...

~--,-:

SPE 17824
FACTORS AFFECTING RESIDUAL OIL SATURATION AND ITS
DISTRIBUfiON IN A WATERWETIED TIGJIT RESERVOIR

DURING WATERfLOODING
.

BY ZHANG-SHEMiZDN:; . WU CHAOYU, ZHAO ZIXIAN

HU 1ANGUO. ZHANG MAOCHANG

CJWrn!Mi PETROLEUM E&O RESEAROi INST.

For a low permeability. wnter-wPt

re~~ervnit' und~r

quite a large amount of oi 1 remain!:; 1n the

recovered

ls

only

20-30~.

The pmount

nr

roi~b~

as

wutfr Flooding deve]opnu?rtt.

t'e~~i dunl

oil while the oi 1

res1d11nl niJ is fm' lnrger than lhnt tn thr

I

high

permeablllty reservoirs.

causes

of

~esenrch

this situation. One ts due

in. this article

to

the

fluence on residual oil comes from D the

2) the

granular~

litholoe~

r.ontt~nt

has

lllenti fled two

mojiW

or the reser'voir. Such in-

of medium to fine sand and st.lt:

sizes: 3) the reservoir pore throat sizes: nnd 4) the effective flu'l..

able pore volume. The four parameters are intf.r'rlependent, ench reflecting one
aspect of their relatlonsh!P to the residual oil. The

other~

PPlng force,. in the low permeabilitY reservoir on the

l~esidual

through theoretlcnl calculation that the

re:;~L~lunl

is the capillary 'entrn-

oil. It is indicated

oi 1 saturation

ri~es

up ar. the

permeabilitY goes down.

INTRODUCTION

This paper was prepared for presentation at

the SPE International ,Meeting on Petroleum
Engineering held in Tianjin, People's Republic
of China, 1-4 November, 1988.

.._.

.....

Vartou~~

types of reservoirs are fmmct in Chinft, and the

meabilitY is obvicus. Accord.Ing to th('l

stntistir.~: ..

meabillty reservoirs make up 30:-.: Of t.ht:

tl~tn.l.

For

the

in their per-

Jiffen~nce

in the low

h~'drocarf.~Gn

thn~~e L'e!~er-voirs

Pt~l"'

having litt"le

IW

no water-sensi tl ve mlnernl such as montmori lloni te and illite; usuallY the met.hud
. l)f
.

water flooding iS adopted for their development. This not onlY can increase produc-tion lntensl ty but also can enhanca oil recovery feom the reservoir'. The maln problem for this method is low displacement efficiency -- much lower than that of the

high permeability sand reservoir. People have shown mope and more extensive concern
as to the reason for this Phenomenon and what arl-:a the controlling

factOl~s

of the

distribution of residual oll. It has much to do with how to make a more l'ationnl Jevelopment of the large portion of

resL~rve5

in the low

Pt~rmeobillty

reservoirs. r.f,:::tn-

while, ln order to tap the potentialities ruld improve the Pt'oduction

of the low permeabilitY reservoirs where water flljOdinS is ulr'eady

efft::ctivt:~np~:~:

implemlmt~d, il

is also an urgeht need to ldentl fY the infllu?nces on residual oi 1. so that flPPru-

-

Prlate measures can be adoi)ted to achieve the goul of increasius

Pecovt:t'nblf~

rt-.!

core:::~ froth

1Lt~

serves.
.'-

Two steps have been tak8n to do tt.i s resenrr:h. fi l'St, to obtain

lYSiS

._.

make clear the influP.nce of

The second step is to use numerical strnulation calculat.ion to identl fy

of such f)Jr'esand the

stati~~tic
lttholo~ic

trt-otment nf the dnt[t from such u

r1nnlY:.~i:,

[.-,

fuctur:::: on the Jistrtbution of resiJual ,:,il.

th~orettcully

the influence of capi llnry entrappin& foru: un the distr'ibuttnn of residunl

(1ll.

FffiD DATA
'-

--2--

SEE 17 8 2 4

In order to

under~tanrl

the litholosic influence of

on the d1stribut.ton of resiltual oil. dnta

welh~

perm,~nblll

scale water flooding is implemented. Its major

pay

~urassic.

res~rvotrs

were dl'illed at Chang arng ollflrlti

1n the west of China. It 1s one of Ch.inn's low

Yanan group, lower

low permeabilitY

the

ty oil trncts where

zones belong to Yan-1 0

ln1'gL~

sandstone,
-3 1o
)Jill

TI1e avet' age oi 1 formation permeabi J1ty is 40 10

No water-sensl ti ve minerals were identl fled in the rock analysl s.- After water flooding, the permeabilitY decreased by 1'31: (the water volumP. injected was 200 times
sreate~

than the pore volume). After the study of sedimentnry rock hi stor'Y and the

reservoir

formations.

permeability;

~:,Part

r_easons from two aspects were tli scovered

lending tn the 1aw

of the low permeabiltty matrix Is mainly colllposed of sedimen-

tary rock. As a result, a set

ding

fiS

or

pure quartz snnd with abuut 98:. of quart: Ctnr:lu

flint) content was formed ... Due to the high hardness. the compactlon

during the inunature stage of the miJdle matured rock. The reductton

intersranular
COillPlexl ty

space was

mainly resulted

or

wrs~~

smnll

its prilllnt'Y

fpom the secondnry growth of the quartz. The

of the distribution of the pore thtouts wn~~- rormed when the intepgranulm'

space was further occupled bY the erow1ng quartz, ht!nce the PhYsical property of low
permeabilitY was aggravated. Another cause

or

minerals were dominnted hY old crystalline

sc.hi:::t nnd magmatic rock. The content of

various tYPP.S of

feld~~pat'

tht~

low pet'meabilit!' is thrtt the mntTU:

nnt.I debrts tn the snnd groups

l!~

ns hiSh as

30-40~

Comong

them. the content of lower' class fle::ihle mftnmorphic JeLr-is and sericiti:cd ftLi
~

spar

is 15-20x), while the quart::: content ts only 60-7n\;.

8t1 Cilll!:~e

the. surt unL1 hm . l

components wer'e mixed together, the impact of ntt?chnnica1 c,jmpaction was

at the immature stage of the middle matured rock. This can

defor'med intergranular entrenchment ant.I the

~~erious

space. The relatively developed tndur.ed dissolution

b~

obser'ved

vt~ry obviou~:

thrc.~ugh tlu~

dctluage of primary interSI'tH1tllnr

pore!~ r~~~ulted

from the

~:ulJ~;ur

face feldspar dissolution and kaolinizution is the low per-meabi 11 ty pore thr-ord

--3--

SPE

17 8 2 4

characterlstics caused by sedimentary condl tlons. In conclm:ton, there me t'two

factors leading to the

Im~

permeabi 11 ty and 1nw ponlsi Ly: 1) I.ow permeabil i ty onJ

low porositY caused by the cementation durin-~ the diuS8nettc process; 2) Hiilhl:t
"'

rm~med

arcHllaceous low permeabilitY sand zones

by the sedimentary condttlons.

The Pi lot production in Changqlng o.i lfleld showed that the mak-e-up ener-gy roc the
reservoir was rather weak. During the elastic drive phasP.. production and

pre~~~~ur~t~

declined considel'ably, and l t was di fflcul t to maintain stc1ble production. Aftet'

water flooding, the

~:1 tuat ion

was much improved. The oi 1 product ion per well per daY

and the recovery rate w.ere raist?d greatly. After the Pilot production war.
irregular inverted 9Gspot pattern w\th tlae

~~:11 ~~pnctng

or

t)

-:.

wells/km,

fini~~hed,

wa~~ appllt~rl

in the overall water flooding development of the oilfield. However, the nmount of
the liquid production tncreased wns rnther 1imi teJ, the effectt veness of .vate' tlri.ve
was rather low. As a result, once thet'e was wnter' production, tt was very d.lfficnlt
tomaintain stable production. In ot'der to 11nJerstunct the influence on residunl tH l
in the low permeability reservoir .. 8 data
of water breakthrough. 5 out of the

fl

hol~r.

were drilled tn thP. identtflerl z_ones

Llnta holes provtded complete sets of datn for

the studies. They were Llngjian-214, LinSjlan-236, Zhongjtan-9, WanSjlan-40 rtnd Lee.jlan-t 9. Cores

'.t~ere

obtained in 21 horizons. The total core length was t 49.13m. The

'

-J

overall average permeability was 32.2 10 Am CTab le 11. In order to obtain reliable data, large rllameter COPing c-core dinmetets 140mm1 wet'e applied. Tn t)rder to
avotd the influence of the dri l1inS mud,

r.hemlcah~ Jr~,~e

11serl dlll'1nS the

dr~i

lllm;.

and the tracing test was used to conftrm l:lte ~~ontnminnt ion of cores bY the dr- i 11 ins

mud. Only those unconto.mlnated cores were se] ected. Tn the process of sett tng the
cores to the gro11nd and cuttuis them and Plitt inS them into bottles ror examlnat.ton
there was loss in both water and oi 1 saturntion.

TiliS

Joss was caused by two factors.

--4--

SPE

1 7.8 2 4

------ -

......

One was the

--

--

desa~:sine

to surface. The othe['

nr the crurle oi 1 while the

w~

volati lizat i.nn

dw~

to

cut"'i.~

tr~ave 11 i ng

'.\las

tj tht! ail'

t~:-:pusurt~

from d1)wnhc. le
befotl~

was put into the sealing fluid. "In otder tl). have. n prrLct u:al est ilnn.te or

the

th~ C11ilDi lit L

of such loss. mttch field wot'k and laborcJtory tests we['e 11ndertaken .. Cuttt ne.
grading analysis, mercury fi llins . : -

. - ~ nnd

~:cr:nn i ng

L<:Lf!

:~ l ic in~~.

electron-microsr.oij:.

analysis were made wtth the core samples to fjcqnire thH relntiortshiP bet'Nt~en tht!
residual oil and lithology. In order to determine whether the snmples Leing

nnut:f:t~d

were of the residual

n.t~

1Ji l cor~: r:amph~s, wt~l1 t~~~~ting

was

ust~J

to cnlcu1nte

Jll

and water production in the formations where the cot'es rfime from. llnlY the c:ol"'e fre:u,
water producing zones were

consider~:J

as

oil core samples. Oi 1

r~sidual

analysed from such cores was considered as

re:::~ i dual

~~aturation

oi 1 saturation.

INFLUENCE Of LITHOLOGY

In order to make comparison and analYsis. the

conc~pt

1.e the ratio between the curt'ent oil saturation

of resldunl oi 1 ratio

"l./1

at reservorr conditions and

the

original oil saturation of the sample is introduced. The current otl saturation at
reservoir condl tlon is obtained tht"'ough

d~gassing

and volatilization correctlon of

the oil saturation of the sample. Obviously, the displacement e-fficiency shoultl be
1

-y.

Analysis and study show that the residual oil rntio after water flooding

1~1

mainly affected by the factors as described belowo

1. The influence of the content of medium flne s&nd and silt in the rock

Rock granularitY is an index reflecting the

frasm~ntal

di~~tribution

and uniformitY of the

rocks. E.xaminations of the samples shuwrd that sranulat'l ty was one of the

important factors affecting the level of t"'esidual oil rnt1o. 29 pteces of cme
sample!: were SP.lected to obtain datn. 111 regmJ h.1

re~adual

oil ratio and

~ranular!

ty.

--5SPE

17 8 2 4

.._.

Common sradinS stanciards wer'e nppl ted: mPdium snnd: o. s - n.2rinnn: nne
'-

~~on.t:

0.. 25

o.tmm: silt: 0.1 - O.Otmm. From FlSure 1 we can see thot there is a rather goorl sta-

. '-

tlsticol relati.onshiP between the

re~:idual

ui 1 r'utlu nwl tl"aP. fine sand tUlJ st lt PT

centage content .. The statistical formula is as follows:

I

y '"'

i.

0.. 0052 ~ .

where X, is fine sand and si.lt

0.3515

percenta~e

(1)

content (:;;)

It shows that the residual oi 1 ratlo tnc:reases

content rises up. Every

0.52~

t~

thn finP. snnd silt percentnse

n~~

increment of flne scmd and s.ilt content would ltmd to

increase of resldunl all ratio. Therefore, when the fine sand nnd silt cont.t:nt

is 100, the residual oil ratio can be as high as 87.3fr.

Another stattsttcal rormula can be established when the
age content on the residual oil ratlo ir.

1f' - 0.0105
where

X~

ls sll t per"r.:entase

inflw~nre

~:i

1t ppn

dll'.

mmt~:~e,.l:

(()

Xz + O.SSnJ

content

of

c~:)

Etuatlon C2) shows thut the rtse o-r

~~i

Jt content

hn~~

un outstanding

i nf1llt.~m - LC:

after flooding can be lOOx

._ .

2. The

lnflUI~nc&

We have just

of the grain size on

discw:~sr.d

and the influence of

\..,..

~;i

lt

percentage on
re~~ i dunl

the relationshiP between the

observed in Fi surt~ 2 that .as the

'-

,hml oi 1 ratio

separnte1Y t.ht! i tlfltlenc~ of fine snnd ''"d ::::i lt

have anyth Lng to do wl th the

show~~

ill~ ce~~i

the~ rr~~~illunl

0;:-:t-~: tht~

SI'Itir, :i:r-

oil rnl: i.J? Tt,t: rU1swr:r is nff it' lila I: i v~. fj gi 1r ~

t'F:~aduul

~Wain

oi 1 ratio.

pt:~rc.t:~tl '~k

sl:e

lji

1 r-iltio Rnd .srnin

.srow~;

~~i~:e.

Tt ::: cltr,rl::

lncger, the t'es i dual oi 1 rnt to di-

clines.
3. The influence

or

the reservotr rock pore throat s.ize on the residual uil

Well testing and productlnn calculations l.,rovPd 2J7 PiecPs of

Cllre sample~;

to hi"

--(.-"-

SPE

17 8 2 4

residual oil samples. Through calculat1ons based on the duta obtuined rrom tht! 237

samples, such curve as shown in Flgure J

-

wn~~

drnwn to

~:how

the relationshiP between

the residual oil ratio and the pore tlwout.ruJius Ci11 micron). From figure 3 we can

see that the resldual oi 1 ratio reriuces as the pore thront radius
tl}e displaceme~t efficiency

lnrget'; 1. e.

get~~

gets better. Meanwhile. the higher residual oll ratio at

smaller radius indicates that for water flooding ln the low per~meabili ty reservoirs,.
lt is difficult to displace the oil in thu small thuH1ts. tl&us the residual oil rallo

is higher. The statistical equation for Flsure 3 is as rollows:

y . 1 t 594 - 0. 3555r o. a.,,lo,

(3)

where'{' I_s residual oil ratio Cln decimal)

r is pore throat radius Cln Inlcron)

The displacement

efficiency~

1 ..

is obtntneu by 1 - Eq. C3)

0.3555ro....UJ

0. t 594

C4)

Equation C4) is the statlstlcnl equation r.howtng the relationshiP between thP displacement efficiency and the pore throut rad i U!~
meablllty reservoir ls ended. It

i~.:

ij

etts.ilY seen the

sreater wt th bigger pore throats than that

~Ni th

~~~r-

fl.er water flood! ng in u low

dJ~:placement efftrlt~nc~ l~~

i11wnys

smaller porr. throats. Si r~re

the value of the pore throat radius r is not difficult tu set. the displact=-ment r"ffi
ciency can be easilY .calculated wtth Equntit)n C4). nernuse 1( rP.presents

tht~

rrttiiJ

bet'lleen the residual oil saturation S0r and the oric!inal oil saturation S01' , ,-.tif'HI'Hd-

ly the
.._.

re~idual

otl snturat.ton S0 r ran

,J;;;:Jr O.l.-'1Sor = ,...~,.. ( 1 1594 - 0 ]t::t::t::

Therefore,. when the

.._.

b~ ~.~::pre~;:..~P.d

Ot'i~inal

by the followinS P.quatit"HI:

"'_,

oi 1 saturnti 011 ftnd ilVeruge pore throat rust us

11f d

r,::

servoir are known. the residual oi 1 saturation cnn be calculated With Equatiun r:.
4. Tile influence of effect l ve flowable

port~

Based on a mercury fllltng cuPve and the

volume on thP.

r-~ levnnt

r"t~~:i

dual oil

lftboratory duta, n

uwv~

sLnw i r~~~

--(--

SPE

178 24

mercury filled ean be drflwn. This r.umnlnti !JP

there are three sections 1n a curve. It

second and third
-
._.

cur~~c

Is

i ~: nnte\orthY

tt

multi -sr:ction

brol.t~n

lint

or n,l

thnt for the jt:nrt tnn

"0", the

cor~re~~pondine

pore throat

range of 0.5-t.n micron. It can be

ohser~ed ft'ljffi

Fisure 3 that when the pore tlil'ont

sectlon~~

f'[Ldlus i~:

wtthin the

h}lt as

radii are smaller than 0.5 - 1.0 mtcron. the

re~idun1

ot 1 ratio is

a~qn~.

It

mean~~

that for this type of pore throat .. even if wt th water flood.tng, the otl contni ned
. __..

is difficult to flow, thus this type of pore throats are called difficult to flow
pore throat .. Its percentage can be observed by the corr-e~:('ponJtng percentage
of cumulative mercury filled in the ordinate in Fie. 4 and

'-'

r~ecorded

fi5tii"P.

as V". Ve

represents the perce~tage of no1nblr. met"rur'Y out nf the total rtmo11nt of the
merr.ury filled.
In this way, a new parameter m\l 5 is introduced representlnS effective flownble

....

p~re volumP..

nt

is porosLty; Va. is the nownble Pl2t'centag,~. Thus mVe t'ePt'e~~l~~s the

value of flowub le oi 1 in the pnre thronts. ';!hen fi s. S is drawn, we can see that
there is a very good relationshiP between mV& and 'f
'-

low: the displacement effect

displacement effect becomes. poorer.

iS

When mVIl is high, 'f' vnlue i!::

good. As mV8 value red11ces,

Thet~efore,

'f

value increases; the

the displacement effect for a

re~~er-

voir is closely t'elated wt th the mV5 value. That pteans, when water floodi 11S is imP lemented in a low permeability reservotr, the

di~~placement

goes on mainly in the effe-

ctive flowable pore throats. It is di ffi cult to recover the oi 1 in those small pol'es
in which oil is contained but unable to flow out.

--

We have analysed the factors affect inS the residual ot 1 in terms or the flne sand
and silt percentage content, silt percentage content, granular slze, pore throat
size nnd e-rfecttve flownble pore volume. TI1e four llthologtc pat"ameters are re-

--8--

SPE

178 24

-._.

strained Ly and dependent on each

However, research has di scovP.t~e,t thnt the

other~.

dominant factor 1s effective flowab le pnre volume.

From the effectl ve flowable pore vol11mr. iutd

fi11e

snnd and silt contrnt r't"ltttiUt1

effect! ve flowable pore volume decrenses. Th i :~ shows thnt the incr'f.ment of tht:'

fin~

sand and silt content not only 1erlilS tn

rP

;~mallP.r'

containing spnce, bill:

nlSL) thr~

duct ton of effective flowable pore volume due to smaller pore tlu'out:.:.
The rock sranular sizes also have direct
voli1me CFig. 7). When the roc:k sranular

iltfll.n~ncP.

~~ize

on the efferti ve f1ownh1 r

becomes larger, both rock

void~~

l>nLt_'

nr1d

pore thl"oats are increusetH the flowable ~pace provided by the rock. also becontt~~~

larger; as a result. the flownLility of

. . _.

when the pore throftt size and the

01 l

and wnter hecomes srenter.

ObvitHt~~lY~

effect.ivt.~

nownblt! porP. volumP. curvt.?

i!~

similar relationshiP as the above ,. , i 11 be

dtmm,

ok~et'Ved.

We have analysed the i.nf]uence of r-eservoir' ror.k r.hnrac teri st i,CS on thf!

re:~ i

dual

oil and havn wr 1t ten out stat 1st1 cal e}:pressions fot' each parameter. nused on thnt ~

.._.

multiple

regre~slon

treatment 'flas made nnd, thr'ouBh studies of the stati:.=:tH:nl t'P.lrt

parameter~;,

tlonshiP between the residual oil r-ratio and these fiVP. lithologic
'-'

the

following result is Obtained:

"( .. 2.2955.- 1. 8408 1gmV1

- 0.159 1sr

li ty water -wet

9. 91

x. 1o-+ ;.:;

3. 907

l(

1n-~ :-:t,

n.326 lg~

re~~ervoi r.

Obvtous ly. this stnti s tical e;.:ptesslon helps to have a com-

--.

plete unde[~~tnndlng of the

quantitative charncteristlcs, useful in reservoir enstneer'tng analYsis as wP.ll n!.:

nume!" i cul

~: tmul atlon

factor::~

affecting the residual oi 1 and

COl't'8~pond1ng

culcu lal:i on.

--9-SPE

17 8 2 4

--- ------- .

..

CAPTU.. ARY. E~ITRAPPTNG EFFECT

. Capillary "'entrapping" effect wHs c.nlculflted based on the numertcnl

sram provided in literature Cl ).

"'-

shows that when the. permeabi.li ty is

Analy~ is
lm:~m"

~~irnulatinn

pro-

nf laboratory wettabtl i ty data rTab le 2)

than GO

:<.

.. )

'1.

t 0 }'lm , the absorbed

water

percentage is apparently hi8her than thP. absorbed oil percentage; tlte r'esut. . voir. .

i~:

..
water-wet. When the permeability is higher than 60 >< tO J_pm.
the reservolr

'-

neutral in wettablllty. The theoretical calculation is done with full cnnsidet"atiou

of

the~e

i~:

characteristics.

In his research of a water-wet oi 1 and water systf.mp Lund gave the re 1at lon~:h i p

...

between the oriSlnal oil saturatlon

Cdilllt'I1SloulP.ss) 50 ;

nnd the residtm1. oi 1 !:;a-

turatlon S"r Cdlmenstonless) as follows:

I

-----.a

s .
01

C is "entrapping constant"', i

r no

entrapp ins happens, S0r 0, c becomes in fi n.i tely

great. UsuallY c varies from 1 to 3. When c j s nLuve 2, the entrapping cnpaf.i ty

. weak. When c is apound t, the entr'nPPillg cnpacitY is

~~tr~ons. fn1'

thP.

i~

convenienr:i~

of

description, we put:
\.:...

A=----

._.

Wben A is big,
t~~ere

~ntrapping

(lJ")

capacity

1:. ~~t.rong. ~so

culculated. fly rutting rhe cnlutlnte.l

n~~;ul

11i ffr.rrn~ sectiun mn.it:l ::.:l Lt:iiiL:~

t i lltJ

l~quations

C7) and (8),

th~

--1n--_.

SPE

178 24

values for the different schemes can be obtained .. n11d

50,

and

SDi

'K~ith

th8

followin~ equat1or1:.:~

con b1-} obtained.

SoY'

sor -~------

(9)

s. = - - - - -

C10)

,_.

1 - S wtfl

where

s....

is residual oil saturation Cdecimal)

Soi is origln.al oi 1 saturo.ion Cdec imnl)

.....

SwtM is wetting phase minimum saturat.ton (decimal)

sOrt tng out the data, the fir~:t thinS

'llf: finLl 1s

that

I~~ strongt!r

capillary effect

in the smaller pore throat radius reservoirs CF.ts. 8). That means, smuller por'e

._.

._.

throat radius has stronger capillary fot'ce. Fis. 8 showr. that A value slope is
steep when the pore throat radl u~
rndlus

--..

blow 7 ,.,M m. Whereus when the pore throat

ls above 7 ..)4 m, the slope L~~comes ~;muother,. th11~~ i ntiicatHlS thut

entrapping furce
for'c~

h~

mainly

existS) tn

CiiP i

11 r1r'/

the ::~mnll Pt)['e t!iroRts. Capi llmy entrftPPing

eventually lfmds to the rir.e uf residu.al oil snturation CFig. 9). f1jr u wntd-

'-

wet oil and water system, it is the

~~eparatlon

phase on the non-wetting Phnsee The

non-wt~tt. ins rhn:.:~e

nuous medium. Obviously, such encirc1eJ nnll

and encit'clin8 effect of. the 'JH:tti&l8

i~~olatrld

is separated iHt1) a

dL~(Lj(Jti

oi 1 drops are d1 ffirull

tt! ht~

'-
di~placeJ

"-

,_

by the ifljected water nnd

t!Vt.~ntllctlly

t'emnin lrl the r'eservoir:~ n:..: r't-':~idwil

Oi ]

Tiif'OUeh theoretical analYSiS

layers in the .low

p~rmenbi li ty

WP.

cnn soe that because ~he thir.kness l)f the ~:itl{11t~

reservoll'S are not great C3 - 5m),. thr: tnfltlenrt:.

~~~f

.._.

--11

.SEE 17 8 2 4

----
... _..

.. -. -. ----- -

gravl t/'

t~

not obvious: the

re:~itlunl

oi 1 r ~tio value

brtJtt~~ht

tiuwn by

tjl'\rtvi I y i ::~ E1:~

'~

small as
....

1-2~.

Calculation nlso indicates that variattun of cyclotht.:m in

formution makes llttle difference -- tl,t:

tr.~~:idual

ui 1 rntio

dr-op~~

duwn

f.L SUiilt)

f1)['

oi.l

only

o.ax. Thus we can see that capillary entrapping force PluYs a dominant role in

tht~

low permeabi laty water-wet reservoi!s.

CONCLUSIONS

\. ..

1) For the low permeablll ty water-wet reservotrs,. the residual oi 1 formed undt:r
the condition of water flooding development is closely related to the characteri-

'-.

sties of the reservoir rock. The

-._.

parameter~,

as flne sand and

[~eservoir

~ilt percentu~P.

rock chmacterst1cs are

exprL~ssed

ns such

srnnular size,. pore throat

CI)Utent.

radill$ and effective flowable pore volume etc. Amqng

them~

the dominant factor 1s

the effective flowable pore volume. A detailed descriPtion of the quantitative rela,_.

tlonshlP between these parameters and the residual oi 1 ratio ls g1 ven with the dutn
obtatned from the cor'e samples.

\.._._.,

2) Theoretical annlysis in this arttcle concludes that the poor water drive Pffert.
cau~:r:d b~'

"-

nnd largf.: residunl oil saturation in thP. luw pP.rtnef1bilitY reservoir'S are

the :=:mall pore throat and the cnptllatY Ant:capping force. Therefore, how to reduce
cnpillary entruppinS force is ull

impur~unt ~:ubj~r.t

to deal wtth in wnter floodinS

development of the low permeabi 11 ty reservo1 r~:.

3) Theoretl ca.l calculntlon indicates that grnvi ty has 1i ttle effect on the

permp,ability reservoirs and, vor1attan of cyclothem

residual oll.

ha~~

no

lc~w

apparent inflttenre on

tht)

'-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"-

--12-,_

SPE 1 7 8 2 4

.......,.

...

(1) Han On

f~mm~h!lunn

Gunn Ren. XiP. XinC Lip PPNtiOU?r'irRl Simulution StttdY of

Oil and \linter Movement in the Heteroserwot1~: 01 eo phi ll c Snndstone Reservo ir::p.

n,i.
(i.r t tt

Petrulei Sinica Cin 01inese), t9Bn, voltlliit" 1, Mo. 3.

(2) Zhu Guo Hua. "'Annlysis and Geologic Sinlficnnce of
Diagen~}tic

Period in Sandstone, 1978, Collecteil

ploration and

Dt-~velopment Re~~etwch

Institute Cin

Pnpet~s

nf

Primnr~~ Mineral~;

rJf

Chan8~'ling Pr.l.r'oh~l.llll

th,.:~

r.::

Odnt:::~:t~~

.._

........

'-

--tJ-SPE 1 7 8 2/t

!..

Qj

f./1

,-.
u

---

guiUUll'JS

--

~I TO aA IJP JalUM
- - ..

.0...,

~r~

II])

..

. '6.

oJ

""'
t

oJ

"t

ti

't'

""

Oo

(J,

"("'

.....

"()

.;:\-

.....

...,..

"'C"

,.,
""

.:to

.....
o-

....

I~

(,

....

~ ....

....

;\

--4

~ a-.

"' <ro

'Z!

'

~i

~ ~
Qo..

'

...
~I,, ..,::.. .,.. ~~

~.

I
i

I I

I-:~~~
r
I
'
I

-r

Q,
......

r..

.... 1

-41

,...
~

11

1'\

...0

"

.:J.

0..

""'

"

""'

-4

J~~~
.......
......

!....,

CCI

IWI~ul

-4

\...,

Ql

"(

1---

..... 1"'4

1't-

* :::

""'! ':-

~~

- -1,, ....~I
......

,).

.:}..

..... .....

""....

-.....
--4

I
.....

'

"

..:t

::I

'

)..

(tj

~I-

:r"' .

QO
....,

.I. '. :. ~ ;, I, (.,

"

....J

I.])

QJ

.-4

.....
~
.....,

/'

I t

'
"'

r,..

I.

..:.

~ ~

,,
"'"t

......

r-

0'

..,.i
~::~jF:S ..... ~
...
....
-~~-- ~ ......,.,
~ -~
....U--4-J
...,.. ,..

~~-:
3:

)-

-:! Q-1~
.....:.' ~... ""~ "'ll't: . .
GIQ

(, r::- ~
..:..

"f'

"f

~ -~
,.:..

..c

~a-

.....,

IQ

c::

.... ~ ~ ~

'l.

..a

-(\

r1

'. .
~~.,.. ~ --I~
>-i ;: ):. - ,....,
IrS

i-4'~
.-ij ~
o-

"Qt)

.::

~:

"i ~ ~~ * ~J.
"''

....,

lt:l

-.

--1

::::. ,.....

' : I :!14
I -. ~j- ~ .. I~I i,~~~1'-1
!I -i.jo-~ c.;
ao.
~
~-1 ~. ".1 ' .......
i aol ~~ ~ ...... "4
!'I~,... N "'I I ....
""'I I "1- ~ N ..:;... ... ~ ~
I 'I
i

II

rI c:

~ >-

Q!

.. 4
.....
!

..:..

t..:.

j.

.,.,

""

Ia!)

OQ

t...

....~". ~

~d

- ..
L....

<lJ

. -t-1

......

a3

*'

-
'

'Q

..,

q:.

"""
~~

"

.,

,"Q

....,-.

-...I

'riO

.-

,...-

ao Q Q ~
">- ~ ):. }::.

,..,

, ..Q...

..,J

..i.

-.J

--

uon:JasUT4l
... _SUT-lS'2J

,_
I])

tj
: ..

......
0

ssau~J T4:t

. ='

.q. lJni-ntmJ!l

..

~ palliJ . m:J-Jaw- -

til

(d

1.11

-ffi

..0
lt:S
.-1
'tAO

c
........
-t-~+.J

~...-

~-i1.
Qjl

31:'

-
aJoJ

ssamp144UOTllllUJO.:l
I'J

.:: -a

'-

.
~

,q, Il 1f.}UaWJa(i r
.uon.ewJo.:l {

.......
-~~

.I
'I

..i

aJ

::;;&

SEE 17 8 2 4

.. __ Table .2
:

Permea.Pi li ty

rnnee --

L.

( 1o-~ _.,l,Lhl~ )

Av.era~E: . per:-

rto--J
menblll ty )
~ 1'1\~
- ...

Poros i tyc.%)
. Absor.b.ed

10- in~

1.!

. '-J. a

:?. 7

ir: ~

. i7. 2

a-;

IJ'?

;3. o8'

?f"

.l ..

"

.2

/ 4-o()

t~o-?oo

Ja6

Absorbed
otl(x)

'

.l.'

. .2.~

waferCx)

..

1- 4-

{t-.

r.., .

JJj

2"- a

~<:>

?.

l,'-

,7

~.~~

.2- -

='

r',

--------

-----

Residual oi 1 rntioC~)

90 .

---------- ....
)(

3 1~().(

)(

+->
"'J

'-

80

1,-

J .._.,/
~-'

' 70.
60
50

40
j

~0

Fine sand and si 1t

I

Fig.

contentc~~)

.X

-~
60
8~0 .
RelationshiP between residual otl ratio
and flne snnd and si 1t content

120!

50-

10 ..__ _ __...._ _ _.,___

.o.t .~-- . .0~2

~o.:l

grain stze medtancmm)

.
flS. 2 RelationshiP between residual
oil I'atio and grain si:e mcdiRn
.

...

SPE 1 7 8 2 4

----- ------------------

,...,

~ 1.0.

-0

.f:... o.si,
0

..

. .

-6
tJ.i
Cll

..

0.6i
0.4,

..
0.2/
01

2:

Fig. 3

4i

s:

10

12:

14,

16

Pore throat r~adtus Cin micron)

Relatlon!:~htp bet',t~een rer.idual otl ratio
and pore throe, t r~ad 1us

,-..

.. '

~~ 99

"0
Q.)

-r::

:::: 80
ct-.

fl\

50
30

1],)

:>

~
......
~

0.1
.3 4 5 6 7
125 i 62 . 31 . 16 7.8

M 9
2.0

]() : ll 12 13 14 15
0.5
0.1~ ---- 0.04 t/l
Porr~

Fi~~. 4

throat

RelatlonshlP bet',t~een r.umulatl ve

dtameter~c;-m)

mercury fi 11edC~)

and pore thront diameter(jJ'm)

SPE

17 8 2 4

Restdual oil

~atlo

0.9
:0.8

0.7
0.6
0.5

i6

; 10

1-1

12

Effective fl.ownhle pore vo1umeC~)

Pelationshlp between effecnvP. flownble
pore.. volume nnd re~~iuur.tl oil ratio

fjs. 5
I

10

Fig. 6

20 , 30

40

50

60
~llt

70

HU . 90 __ 1UO .

nnd ftne sand contentCx)

RelattonshlP between effective pore volume und

fine sand and stlt content

SPE

178 2 4

------. _

..... o

-----------

....

r,

"' 1~
= 16'

11)

::I

r-1

::>
QJ

c...
0

1-t

j,':l..

I]J
r-4

12

~
~

10

r-1

L&-

Q.)

:::-

Q)

,._.

~-

LIJ

""

grein size median Cmm)

~

0.1

FlS. 7

0.2

RelationshiP betv.JePn ,:offr.cti ve flownble pore

".olume and

st~ain ~:lze

median

<

:>.. -.

::: ~.0 1(..)

co
c.
co

Normal rhythmic oil fur mitt i i 1i1

x Reverse r"hYthmi c tti 1 formnt\ c!n

'0.)

c::

rhythmi c oi 1 formtttiCII
'-4 type rhythmic oi 1 formnlic~n

: 1.5

o \)

~"0

tyr~e

..:=
QJ
1.0

f.

..

0.5~-------+-~------~----------------~------~--_J
0

riS. 8

Relation~hiP

10

Pnte throat radius Cj'm)

hetween entt'aPPi ns and pore thrnnt rELJiu~~

SPE

17 8 2 4

-----------

~ 0.75

'""'

Normal

rhY"thmic oil foi'lllUti,,n

~Reverse rhy"thml c oi 1 formnt i ctn

o V type rhy"thmtc oil formation
I"'
.& W tYPt.~ rhy thnli c o i 1 Frwmr.d: u::r1
.

. .

. 0.4

flg. q .

0.8

1.2

I
. entru.pping capacity A

SPE

178 2 4