions in the list.

01. Close the door 06. lend me a quarter

02. lend me her eraser 07. help me
03. tell the time 08. spell your name
04. buy some milk 09. turn off the light
05. hand me the news paper 10. give the book back to the teacher

e.g. Would / Could / Will / Can you please open the window?

EXPRESSING ADVICE:
SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER

My clothes are dirty. I should

wash them (affirmative)
ought to
had better
You need your sleep. You shouldn’t stay up late. (negative)

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences. Use Shouldn’t + the expressions in the list.

Be cruel to animals give too much homework

Be late for an appointment misses any class
Drive a long distance* smoke
Exceed the speed limit throw trash out of your car window

e.g. If you are tired, you shouldn’t drive long distance.

Exercise 02. Complete the dialogues. Use should, ought to, or had better
Choose from the expressions in the list.

Borrow some money marry somebody who is rich

Call the landlord and complain put cotton in your ears
Call the police see a dentist*
Drink a glass of water sends her a dozen roses
Find a new apartment soak in cold water
Find a new girlfriend speak English outside of the class every day
 43
Get a job take it back to the store
Hold your breath watch TV a lot

01. I have a toothache. This tooth hurts. What should I do?

You should see a dentist.
02. I have the hiccups. What should I do?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
03. Ali wants to improve his English. What should he do?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
04. I don’t have any money. I’m broke. I can’t pay my rent. I don’t have enough money to pay my
bills. What should I do?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
05. Someone stole my bicycle. What should I do?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
06. I cut my finger. I got blood in my sweater. My finger is okay, but I’m worried about my
sweater. What should I do?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
07. I asked Mary to marry me. She said no. What should I do?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

EXPRESSING NECESSITY:
HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

I have a very important test tomorrow.

I have to study tonight

I have got to study tonight.
I must study tonight
I have to go downtown today. (present or future)
Rita has to go to the bank.
I’ve got to study tonight.
I had to study last night. (past)

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with your own words.

01. I went downtown yesterday. I had to go to City Hall

02. I can’t go to the movie tonight because -------------------------------------------------------------.
03. I couldn’t go to Pete’s party last Saturday because ------------------------------------------------.
04. Josh can’t go downtown with us this afternoon because ------------------------------------------.
05. When I was in high school, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------.
06. If you want to travel abroad, --------------------------------------------------------------------------.
07. I’m sorry I was absent from class yesterday, but --------------------------------------------------.
08. When I worked in my uncle’s restaurant, -----------------------------------------------------------.
09. Erica can’t come to class tomorrow because -------------------------------------------------------.
10. If you want to enter to university---------------------------------------------------------------------.
 44

EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESITY: DO NOT HAVE TO

EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT

I finished all my homework this afternoon. I don’t have to study tonight.

Tomorrow is a holiday. Mary doesn’t have to go to work.
Children, you must not play with matches!
We must not use that door. The sign says: PRIVATE: DO NOT ENTER.
You mustn’t play with matches.

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with don’t / doesn’t have to, or must not

01. The soup is too hot. You must not eat it yet. Wait for it to cool.
02. You -------------------------------------------- have soup for lunch. You can have a sandwich if
you like.
03. Liz finally got a car, so now she usually drives to work. She --------------------------------- take
a bus.
04. Tommy, you ------------------------------------------------- say that word. That’s not a nice word.
05. Mr. Moneybags is very rich. He --------------------------------------------------- work for living.
06. If you are in a canoe, you ---------------------------------------- stand up and walk around. If
you do, the canoe will probably tip over.
07. The review class before the final test is optional. We ----------------------------------do unless
we want to.
08. You --------------------------------------------- use a pencil to write a check because someone
could change the amount you have written on it.
09. When the telephone rings, you ----------------------------------------------- answer it. It is up
to you.

MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST

Nancy is yawning. She must be sleepy. (guess, supposition)

Amy plays tennis everyday. She must like tennis

If you want to get into the movie theater, you must buy a ticket. (necessity)

Negative logical conclusion:

Eric ate everything on his plate except the pickle. He must not like pickles.
There are sharks in the ocean near our hotel. We must not swim there.

Exercise 01. Make logical conclusion. Use must or must not.

01. Tom has been working in the sun for the last hour. He just drank a glass of water. Right
now he is refilling his glass. (thirsty)
Tom must be thirsty.
 45
02. I am at Eric’s apartment door. I’ve knocked on the door and have rung the door bell
several
times. Nobody has answered the door. (at home)
Eric must not be at home.
03. Brian has a red nose and has been coughing and sneezing. (have a cold)
Brian-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
04. Sally looks tired. She has been coughing and sneezing. (feel well)
Sally -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
05. Adam has already eaten one sandwich. Now he is making another sandwich. (hungry)
Adam ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
06. When John takes a problem to his grandmother, she always knows how to help him solve it.
(very wise) John’s grandmother -------------------------------------------------.
07. Kate has a full academic schedule, plays on the volleyball team, has the lead in the school
play, is the cheerleader, takes piano lessons, and has a part-time job at the ice cream store
(have a lot of spare time? / busy all the time?)
Kate ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
08. David goes to the video store and rents three movies every night. (like movies a lot / spend)
much time with his family in the evening. )
David ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
10. Jennifer reads all the time. She sits in a corner and reads even when people come to visit her.
(love books? like books better than people?)
Jennifer --------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET’S AND WHY DON’T

It’s a hot day. Let’s go to the beach Okay. Good idea. (Let’s = let us
suggestion)

It’s hot today. Why don’t we go to the beach? Okay. Good idea. (about activities for
you and me)
I’m tired. Why don’t you take a nap? (Give a friendly
suggestion
That’s a good idea. I think I’ll or friendly advice.)

Exercise 01. Complete the dialogue. Use let’s or why don’t we.

01. The weather is beautiful today. Let’s go to the park for a walk.
02. I’m bored. Me too. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
03. Are you hungry? Yes, I am--------------------------------------------------------------------------
04. What are you going to do over the spring break?
I don’t know.
What are you going to do?
I haven’t made plans. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
05. That sounds like a terrific idea, but I can’t afford it. Actually, I can’t either.
06. I need to go shopping. So do I. ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 46

Exercise 02. Make sentences by combining column A with the ideas in column B.

You may need some help when you move into your new apartment, please call me.

COLUMN A
01. You may need some help when you move into your new apartment.
02. The weather may be nice tomorrow.
03. You may have a problem with your visa.
04. You may not be at the airport when your plane gets in.
05. Matt may want to lose some weight.
06. You may be tired.
07. Sara may not get better soon.
08. You may not know the question on the test.
09. Alice may call while I’m out.
10. You may be hungry.

COLUMN B

01. Guess
02. You should see the International Student Advisor.
03. Why don’t you take a nap?
04. Wait for me by the United Airlines counter.
05. Please take a message.
06. I could make a sandwich for you.
07. He should stop eating candy.
08. Please call me.
09. She should see a doctor.
10. Let’s go sailing.
 47

STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE..... BETTER, WOULD RATHER

I prefer apples to oranges prefer + noun + to + noun

I prefer watching TV to studying. prefer + ING verb + to + ING verb

I like apples better than oranges like + noun + better than + noun
I like watching TV better than studying like + ING verb + better than + ING verb

Ann would rather have an apple than (have) an orange.

I’d rather visit a big city than live there.

Interrogative (polite question)

Would you rather have an orange or an apple?

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with than or to.

01. When I’m hot and thirsty, I prefer cold drinks to hot drinks.
02. When I’m hot and thirsty, I like cold drinks better than hot drinks.
03. When I’m hot and thirsty, I’d rather have a cold drink than a hot drink.
1. I prefer chicken ------------------------- beef.
05. I like chicken better -----------------------------beef.
06. I’d rather eat chicken ------------------------------- beef.
07. When I choose a book, I prefer nonfiction ---------------------------- fiction.
08. I like rock en roll better ---------------------------- classical music.
09. Tina would rather lie on the beach -------------------------- go swimming.
10. Tina likes lying on the beach better -------------------------- going swimming.
11. Tina prefers lying on the beach ----------------------------- going swimming.
12.. Mr. Kim prefers tea --------------------------- coffee.
13. I prefer visiting my friends in the evening ---------------------------- watching TV.
14. My sister likes her math class better ------------------------------- her biology class.

Exercise 02. ORAL: Answer the questions in complete sentences.

01. Which do you like better, rice or potatoes?

02. Which do you prefer, rice or potatoes?
03. Which you rather have for dinner, rice or potatoes.
04. Which do you prefer, fish or beef.
05. Which do you like better, fish or beef?
06. Which you rather have for dinner tonight, fish or beef.
07. Name two vegetables. Which do you prefer?
08. Name two kinds of fruit. Which do you like better?
09. Name two sports. Which do you like better?
10. Name two movies. Which one would you rather see?
11. Name two TV programs. Which one would you rather watch?
 48

PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS

Afraid of clear to famous for hungry for

Proud of good for bad for responsible for
Similar to different from friendly to/with crazy about
Interested in aware of devote to mat at

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with the prepositions in the list.

01. Alex is afraid of snakes

,02. I don’t understand that sentence. It isn’t clear ---------------------- me.
03. Mark Twain is famous -------------------------- his novels about life in the Mississippi in the
nineteenth century.
04. I’m hungry ---------------------------- some chocolate ice cream.
05. Our daughter graduated from the university. We are very proud --------------------------her.
06. A lot of sugar isn’t good --------------------- you. Sugar is specially bad------------------- teeth.
07. Who was responsible ----------------------- the accident?
08. My coat is similar ------------------------- yours, but different ----------------------------- Ben’s.
09. My daughter is crazy ------------------------------ horses.
10. Some people aren’t friendly --------------------------- strangers.
11. Sara knows what she is talking about. She is sure -------------------------- her facts.
12. Are you aware -------------------------- the number of children who die each day throughout
the world? According to one report, 40.000 children die each day throughout the world,
mostly due to malnutrition and lack of medical care.

ASKING QUESTION WORDS.

WHERE WHO WHOM WHAT WHEN WHOSE WHICH

Exercise 02. Make any appropriate question for the given answer.

01. When did you last go shopping?

Yesterday.
02. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A new pair of shoes.
03. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mary.
04. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Six-thirty.
05. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To the zoo.
06. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Because I was tired.
 49
07. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A sandwich.
08. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I don’t know.
09. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tomorrow.
10. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
My brother.

USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO

What + a form of do is used to ask questions about activities.

Examples of forms of do: I’m doing, will do, are going to do, did, etc...

Question Answer

What does Bob do every morning? He goes to class.

What did you do yesterday? I went downtown.
What is your roommate doing? She is studying.
What are you going to do tomorrow? I’m going to go to the beach.
What do you want to do tonight? I want to go to a movie.

What would you like to do tomorrow? I would like to visit Jim.

What will you do tomorrow? I’ll go downtown.
What should I do about my headache? You should take an aspirin.

Exercise 01. Make questions. Use What + a form of do.

01. What are you doing right now?

I’m studying.
02. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- last night?
I studied.
03. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ tomorrow?
I am going to visit my relatives.
04. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ tomorrow?
I want to go to the beach.
05. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- tomorrow?
I need to go to the library.
06. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- tomorrow?
I would like to go to a movie.
07. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- tomorrow?
I’m planning to stay home and relax most of the day.
 50
08. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in class every day?
I study English.
09. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for living?
I’m a teacher. (I teach)
10.- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- if it snows
tomorrow and you can not get to the airport?
I’ll cancel my reservation and book a flight for the next day.

WHAT KIND OF
What kind asks for information about a specific type in a general category.

General category = shoes

Specific type or kind = boots, sandals, tennis shoes, etc

What kind of shoes did you buy? Running shoes, sneakers

Sandals, high heels, etc.
What kind of fruit do you like best? Apples, bananas
Oranges, grapes, etc.

Exercise 01. Complete each question. Give other possible answers to the question.

01. What kind of shoes are you wearing?

I’m wearing boots
02. What kind of meat do you eat most often?
I eat beef most often.
03. What kind of ------------------------------------------------------------ do you like best?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
04. What kind of ---------------------------------------------------- would you like to have?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
05. What kind of -------------------------------------------------------- do you like to read?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
06. What kind of ------------------------------------------------------------ do you like best?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Exercise 02. ORAL: Answer the questions.

What kind of shoes are you wearing?

What kind of food do you like best?
What kind of books do you like to read?
What kind of government does your country have?
What kind of job would you like to have?
 51
What kind of person would like to marry?

USING WHICH
Which is used to make a choice when the speaker is offering alternatives?
Which can be either singular or plural?

May I borrow a pen from you?

Sure. I have two pens. One is black the other is red.
Which pen (one) do you want?
I like these earrings, and I like those too.
Which earrings (ones) are you going to buy?

Exercise 01. Make questions. Use Which or What.

01. I have two books. Which book do you want?

02. What did you buy when you went shopping?
I bought a book when I went shopping.
03. Could I borrow your pen for a minute?
Sure. I have two. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
04. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
Chris borrowed a pen from me.
05. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
Tony got a tie when he went shopping.
06. These shoes are comfortable, and so are those shoes. --------------------------------------.
I can’t decide.
07. Would you please hand me a sharp knife? I’d be happy to. -------------------------------.
08. Did you enjoy your trip to Europe? Yes, I did. Very much.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
I visited Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Italy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
I enjoyed visiting Poland the most.

WHOSE
Whose asks about possession.

Whose book is this? It’s John’s (book)

Whose books are those? They are mine.
Whose car did you borrow? I borrowed Kate’s car.

Exercise 01. Make questions with whose or who.

01. Whose basketball is this?

It’s Susan’s basketball.
02. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- this?
This is Susan.
03. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- that?
 52
It’s Eric’s note book.
04. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- are these?
They are Eric’s tapes.
05. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- is that?
That is Eric.
06. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ are those?
They are Susan’s clothes.
07. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- is that?
It’s Susan’s coat.
08. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ in the gym?
Susan is in the gym.

09. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- is sitting down?

Eric is sitting down.
10. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
I’ used Linda’s book.

Exercise 02. Make questions for the giving answers. Use any appropriate question word.

01. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? They are mine.

02. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? I’m going to study.
03. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? A Toyota.
04. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? Mr. Miller.
05. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? It’s Bob’s
06. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? It means “small”.
07. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? Jazz.
08. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? Because I didn’t feel well.
09. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? This one, not that one.
10. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? You should buy that shirt.
11. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? A couple of years ago.
12. ---------------------------------------------------------------------? I would like to go to India.

HOW HOW OFTEN HOW FAR HOW LONG HOW ABOUT / WHAT
ABOUT
How has many uses. One is to ask about means (way) of transportation.

How did you get here? I drove / by car

I took a taxi / by taxi
I took a bus / by bus
I flew / by plane
I took the train / by train
I walked / on foot

How is often used with adjectives and adverbs. It expresses the intensity of the adjective

How old are you? Twenty-one.

 53
How tall are you? About six feet.
How big is your apartment? It has three rooms.
How sleep are you? Very sleep.
How hungry are you? I’m starving.
How soon will you be ready? In five minutes.
How well does he speak English? Very well.
How quickly can you get here? I can get there in thirty minutes.

Exercise 01. Make questions with how.

01. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
My daughter is ten years old.
02. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
Education is very important.
03. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
I get to school by bus.
04. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
The ocean is very, very deep.
05. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
My suitcase is very heavy. I can hardly lift it.
06. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
I’m going to get to Denver by plane.
07. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
Robert speaks English very well.
08 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
Mount Everest is 29, 028 feet high.
09. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
I’m starving. I’m very hungry.
10. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
I walked to school.
11 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
The test wasn’t very difficult.
12. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
I don’t drive very fast. Usually about 55 miles per hour.

HOW OFTEN

How often asks about frequency. Every day

How often do you go shopping? Once a week
About twice a week
Every other day or so
Three times a month
How many times a day do you eat? Three or four.
How many times a week do you go shopping? Two.
 54
How many times a month do you go to the bank? Once.
How many times a year do you take a vacation? Once or twice.
NOTA: Other ways of asking How often:
a day
How many times a week
a month
a year

FREQUENCY EXPRESSIONS

A lot every day / week / month / year

Occasionally every other “ “ “ “
Once in a while once “ “ “ “
Not very often twice a “ “ “ “
Hardly ever three times a “ “ “ “
Almost never two times a “ “ “ “
Never

Exercise 01. Ask and answer questions about frequency.

Ask questions with How often or How many times.

Ex. How often do you eat lunch at the cafeteria? About twice a week.
How many times a month do you go food shopping? Twice a month.

01. go to a movie 09. see a dentist.

02. watch TV 10. buy a toothbrush
03. go out to eat 11. wake up during the night
04. cook your own dinner 12. go to a laundromat
05. play cards 13. go swimming
06. read a newspaper 14. be late for class
07. get your hair cut l5. attend a wedding
08. write a letter to your parents 16. see a falling star

USING HOW FAR

How far is the most common way of expressing distance.

It is 289 miles from Chicago do Saint Louis.

It is 289 miles to Chicago from Saint Louis.

How far is it from Chicago to Saint Louis? 289 miles.

How far do you live from school? Four blocks.

Other ways of asking How far: how many miles

 55
how many kilometers
how many blocks

Exercise 01. Make questions.

01. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It is 237 miles from New York City to Washington, DC.
02. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It is 237 kilometers from Montreal to Quebec.
03. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It is 929 miles from Chicago to New Orleans.
04. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It is six blocks to the post office.
05. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It’s two blocks and a half to the post office.
06. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
I live about six miles from school.
07. Karen is really into physical fitness. She jogs every day.
Oh? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
She jogs five miles every day.
08. I had a terrible day yesterday.
What happened? I ran out of gas while I was driving to the park.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------before you ran out of gas?

EXPRESSING LENGTH OF TIME: IT + TAKE

IT + TAKE + SOMEONE + TIME EXPRESSION + INFINITIVE

It takes Janet six hours to drive to Chicago.

It took Janet a long time to finish her composition.

Exercise 01. Make sentence using it + take to express length of time.

01. I drove to Los Angeles. ( length of time: three days )

It took me three days to drive to Los Angeles.
I walk to class. (length of time: twenty minutes)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
02. George finished the test. (length of time: an hour and a half )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
03. We will drive to the airport. (length of time: forty-five minutes )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
 56
04. Ann made a dress. (length of time: six hours )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
05. Alan hitchhiked to Alaska. (length of time: two weeks )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
06. Jennifer puts on her makeup. (length of time : five minutes )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
07. I wash my close at the laundromat. (length of time: two hours )

USING HOW LONG

How long asks for length of time.

How long does it take to drive to Chicago from here? Two days.
How long did you study last night? Four hours.
How long will you be in Florida? Ten days.

Other ways of asking how long: How many: Minutes / hours / weeks
Months / years

How many days will you be in Florida?

How many years did you live in Florida?

Exercise 01. Make questions using How long.

Example:

How long did it take you to drive to New York?

It took me five days to drive to New York.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It takes twenty minutes to walk to class.
01. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It took Mike two hours to finish his composition.
02. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It will take us thirty minutes to drive to the stadium.
03. ------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------?
Mr. Mac Nelly is going to be in the hospital for a week.
04. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
I’ll be at the University of Maryland for four years
05. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It takes about an hour to bake a cake.
06. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
I was out of town for five days.
07. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
How long does it take to learn a second language?
08. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It takes about fifteen minutes to change a flat tire.

Exercise 02. Make questions. Use any appropriate question words.

 57

01. What are you going to do this weekend?

I am going to go to a baseball game.
02. There are two games this weekend. One on Saturday and one on Sunday.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
03. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
No, I didn’t go to the game yesterday.
04. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
Sara and Jim went to the game yesterday.
05. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
I go to the baseball game about once a month.
06. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
I’m going to the game with Bob.
07. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
The stadium is at the corner of Fifth and Grand.
08. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It’s six miles to the stadium from here..
09. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
It takes twenty minutes to get there.
10. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
The game starts at one o’clock.

MORE QUESTIONS WITH HOW

Question Answer

How are you getting along? Great.

How are you doing? Fine.
How is it going? Okay./ So-so
How do you feel Wonderful! Not so good
Great! Terrible!
Fine Lousy
Okay Awful
So-so

USING HOW ABOUT AND WHAT ABOUT

How about and what about have the same meaning and usage. They are used to make suggestions
or offers.

We need one more player.

How about / what about Jack? Let’s ask him if he wants to play.
What time should we meet?
How about / what about three o’clock?
What should we do this afternoon?
How about going to the zoo?
 58
What about asking Sally over for dinner?

Exercise 01. Complete the dialogues by using How about you or What about you.
Ex. a: What are you going to do over vacation?
b: I’m staying here. How about / what about you?
a: I’m going to Texas to visit my sister.
01. a: Did you like the movie?
b. It was okay, I guess. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
a. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
02. a: Are you going to summer school?
b. I haven’t decided yet. --------------------------------------------------------------------------
a: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
03. a: Do you like living in the dorm?
b. Sort of. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
04. a: What are you going to have?
b Well, I’m not really hungry. I think I might have just a salad.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
05. a. Where are you planning to go school next year?-
b. I’ve been accepted by the state university. -------------------------------------------------
a. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
06. a. Are you married?
b. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TAG QUESTION

Tag question is a question that is added onto the end of a question.

When the main verb is affirmative the tag question is negative.

Affirmative negative

You know Bob Wilson, don’t you?

Mary is from Chicago, isn’t she?
Jerry can play piano, can’t he?

Negative affirmative

You don’t know Jack Smith, do you?

Mary isn’t from New York, is she?
Jack can’t speak Arabic, can he?
 59

Note: The speaker expects the listener to agree with him.

e.g. You are students, aren’t you? Yes, we are.

Exercise 01. Add tag questions and give expected answers.

01. a. Erica lives in the dorm ----------------------------------? b) ------------------------------

02. a. You don’t live in the dorm, -----------------------------? b) ------------------------------
03. a. Ted came to class yesterday, ---------------------------? b).------------------------------
04. a. Kathy will be in class tomorrow, ----------------------? b) ------------------------------
05. a. Mr. Lee is at home now, --------------------------------? b) ------------------------------
06. a. You can speak Spanish, ---------------------------------? b) ------------------------------
07. a. You should write a letter to your father, --------------? b) ------------------------------
08. a. It snows a lot in Minneapolis, --------------------------? b) ------------------------------
09. a. You weren’t at home last night around nine, ---------? b) ------------------------------
10. a. This is your pen, ------------------------------------------? b) ------------------------------
11. a. Those are your gloves ------------------------------------? b) ------------------------------

PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT

The past participle is one of the principal parts of the verb.

THE PAST PARTICIPLE

SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST

FORM PAST PATICIPLE

Regular finish finished finished

Verbs stop stopped stopped
wait waited waited

Irregular see saw seen

Verbs make made made
put put put

Exercise 01. Write the past participle

Simple form simple past past participle

01. finish finished finished

02. see saw -------------------- 11. come came ----------------
03. go went -------------------- 12. study studied ---------------
04. have had -------------------- 13. stay stayed ----------------
05. meet met -------------------- 14. begin began ----------------
06. fall fell -------------------- 15. star started ----------------
07. do did -------------------- 16. write wrote ----------------
08. know knew -------------------- 17. eat ate ----------------
 60
09. fly flew -------------------- 18. cut cut
----------------
10. call called -------------------- 19. read read ----------------

FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

Form of present perfect: have / has + past participle

Affirmative: have/has + past participle

I have finished my homework.

The students have finished Chapter five
Jim has eaten lunch.

Negative: have/has + not + past participle

I have not finished my homework.

Ann has not eaten lunch.

Question: have/has + subject + past participle

Have you finished your work?

Has Jim eaten lunch?
How long have you lived here?

MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

1). The present perfect expresses activities or situations that occurred at some unspecified
in the past.

Has Jim already eaten?

Ann hasn’t eaten lunch yet.
Have you ever eaten at that restaurant?
I’ve never eaten there.

2). The present perfect expresses activities that were repeated several or many times in an
unspecified time the past.
Pete has eaten at that restaurant many times.
I’ve been to that theater for five or six times
I’ve had three tests so far this week.

3). Present perfect is used with since or for, it expresses situations that began in the past and
continue to the present.

Erica has lived in this city since l989.

 61
I have known Ben for ten years.
We’ve been in class since ten o’clock this morning.

Exercise 02. Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the Present Perfect

01. ( I, meet ) I’ve met Ann’s husband. I met him at a party last week.
02. ( I, finish ) ---------------------------------------- my homework. I finished it two hours ago.
03. ( she, fly ) Ms. Parker travels to Washington, D.C., frequently. ------------------------------
there many times.
04. (they, know ) Bob and Jane are old friends.----------------------------------------- each other for
a long time.
05. ( it, be ) I don’t like this weather. ------------------------------------ cold and cloud for the
last three days.
06 ( you, learn ) Your English is getting better. -------------------------------------- a lot of English
since you came here.
07. ( we, be ) My wife and I came here two months ago. ------------------------------------------
in this city for two months.
08 ( he, finish ) Rob can go to bed now. ------------------------------------------------------------ his
homework.
09. ( he, be ) Matt is at home in bed. ------------------------------------------------ sick for three
days.
10. ( she, be ) Kate is falling behind in her school work.--------------------------------------------
absent from class a lot lately.

Exercise 03. Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the Present Perfect

01. ( I, write, not ) I have not written my sister a letter in a long time. I should
write her soon.
02. ( I, write, never ) I’ve never written a letter to the president of the United States.
03. ( he, finish, not ) Greg is working in his composition, but ------------------------------------
it yet. He will probably finish in a couple of hours.
04. ( I, meet, never ) ----------------------------------------------- Nancy’s parents. I hope to
get the chance to meet them soon.
05. ( Ron, never, be ) ---------------------------------------------- in Hong Kong, but he would
like to go there someday.
06. ( Linda, be, not ) ---------------------------------------------- in class for the last couple of
days. I hope that she is okay.
07. ( they, come, not ) The children are late.------------------------------------------ home from
school yet. I hope nothing is wrong.
08. ( we, finish, not ) ----------------------------------------------- this exercise yet.
09. ( Alice, go, never ) ----------------------------------------------- to the Museum of Science
and Industry in Chicago, but she would like to.
10. ( I, call, not) ----------------------------------------------- Irene yet. I’ll call her tomorrow.
 62

USING THE SIMLE PAST vs THE PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST

I finished my work two hours ago. I finished my home work at a specific time in the past.
(two hours ago.)
I have already finished my work I finish my work at an unspecified time in the past.

I was in Europe last year / three years ago/ ( at a specific time )

in l989 / when I was ten years old.
I have been in Europe many times / several times / ( at an unspecified time )
a couple of times.

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Use Present Perfect or
Simple Past.

01. a. Have you ever been to Europe?

b. Yes, I (be) have been in Europe several times. In fact, I (be) was in
Europe last year
02. a Have you ever eaten at Al1s Steak House?
b Yes, I ( eat ) ----------------------------------- there many times. In fact my wife and I ------
-------------------- there last night.
03. a. Have you ever talked to Professor Alston about your grades?
b. Yes, I (talk) ---------------------------------- to him about my grades a couple of times.
In fact ----------------------------------- to him yesterday after class.
04. a What European countries (you visit ) ---------------------------------------------------------- ?
b. I (visit) ------------------------------------------------- Hungary, Germany, and Switzerland.
I ( visit )---------------------------------------------- Hungary in 1988. I ( be ) ------------------
in Germany and Switzerland in 1990.
05. a. ( Bob, have, ever ) ---------------------------------------------- a job?
b. Yes, he ( have ) ---------------------------------------------- a lot of part-time jobs. Last
summer he ( have ) -------------------------------------------- a job at his uncle’s waterbed
store.

Exercise 02. Complete the sentences with the word in parentheses. Use the PRESENT
PERFECT or the SIMPLE PAST. Use the present perfect with already.

1. a. Are you going to finish your homework before you go to bed?

b. I ( finish, already ) have already finished it. I finished my homework two
hours ago.
2. a. Is Jim going to eat lunch with us today?
 63
b. No, he ( eat, already ) ---------------------------------------------------------.He ( eat )
----------------
----------------------------- lunch an hour ago.

3. a. Do you and Mary want to go to the movie at the Bijoux with us tonight?
b. No thanks. We ( see, already )----------------------------------------------------------it. We (see)
------------------------------------- it last week.
4. a. When are you going to write your paper to Dr. Roth?
b. I ( write, already ) ------------------------------------------------------- it. I ( write ) ---------
--------------------------------- it two days ago.
5. a. When is Jane going to call her parents and tell them about her engagement?
b. She (call, already) ------------------------------------------------------- them. She (call ) -------
--------------------------------- last night.
6. a. This is a good book. Would you like to read it when I’m finished?
b. Thanks, but I ( read, already ) ----------------------------------------------- it. I ( read ) ---------
------------------------------------ it a couple of months.

Exercise 03. Write the simple past and the past participle of these irregular verbs.

1. see saw seen 07. drive --------------- -------------

2. eat --------------- ---------------- 08. ride --------------- -------------
3. give --------------- ---------------- 09. write --------------- -------------
4. fall --------------- ---------------- 10. bite --------------- -------------
5. take --------------- ---------------- 11. hide --------------- -------------
6. shake --------------- ---------------- 12. fly--------------- -------------

Exercise 04. Ask and answer questions using the Present Perfect in order to practice using
past participles of irregular verbs.

Example: a. Have you ever eaten at the student cafeteria?

b. Yes, I have eaten there many times. In fact, I ate breakfast there this morning.

01. ride a horse 06. take a course in chemistry

02. take a course in chemistry 07. eat raw fish
03. write a poem 08. hide the money under the mattress
04. give the teacher a apple 09. fall down stairs
05. shake hands with ......... 10. see the skeleton of a dinosaur

Exercise 05. Write the PAST and the PAST PARTICIPLES

01. break broke broken 08. throw ---------------- ---------------

02. speak ----------------- ------------------ 09. Blow ---------------- --------------
03. steal ---------------- ------------------ 10. fly ---------------- ---------------
04. get ---------------- ------------------ 11. drink ---------------- ---------------
05. wear --------------- ------------------ 12. sing ---------------- ---------------
 64
06. draw ---------------- ------------------ 13. swim -----------------
---------------
07. grow ---------------- ------------------ 14. go ----------------- ---------------

Exercise 06. Ask questions with have you ever.......? and give questions.

01 fly a private plane 07. drink carrot juice

02. break your arm 08. get a package in the mail
03. draw a picture of mountain 09. steal anything
04 swim in the ocean 10. throw paper on the floor
05. go to a costume party 11. blow a whistle
06. sing a song 12. wear a costume to the party

Exercise 07. Write the SIMPLE PAST and the PAST PARTICIPLES

01. have ----------------- ----------------- 08. lose ------------------- ---------------

02. make ----------------- ----------------- 09. sleep ------------------- ---------------
03. build ----------------- ----------------- 10. feel ------------------- ---------------
04. lend ----------------- ----------------- 11. meet ------------------- ---------------
05. send ----------------- ----------------- 12. sit ------------------- ---------------
06. spend ----------------- ----------------- 13. win ------------------- ---------------
07. leave ----------------- ----------------- 14. hang ------------------- ---------------

Obs: Hang is a regular verb (hang, hanged, hanged) when it means to kill a person by putting
a hope around his/her neck.

Exercise 08. Ask questions beginning with Have you ever..........? and give answers.

01. lose the key to your house 09. sleep in a tent

02. have the flu 10. make a birthday cake
03. feel terrible about something 11. make a birthday cake
04. send a telegram 12. build sand castle
05. sit in a cactus 13. win money at a racetrack
06. spend one whole day doing nothing 14. hang a picture on the wall.
07. hold a new born baby 15. cut your own hair
08. feed pigeons in the park 16. catch a fish

Exercise 09. Write the Simple Past and the Past Participle.

01. sell-------------- -------------- 08. think -------------- ---------------

02. tell-------------- -------------- 09. teach -------------- ---------------
03. hear -------------- -------------- 10. catch -------------- ---------------
04. hold -------------- -------------- 11. cut -------------- ---------------
05. feed -------------- ------------- 12. hit -------------- ---------------
06. read -------------- -------------- 13. quit -------------- ---------------
 65
07. find -------------- -------------- 14. buy -------------- ---------------

USING SINCE AND FOR

Since is followed by the mention of a specific point in time: an hour, a day, a month, a year, etc..
Since expresses the idea that an activity began at a specific time in the past and continues to the
present

SINCE have been here Since eight o’clock

Since Tuesday
Since May
Since 1998
Since January 3, 1988
Since the beginning of the semester
Since yesterday
Since last month

For is followed by the mention of a length of time: two minutes, three hours, four days, five
weeks, etc...

FOR have been here For ten minutes for almost six months
For two hours for many years
For five days for a long time
For about three weeks

Obs: I have lived here for two years. ( I moved here two year ago, and I still live here.)
I lived in Chicago for two years. ( I don’t live in Chicago now.)

Exercise 01. Complete the sentence “I have been here.” by using since or for.

I have been here

01. for two months 09. ---------------------- the first of January.
02. since September 10. ---------------------- four months
03. --------------------- l988 11. ---------------------- the beginning of the term
04. --------------------- last year 12. ---------------------- the semester started
05. --------------------- two years 13. ---------------------- a couple of hours
06. --------------------- last Friday 14. ---------------------- fifteen minutes
07. --------------------- 9:30 15. ----------------------yesterday
08. --------------------- three days 16. ---------------------- about five minutes

Exercise 02. Add tag questions to the following and give the expected responses.

01. You have already seen that movie, haven’t you? Yes, I have.
02. Alex hasn’t called, ----------------------------------------------------------? ------------------------
03. You talked to Mike last night, --------------------------------------------? ------------------------
 66
04. Kate has already left for Kansas, -----------------------------------------? ------------------------
05. Steve left for Kansas city yesterday, -------------------------------------? ------------------------
06. You have already eaten, ---------------------------------------------------? ------------------------
07. You didn’t eat at the cafeteria, ---------------------------------------------? ------------------------
08. You usually bring lunch to school, ----------------------------------------? ------------------------
09. Rita and Philip have been married for ten years, ------------------------? ------------------------
10. Kathy has already finished her homework, ------------------------------? ------------------------

Exercise 03. Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the PRESENTE
PERFECT and SIMPLE PAST

01. Carol and I are old friends. I (know) have known her since I ( be ) was a
fresh men in high school.
02. Maria (have) ----------------------------------------- a lot of problems since she (come) -------
--------------------------- to this country.
03. I ( have, not ) ------------------------------------------ any problem since I ( come ) ---------------
here.
04. Since the semester (begin) -------------------------, we (have) ------------------------- four
tests.
05. Mike (be --------------------------------- in school since he ( be ) ----------------------- six
years.
06. My mother (be, not) ----------------------------- in school since she (graduate) -------------
from college in 1968.
07. Since we ( start ) ------------------------------------- doing this exercise, we ( complete ) --------
----------------------------------------- six weeks.
08. My name is Surasuk. I’m from Thailand. Right now I’m studying English at this school. I
( be ) -------------------------------- in this school since the beginning of January. I (arrive) -----
------------------------------- here January 2, and my classes ( begin ) ---------------- January 6.
Since I ( come ) ------------------------------- here

THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

The present progressive: have/has + been + ing
The present progressive expresses how long an activity has been in progress.

I have been studying English at school since May.

Adam has been sleeping for two hours.

Question form: have/has + subject + been + ing

How long have you been studying English here?
How long has Adam been sleeping?

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences. Use the PRESENT PROGRESSIVE or the PRESENT
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

01. Mark isn’t studying right now. He (watch) is watching TV. He (watch) has been
 67
watching TV. Since seven o’clock.

02. Kate is standing at the corner. She (wait) ---------------------------------- for the bus. She
(wait) ------------------------------------------for the bus for twenty five minutes.
03. Right now we are in class. We (do) ---------------------------------- an exercise. We (do) ------
------------------------------------- this exercise for a couple of minutes.
04. Scott and Rebecca (talk) ------------------------------------- on the phone right now. They
(talk) ------------------------------------------------- on the phone for over an hour.
05. I (sit) --------------------------------------- in class now. I (sit) ------------------------------------
since ten minutes after one.
06. You look busy right now. What (You, do) ---------------------------------------------? I (work)
------------------------------------------ on my physics documents.
It’s a long and difficult experiment.
a: How long (you, work) ----------------------------------------------- on it?
b: I started planning it last January. I (work) ----------------------------------------- on it since
then.

Exercise 02. ORAL: Answer the questions. Use since or for

01. How long have you been sitting in class?

02. How long have you been studying English?
03. How long have you been living in this city?
04. We are doing an exercise. How long have we been doing this exercise?
05. How old were you when you started to drink coffee? How long have you been drinking
coffee?
06. How long have you been wearing glasses?

THE PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Present Perfect is used to express repeated actions in the past

Rita has talked to Josh many times.

Present Perfect Progressive is used to express the duration of an activity that is in progress

Rita has been talking to Josh on the phone for twenty minutes

Exercise 03. Complete the sentences. Use the Present Perfect or the Present
Perfect Progressive. In some sentences, either form is possible.
01. The post office isn’t far from here. I (walk) ------------------------------------- there many
Times.
02. I’m tired. We (walk) ------------------------------------------ for more than an hour. Let’s
stop and rest for a while.
03. Mr. Alvarez (work) -------------------------------------- at the power company for fifteen years.
He loves his work.
04. I (read) ---------------------------------------- this chapter in my chemistry text three times, and
 68
I still don’t understand it.
05. My eyes are getting tired. I (read) ----------------------------------------- for two hours. I think
I
will take a break.
06. Mrs. Jackson (teach) ----------------------------------------------- kindergarten for twenty years.
She is one of the best teachers at the elementary school.
07.Debbie is writing a letter to her boy friend. She (write) --------------------------------------------
it since she got home from class. It’s going to be a long letter.
08.I (write) ----------------------------------------------------- my folks at least a dozen letters since
left home and came here.

Exercise 04. REVIEW: Complete the sentences by using the proper forms of the words in
parentheses.

01. a. (you, have) Do you have any plan for vacations?

b. Yes, I do. I (plan) am planning to go to New Orleans.
a. (you, be, ever) Have you ever been there before?
b. Yes, I have. I (be) was in New Orleans two months ago. My brother (live)
lives there, so I (go) go there often
02. a. Where is Josh?
b. He (study) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- at the library.
a. When (he, get) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ back home.
b. In an hour or so. Probably around five o’clock.
a. How long (he, study) -------------------------------------------------------------- at the library?
b. Since two o’clock this afternoon.
a. (he, study) -------------------------------------------------------------- at the library every day?
b. Not every day, but often.
03. a. (you, know) ----------------------------------------------------------------- Don’s new address?
b. Not off the top of the head. But I (have) -------------------------- it at home in my
address book. When I (get) --------------------------- home this evening, I (call) -------------
--------- and (give)------------------------- you his address.
a. Thanks. I’d appreciate it.
04. a. Where is Juan? He (have) ------------------------------------------------- absent from class for
the three last days. (anyone, see) ---------------------------------------------------- him lately?
b. I have. I (see) ----------------------------------- him yesterday. He has had a cold, so he (be)
--------------------------------------------- home in bad since the weekend. He (be, probably)
---------------------------------------------back in class tomorrow.
05. a. How long (you wear) ----------------------------------------------------------- glasses?
b. Since I (be) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ten years old.
a. (You, be) ------------------------------------------------------------- nearsighted or farsighted?
b. Nearsighted.
06. a. Let’s go to a restaurant tonight.
b. Okay. Where should we go?
a. (you, like) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thai food?
b. I don’t know. I (eat, never) ------------------------------------------------- any. What’s it like?
a. It’s delicious, but it can be pretty hot!
b. That’s okay. I (love) --------------------------------------------------------------- really hot food.
a. There (be) ---------------------------- a Thai restaurant downtown. I (go) -----------------------
 69
a couple of times. The food is excellent.
MIDSENTENCE ADVERBS

The adverbs in the list usually occur in the middle of a sentence. The adverbs with an asterisk (*)
May occur at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

LIST OF COMMON MIDSENTENCE ADVERBS

Positive Ever occasionally*

Always already*
Almost always finally
Usually * just
Often * frequently*
Generally * sometimes

Negative Probably
Seldom
Rarely
Hardly ever
Almost never
Not ever

I always get up at 6:30. No afirmativo o dverbio vem entre

o sujeito e o verbo
You probably know the right answer.
She finally finished her homework.
They are always on time for class. Com o verbo To BE o adverbio vem
He was probably at home last nigh. depois do verbo

I will always remember her. Quando houver auxiliar o adverbio fica

She is probably sleeping. entre o auxiliar e o verbo
They have finally finished their work

Do you always eat breakfast? No interrogativo o adverbio vem logo

Did Tom finally finish his homework? depois do sujeito
Is she usually on time for class?

She usually doesn’t eat breakfast Na forma negativa o adverbio fica entre o
I probably won’t go to the meeting. Sujeito e o negativo (com exceção
always e ever)

She doesn’t always eat breakfast.

She isn’t ever on time for class.
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Exercise 01.

01. always Tom studies at home in the evening.

02. always Tom is at home in the evening
03. always You can find Tom at home in the evening.
04. usually The mail comes at noon.
05. usually The mail is here by noon.
06. probably The mail will be here soon.
07. often Ann stays home at night.
08. often Ann is at home at night.
09. probably Ann will stay home tonight.
10. finally Jack wrote me a letter.
11. finally The semester is over.
12. finally I have finished my composition.
13. always Does Tom study at home in the evening?
14. always Is Tom at home in the evening?
15. always Can you find Tom at home in the evening?
16. usually Do you study at the library?
17. ever Is the teacher absent?
18. just What did you just say?
19. usually When do you go to bad?
20. occasionally My son stays overnight with a friend.

Exercise 02. Respond in complete sentence.

What is something that ….

01. You seldom do

02. You will probably do tomorrow?
03. You probably won’t do tomorrow?
04. You are probably gong to do next week?
05. You hardly ever do?
06. You almost always do before you go to bed?
07. You have never done?
08. Your spouse occasionally does?

USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, ANYMORE

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ALREADY The mail came an hour ago. Something happened before

The mail is already here. now

YET I expected the mail an hour ago, but Something did not happen up to
It hasn’t come yet. this time

STIL It was cold yesterday. It is still cold today A situation continues to exist

from the past t the resent

I could play the piano when I was a child.
I can still play the piano.

ANYMORE I lived in Chicago two years ago, but

then I moved to another city.
I don’t live in Chicago anymore.

NOTE: Already is used in affirmative sentence.

Yet and Anymore in a negative sentence.
Still affirmative or negative.

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with, Already, yet, still, anymore.

01. It’s 1:00 p.m. I’m hungry. I haven’t eaten lunch yet.
02. It’s 1:00 p.m. I’m not hungry. I have--------------------------eaten lunch.
03. Eric was hungry, so he ate a candy bar a few minutes ago. But he is --------------------- hungry
04. I used to eat lunch at the cafeteria every day, but now I bring my lunch to school in a paper
bag instead. I don’t eat at the cafeteria -----------------------------------------.
05. It started raining an hour ago. We can’t go for a walk because it is -----------------------
raining.
06. Look! The rain has stopped. It is not raining -------------------------- Let’s go for a walk.
07. I didn’t understand this chapter in my biology book when I read it yesterday. Since then, I’ve
read it three times, but I --------------------------- don’t understand it.
08. I don’t have to study tonight. I have ------------------------- finished all my homework.
09. I started a letter to my parents yesterday, but I haven’t finished it -------------------------------
10.I started a letter to my parents yesterday. I thought about finishing it last night before I went to
bed, but I didn’t. I ------------------------- haven’t finished it.

Exercise 02. Yet and Still are frequently used in questions. Complete the dialogue by using
Yet or Still

01. Is Mary home --------------------------------------------------------?

No, but I’m expecting her soon.
02. Is Mary ------------------------------------------------------ in class?
Yes, she is. Her class doesn’t end until 11:30.
03. Has Dennis graduated -----------------------------------------------?
 72
No. He is still in school.
04. I’m hungry. How about you? Did you eat ------------------------?
No. Did you?
Nope, Let’s go eat lunch.
05. Do you ----------------------------------------- live in Fifth Avenue?
Not anymore. I moved.

Exercise 03. Complete the dialogue by using already, yet, still, anymore.

01. Has Bob found a new job --------------------------------------------?

No. He is ---------------------------------------- working at the book store.
02. When is your sister going to come to visit us?
She is -------------------------------------------- here. She got here yesterday.
03. Do you -------------------------------------- live in Pine Avenue?
No. I don’t live there ---------------------------------------. I moved to another apartment.
04. Is Ann home ------------------------------------------------?
No. She isn’t. I am getting worried. She was supposed to be here at eight. It’s almost nine.
05. I am going to have another sandwich. What? You just ate three sandwiches!
I know, but I’m not full ---------------------------------. I’m ------------------------------- hungry.
06. Would you like to see today’s newspaper?
Thanks, but I have ------------------------------------------- read it.
07. Did you try to call Peter again?
Yes, but the line was ----------------------------------- busy. I’ll try again in a few minutes.
08. How does Dick like his new job at the hardware store?
He doesn’t work there -------------------------------------. He found a new job.

USING THE PAST PERFECT

THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT

Present Perfect

I am not hungry now The Present Perfect expresses an activity that

I have already eaten. occurred before now, at an unspecified time
in the past

Past Perfect

I was not hungry at 1:00 o’clock. The Past Perfect expresses an activity that occurred
I had already eaten. before another time in the past.

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE AND THE PAST PERFECT

 73
Past Progressive

I was eating when Bob came. The Past Progressive expresses an activity that was in
progress at a particular time in the past.

Past Perfect

I had eaten when Bob came. The Past Perfect expresses an activity that occurred
before another time in the past

Exercise 01. Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect
or the past perfect.

01. I’m not hungry. I (eat, already) ------------------------------------------------------------------------

02. I was not hungry. I (eat, already) ----------------------------------------------------------------------
03. It’s ten o’clock. I (finish, already) ------------------------------------------------- my homework,
so I’m going to bed.
04. Last night I went to bed at ten o’clock. I (finish, already) ------------------------------------------
my homework.
05. By the time I went to bed last night, I (finish, already) ---------------------------------------------
my homework.
06. It was late. The party (start, already) -------------------------------------------------- by the time
I got there.
07. We are late. The party (start, already) ----------------------------------------------------------------
08. Carol missed her plane yesterday because of the traffic jam on her way to the airport. By the
time she got to the airport, her plane (leave, already) ---------------------------------------------- .

Exercise 02. Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the Past Progressive or
the Past Perfect.
01. When I left for school this morning, it (rain) was raining) , so I used my umbrella.
02. By the time class was over this morning, the rain (stop) had stopped , so I didn’t need
my umbrella
03. Last night I started to study at 7:30. Dick came home at 7:35. I (study) --------------------------
when Dick came home.
04. Last night I started to study at 7:30. I finish studying at 0:00.Dick came at 9:30. By the time
Dick came, I (finish) ------------------------------------------------------ my homework
05. When I walked into the kitchen after dinner last nigh, my wife (wash) ---------------------------
---------------------------------------------the dishes, so I picked up the dish towel to help her.
06. By the time I walked into the kitchen after the dinner, my husband (wash, already) -----------
--------------------------------------------- the dishes and (put) -----------------------------------------
them away.

Exercise 03. Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.

 74
1. a- (you, enjoy) Did you enjoy the concert last night?
b- Very much. I (go, not) I hadn’t gone to a concert for a long time.
2. a- (you, see) ---------------------------------------- John yesterday?
b- Yes, I did. It (be) -------------------------------- good to see him again. I (see, not)
------------------------------------------------- him in a long time.
3. a- Hi, Jim! It is good to see you again. I (see, not) ----------------------------- you in weeks.
b- Hi, Sue! It (be) ------------------------------------ good to see you again, too. I (see, not)
-------------------------------------------------- you since the end of the last semester.
4. a- (you, get) --------------------------------------------- to class on time yesterday morning?
b- No. By the time I (get) -------------------------------------------- there, it (begin, already)
---------------------------------------------------
5. a- (You, go) ---------------------------------------------- out to eat last night?
b- No. By the time I (get) ------------------------------------ home, my husband (make, already)
---------------------------------------------------------------- dinner for us.
a- How (be) ------------------------------------- it?
b- Terrific. We (have) -------------------------------------------- chicken, rice, and a salad. While
we (eat) ----------------------------------------------- , George Drake (stop) ----------------------
by to visit us, so we invited him to join us for dinner. But he (eat, already) ------------------
------------------------------------------ his dinner, so he (be, not) ------------------------ hungry.
a- What (you, do) -------------------------------------------------- after dinner?
b- I wanted to see a movie-Galaxy Invaders. But Jack and my husband (see, already) ---------
-------------------------------------------- it, so we (go) -----------------------------------------------
to see Ghost Ship instead. It (be) ------------------------------------------ pretty good.

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST

 75
FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FORM

arise arose arisen surgir, levanar

awake awoke awoken acordar
be was/were been ser, estar
bear bore born dar a luz
bear bore borne suportar
become became become tornar-se
begin began begun começar
bend bent bent curvar-se dobrar
bet bet bet apostar
bid bid bid fazer um lance
bid bade bidden ordenar, saudar
bite bit bitten morder, picar
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soprar
break broke broken quebrar
bring brought brought criar, gerar
broadcast broadcast broadcast difundir, transmitir
build built built construir
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned queimar
burst burst burst (romper, exploder) romper, explodir
buy bought bought compar
cast cast cast arremessar, lancer
catch caught caught apanhar, pegar
chide chid chidden (censurer) censurar
choose chose chosen escolher
cling clung clung aderir, unir)
come came come vir
cost cost cost custar
creep crept crept rastejar
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt negociar, tartar
dig dug dug cavar
do did done fazer
draw drew drawn desenhar
drink drank drunk beber
dwell dwelt dealt residir
drive drove driven dirigir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen cair
feed fed fed alimentar, suprir
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought lutar, brigar
find found found achar, encontrar
fit fit fit adaptar-se, caber
flee fled fled fugir
fling flung flung arremessar, lancer
fly flew flown voar
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forbid forbade forbidden proibir
forcast forcast forcast prever profetizar
forget forgot forgotten esquecer
forgive forgave forgiven perdoar
forsake forsook forsaken abandonar
freeze froze frozen congelar
get got gotten conseguir, obter
give gave given dar
go went gone ir
grind ground ground afiar, moer
grow grew grown crescer
hang hung hung pendurar, suspender
have had had ter
hear heard heard ouvir
hide hid hidden esconder
hit hit hit bater, acertar
hold held held segurar
hurt hurt hurt machucar, ferir
keep kept kept manter, guardar
kneel knelt knelt ajoelhar-se
know knew known conhecer, saber
lay laid laid por, colocar
lead led led conduzir, levar
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned apoiar-se, incliner-se
leap lept/leapted leapt/leaped pular, saltar
learn learnt/learned learn/learned aprender
leave left left deixar, sair
lend lent lent emprestar
let let let deixar, pemitir
lie lied lied mentir
lie lay lain deitar, jazer
light lit/lighted lit/lighted ascender, iluminar
lose lost lost perder
make made made fazer produzir
mean meant meant significar, querer dizer
meet met met encontrar
pay paid paid pagar
put put put por
quit quit quit deixar, abandoner
read read read ler
rid rid rid livrar-se
ride rode ridden cavalgar
ring rang rung tocar, soar
rise rose risen levanter, subir
run ran run corer
say said said dizer
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought procurer
sell sold sold vender
 77
send sent sent enviar, mandar
set set set por, fixar
shake shook shaken agitar, sacudir
shed shed shed derramar
shine shone/shined shone/shined brilhar, reluzir
shoot shot shot atirar, disparar
show showed shown/showed mostrar
shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk encolher, recuar
shut shut shut fechar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk afundar
sit sat sat sentar-se
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid escorregar, deslizar
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled cheirar
speak spoke spoken falar
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded apressar
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelt soletrar, significar
spend spent spent gastar, passer
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled derramar, entornar
spin spun spun girar, tecer
spit spit/spat spit/spat cuspir
split split split divider, rachar
spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled estragar
spread spread spread difundir, espalhar
spring sprang/sprung sprung brotar, slatar
stand stood stood aguentar, ficar de pé
steal stole stolen roubar, furtar
stick stuck stuck afixar, colar
sting stung stung picar
stink stank/stunk stunk cheirar mal
strike struck struck/stricken bater, esmurrar
strive strove/strived striven/strived esforçar-se
string strung strung afinar, esticar
swear swore sworn blasfemar, jurar
sweep swept swept varrer
swim swam swum nadir
swing swung swung balancer, oscilar
take took taken levar, pegar, tomar
teach taught taught ensinar
tear tore torn rasgar
tell told told contr, dizer
think though thought pensar
throw threw thrown arremessar, lancer
thrust thrust thrust empurrar, enfiar
understand understood understood entender
wake up woke waken acordar
wear wore worn usar, vestir
weave wove woven tecer
 78
weep wept wept chorar, lamenter
win won won vencer
wind wound wound dar corda, enrolar
write wrote written escrever

Definition of some of the less frequently used irregular verbs:

Bet wager, offer to pay money if one loses

Bid make an offer of money, usually at a public sale
Bind fasten or secure
Breed bring animals tighter to produce young
Broadcast send information by radio waves, announce
Burst explode, break suddenly
Cast throw
Cling hold on tightly
Creep crawl close to the ground, move slowly and quietly
Deal distribute playing cards to each person, give attention to (deal with)
Flee escape, run away
Forecast predict a future occurrence
Forsake abandon or desert
Grind crush, reduce to small pieces
Seek look for
Shed drop off or get rid off
Shrink become smaller
Sink move downward, often under the water
Slide glide smoothly, slip or skid
Slit cut a narrow opening
Spin turn rapidly around a central point
Split divide in two or more parts
Spread push out in all directions (e.g. butter on bread, news etc)
Spring jump or rise suddenly from a still position
Sting cause pain with a sharp object (e.g. pins or bite by an insect)
Stink have a bad or foul smell
Strike hit something with force
Strive try hard to achieve a goal
Swing move back and forth
Thrust pushes forcibly, shove
Weave form of passing pieces of material over and under each other (as in making
basket)
Weep cry
Wind turn around and around
Popular American Culture
Aspects of American culture are becoming increasingly popular around the globe. One can find
the icons of American culture nearly everywhere. Consider the worldwide presence of Coca and
Pepsi, Mac Donald and Pizza Hut, Mickey Mouse and Mickey Rourke, cowboys and jazz,
 79
American films and Disneyland. The spread of American culture has produced some very
incongruous television scenes of Third World protesters (usually young men) burning the
American flag or chanting ant-American slogan while dressed in T-shirts, Nike shoes, and blue
jeans. Although some people consider American culture to be distasteful, the general population
seems to like many of its forms. Even in Anglophobic France, the uniform of young upper-
middle-class Parisian women in 1990 was pure America-Calvin Klein jeans, a white button-down
oxford shirt, a navy blazer, Bass Weejuns penny loafers, and Marlboro cigarette.

COMING BACK FROM CALIFORNIA

This morning I met Jane in front of the supermarket and she said to me: Tell John not to wait for
me. I can’t go to the movie tonight. My cousin Laurent has just arrived from California. It is a
good reason to stay at home with him, isn’t it? I said that I would tell John. Now I am going to
meet John. His house is next o mine. Here he comes. – Hey, John! There’s a message for you. It’s
from Jane. – What is it? She said she can’t go to the movie with you. Why not?
Because her cousin Laurent just arrived from California. – I understand. It is all right. We will go
another day.

THE REAL MOTHER

Solomon was a king of Israel. He lived about three thousand years ago. Everyone came to the
King Solomon because he was very wise. One day two women approached King Solomon. One
carried a baby. The first woman said: We live in the same house and had our babies three days
apart. Her baby died in the night and she changed it for mine. This baby is really mine.

King Solomon turned to the other woman. She said, “No”! That woman is lying. That is my baby.
The two women started shouting. King Solomon said, “stop fighting”. He turned to his guard and
said: “Get your sword and chop the baby in two. Give one part to this woman and the other to that
one. The guard pullet out his sword. As he was about to divide the baby, the first woman
screamed, “Stop”! Give her the baby. “But don’t kill it”
King Solomon than said: “Now I know the real mother. Give the baby to the woman who has just
spoken”.

THE FAR WEST

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries many people from the east of the U.S.A began to go
west to look for new lands and gold..
They found small towns in the meadows and in the mountains. Some of them were lucky but
others were not. Some towns were abandoned and became completely empty.
 80
Now these “ghost towns “are tourist attractions.
At that time life in the west was very rough and dangerous. The Indians did not welcome the
white people who invaded their lands. Sometimes they attacked them with bows and arrows, so it
was necessary to carry a gun and wear rustic clothes.

The people who lived in ranches in the west were called cowboy. There were thousands of them in
the nineteenth century.

Cowboys wore scarves, hats, boots, and jeans. Often they held competition to see who the best at
roping a cow was or ride a wild horse or bull. These competitions were called rodeo.

Nowadays rodeos are very popular in the U.S.A. There are about five hundred rodeos every year
in the U.S.A. Modern rodeos have many attractions: folk dancing, typical foods, bands, clowns,
famous singers, etc…

NEW YORK

In 1524 an Italian navigator, Giovanni Da Verazano, was the first European to enter New York
harbor. In 1609, Henry Hudson sent out the Dutch East India Company sailed up the river, which
is now Hudson River. His report with the beauty and the wealth of the region attracted the
attention of Dutch for trades, who settle there to trade with Indians.

Gradually more Dutch settler arrived and it was named New Amsterdam. In 1626 the Dutch East
India Company appointed its first director, General Peter Minuit, who obtained permission from
an Indian tribe called Manhattan to use what is now called Manhattan Island, for 24 dollars in
goods. In 1666, during the war between English and Dutch, the English captured New Amsterdam
and King Charles II of England gave the colony to his brother, the Duke of York. Both the city
and the province were named New York in honor of the Duke.

Today, New York is one of the most important cities in the world attracting people from all over
the world to its museums, theaters and restaurants. If you like outdoors you can go for a walk at
the Central Park where you are going to see, for example, the Strawberry Fields – John Lemon’s
favorite spot and the Tavern on the Green – a luxurious restaurant in the heart of the park.
Of course, the statue of Liberty is also there waiting for you.

SWEET LIFE

In ancient times, sugar was one the most valued food products. It was used in India as early as
3000 BC. The consumption of sugar increased greatly during the time of the great world spice
routes. If traders had not traveled these routes, people in every part of the world would not have
discovered this marvelous product. Until the seventeenth century it was considered a delicacy only
for the very rich.
 81
Recently, however, some people have begun to question the effects of eating sugar. If people
consume too much sugar, the health problems will follow. It has negative effects on the body’s
nervous system, for example. Dentists say if that people consume less sugar they will have
healthier teeth and gums. Doctors also warn that excessive sugar in the blood is linked to diabetes
and if people reduced their sugar intake significantly, they would be less likely to experience
hardening of the arteries.

But what’s the probability of people reducing the consumption of this wonderful product? Almost
none. In England, Scotland and the Netherlands people consume sugar at the rate of over 50 kilos
per person per year. With equal parts of enthusiasm and pleasurable guilt, people all over the
world still look forward to that sweet taste sensation that sugar provides.

THE EURODISNEY THEME PARK

Before the Euro Disney theme park opened, it received strong criticism from anti-American
elements of the French media who accused the park’s management of behaving in an authoritarian
manner. Euro Disney was criticized for its policy concerning the way employees should be
dressed.
Female staff had to wear “appropriate underwear” Fishnet stockings and suspenders were not
allowed. Neither were dark lipsticks, leather trousers, miniskirts, false eyelashes, highlighted hair,
or very high heels. Male staff had to observe certain rules too. Hair should not be too long, and
moustaches were banned and they could not have either visible tattoos or earrings. Finally both
sexes should have equilibrium between high and weigh.
The dress code caused quite a stir. A governor inspector said that the dress code violated personal
liberty. An American who had applied for the job gave up after he learned about the dress code.
These kinds of attitudes have no place in France or anywhere else in the world.

LA Radio News
This news report is sponsored by Blue Cross/Blue Shield. There's some serious problems
in Arkansas. High winds and a tornado have sliced through portions of southern Arkansas.
People have been injured and some residents are still unaccounted for. Emergency coordinator
Bob Holly says rescue workers are on the case: "We had two ambulances set out first, and then
when they saw the damage, that's when they called in the troops." Homes and businesses have
been destroyed near a major highway at Dumas. A massive winter storm is sweeping through
the Plains and upper Midwest. It's dumped more than a foot of snow in northern Wisconsin.
 82
Seven people were killed on slippery roads. And 100,000 customers have no power in
Iowa, Oklahoma, and Nebraska.

Locally, police are trying to find a man who sexually assaulted a woman in Alhambra.
She described the suspect as about 5'11", medium build, wearing blue jeans, a black jacket,
black gloves, brown shoes, and a dark-colored ski mask covering his face. The woman was
waiting for friends inside an apartment when the man entered through an unlocked door. He
had a gun, sexually assaulted her, and then took her cell phone and left. The woman is in a local
hospital. If you have seen this man, please call the Alhambra police.

Finally, one person was killed when a high-speed train derailed near London. The cause is
being investigated.

English Is So Hard
Johnny asked Dotty how her first day in her Duarte ESL class was. It was terrible, she told
him. She understood little of what the Level 4 teacher said. He spoke too fast for her. She had
struggled through a Level 3 class at a Monrovia school.

When the teacher asked if there were any questions, she told him that she didn’t
understand most of what he had said. He told her not to worry; she could take the class again if
she failed it the first time. She didn’t want to fail it the first time, however, or any time.

He gave them homework the first day, of course. They were supposed to write a 300-word
essay supporting gun control. Of course, Dotty said, she could write that essay in her native
language. But there was no way she could write it in English. She showed Johnny the textbook.
The print was so tiny that trying to read just a few pages gave her a headache. On top of that
was all the new vocabulary on each page. “I'm going to drop the class,” she said. She wanted to
cry. When was she ever going to learn this language?