Project Based Learning Module

Solubil
ity
and
Solubil
ity
Produc
t
Const
ant
For Senior High School Grade XI

Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry

for life
is fun
is anywhere
is

Retha Aliefyan Rose

Chemistry Ed. 2008
Semarang State University

Salt Farmer from Aceh

Garamku Tak Asin Lagi

Dear Chemistry Students,

As we know, Indonesia is a country with many natural resources. Indonesia is
one of the richest countries in the world. But, its an irony. Indonesia still
imported some daily need like salt.
So, we make a documentary film about the salt farmer with garamku tak asin
lagi as the title. The film tell about the struggle of a group women who
maintain the

traditional style of

salt production in

the midst of

imported

salt from abroad in Aceh Province. Our film is entering a short documentary
film competition, Eagle Award, in Metro TV as finalist.
After watch the film, our desire is that you provide us with a simple way to
increase the quality of salt and help the farmers. After designing your
experiments, you will present your work to your class using multimedia and
discussion.
Should you choose, thank you for accepting this challenge.
Sincerely,
Azhari and Jammaludin Phonna
Nangroe Aceh Darussalam

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

Part I
Solubility (s), Solubility Product Constant (Ksp), and Its Realtioship

Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Explain the equilibrium in a saturated or slightly
soluble salt solution.
2. Write the Ksp expression of slightly soluble electrolyte in
water.
3. Calculate the solubility of a slightly
soluble electrolytes based on the data of Ksp
or vice versa.

Learning Material

A. Solubility (s)

What would happen if we dissolve one

tea spoon of NaCl in a glass of

water, whether they dissolved?

What if we continually add salt to it?
Whether NaCl could always dissolve in
water?

When the components of the solute is added continuously to the solvent, at

a certain point, being added component will not be dissolved again. This means
that the amount of solute that can dissolve in the solvent is already maximal.

No
.

Question

Answer

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

1
2
3

What is solubility?
What is the unit of solubility?
Write the equation of
relationship among solubility
(s), number of mole of solute
(n), and volume of solvent (V)

B. Solubility Product Constant (ksp)

What happens when a solution is already

saturated reach saturation?
Whether the process of dissolving stop?

Through the experiment can be proved that even though the solution has
reached saturation the dissolving process still continues. However, the crystallization
rate is equal to the dissolving rate, so the amount of dissolved substances is not
changed. In other words, there is a dynamic equilibrium between insoluble solid
with the saturated solution.
Equilibrium constant between the base and salt with saturated solution is
known as solubility product constants and stated as Ksp.
Before you write the expression of Ksp (solubility product constant) of
saturated substance, answer the following questions!
No
.
1

2
3

No
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Questions
Ag2CrO4 is the saturated
substance.
Write the ionization of Ag2CrO4
in water!
Write the equilibrium constant
(K) of equation no 1.
If the equilibrium constant of
saturated substance is expressed
by Ksp, write the Ksp of
Ag2CrO4.

Answer

Ag2CrO4(s) .......(aq) + ........(aq)

K = ................................................
Ksp.Ag2CrO4 = .................................

Individual assignment
The Chemical
The Equilibrium Equation
Formulae
AgCl(s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
AgCl
Ag2S
PbCl2
Ca3(PO4)2
BaSO4
AgCN

The Formulae of Ksp

Ksp = [Ag+ ][Cl- ]

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

7.
8.
9.
10.

Ag2CO3
Al(OH)3
K2SO4
Al2(SO4)3

If the saturated substance is symbolized by LxAy, write the ionization equation

and its Ksp expression.

C. The relationship between solubility and Solubility Product Constant

(ksp)
Concentration of ions in a saturated solution can be connected with the
stoichiometry of solution.
No
Questions
Answer
.
1
If the saturated substance is
symbolized by Ca3(PO4)2, write
Ca3(PO4)2 (s) ........ (aq) + ....... (aq)
the ionization equation.
2
If the solubility of Ca3(PO4)2
stated with s, write the
Ca3(PO4)2 (s) ........ (aq) + ....... (aq)
concentration for anion and
s
~ ......... ~ .........
cation..
3
If the equilibrium constant of
saturated substance is expressed Ksp Ca3(PO4)2 = ........................
by Ksp write the Ksp of Ca3(PO4)2.
or

s = solubility of substance in
water;

s = .............................
Individual assignment
No
The Chemical
.
1.

Formulae
AgCl

The Formulae of Ksp

Ksp = [Ag+ ][Cl- ]
= s

The Formulae of
solubility (s)
s = Ksp

= s2
2.

Ag2S

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

3.

PbCl2

4.

Ca3(PO4)2

5.

BaSO4

6.

AgCN

7.

Ag2CO3

8.

Al(OH)3

9.

K2SO4

10.

Al2(SO4)3

Exercise

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

1. Write the formulae of Ksp for the following chemical formulae:

a. CaC2O4
b. Ag2CrO4
c. AgI
d. SrCO3
e. PbI2
2. Calculate the solubility of Ag2CrO4(s). given that Ksp = 10-5.

3. How many miligrams of Ag3PO4 (Mr=419) that can soluble in 500 mL of water,
given that its Ksp = 2,7 x 10-11?

Homework

1.

Jelaskan pengertian kelarutan!

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

4. Kesetimbangan apa yang terjadi pada larutan jenuh AgCl dalam air? jelaskan!

2. 100 ml larutan jenuh BaF2 , menyisakan 17.5 mg endapan setelah diuapkan.

Tentukan harga Ksp for BaF2 , given that the relative atomic mass of Ba and F are
137 and 19.

3. How many grams of Al2(SO4)3 that can dissolve in 250 mL of solution , if Ksp for
Al2(SO4)3 = 3,2 . 10-34.(Ar Al = 27; O = 16 ; S = 32.)

Part II
Presipitation Reaction

Learning Objectives

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

Students can predict the formation of precipitate of a
substance based on its price Ksp.

Learning Material

Apakah yang terjadi jika ke dalam larutan Pb2+

ditambahkan larutan Cl-?
Apakah endapan terbentuk pada tetesan pertama?

Ion-ion Pb2+ dan Cl- dapat tetap berada dalam larutan hingga larutan menjadi jenuh,
yakni sampai hasil kali [Pb2+] dan [Cl-] sama dengan nilai Ksp PbCl2. Penambahan
ion Cl- selanjutnya akan menyebabkan hasil kali konsentrasi ion-ion tersebut
menjadi lebih beasr dari pada nilai Ksp. Hal ini akan menyebabkan sebagian ion-ion
tersebut bergabung membentuk endapan PbCl2.

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

No.

Substanc
e

The
concentration of
ion in solution
2+

1.

PbCl2

-6

The product of
concentration of
ion or Trial
product (Qc)
2+

Ksp

Precipitation

4 x 10-13

PbCl2
has not
precipitated
(unsaturated)
PbCl2
has
precipitated
(supersaturated
)
PbCl2
will have
precipitated
(saturated)

[Pb ] = 10 M
[Cl-] = 10-7 M

[Pb ].[Cl ]
= 10-13

[Pb2+] = 10-5 M
[Cl--] = 10-7 M

[Pb2+].[Cl-]
= 10-12

[Pb2+] = 2. 10-6 M
[Cl-] = 2. 10-7 M

[Pb2+].[Cl-]
= 4.10-13

[Mg2+] = 10-6 M
[OH-] = 10-4 M
2.

Mg(OH)2

[Mg ] = 10 M
[OH-] = 10-2 M

8.x 10 -12

[Mg2+] = 2.10-6 M
[OH-] = 2.10-3 M

Pada pencampuran ion Ay+ dan Bx- yang secara teoritis akan mengendap,
dalam kenyataannya kita akan mendapatkan 3 kemungkinan produk
Qc . Ksp AxBy, larutan belum jenuh
Qc . Ksp AxBy, larutan tepat jenuh
Qc . Ksp AxBy, terjadi pengendapan

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

Exercise
Given Ksp for BaSO4 = 1 x 10-10
, Determine the solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0,01M.
Solution :
Example
The solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0,01 M = x mol/L
BaSO4(s)

Ba2+

(aq) + SO4
2(aq)

Question

xM
~
xM
~ x M
Ksp for PbCl2 = 6,25 .10 5, should precipitation occurs if 100 mL of
Na2SO4(aq)
of
2 Na+
Pb(NO ) 0.005 M is mixed
with 100 mL
HCl 0.005 M
3 2

Exercise

(aq) + SO4

Solution

2The number of mole of Pb(NO3)2(aq)

= 100 x 0.005 = 5 mmoles
The number of0.01
mole M
of HCl~ 0.02
= 100
= 5M
mmoles
M . 0,005
~ 0.01
2+
3PbCl2
Pb
+ 2 NO
5 mmoles

5 mmoles

10 mmoles
BaSO4(s)
Ba2+
HCl
H+
+ Cl(aq) + SO4
5 mmoles
5 mmoles
5 mmoles
2(aq)
Concentration of each ion after mixed.
2+
a =M2.5 x 10-2 M 0 M
[Pb ] = 5Initial
mmoles /200: ml
[Cl- ] =Solubility
5 mmoles /200
: xmlM= -2.5 x10
~-2 M x M
2+

0.01 M
~ x M +

- 2

The trialEquilibrium
product or Qc
of PbCl2=
[Pb ]x[Cl
: (a-x)
M
M]

(0.01 + x)M
=(2.5 x10 )( 2.5 x10-2)2
-2

Concentration of= ions

at equilibrium :
[Ba2+
Qc (> / < / = ) Ksp , so ..
] =xM
[SO4
2] = ( 0.01 + x ) M ~ 0,01 M

Note : x is very small compared to 0.01 and hence the approximation that ( 0.01 + x ) M = 0,01 M is justifie
Ksp BaSO4 = [Ba
2+
][SO4
2]
............... = ........ ........
Intellectuals solve problems;
geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)
x

= .................

so the solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0.01 M is ..............................moles.L-1

1. Should precipitation occurs of BaSO4 ,If 200 mL of Ba(NO 3)2 0.025 M is

mixed with 300 mL of Na2SO4 0.05 M. ( Ksp for BaSO4 = 1.5 x 10-9)

2.

At 250 C, 20 ml of 10-5 M AgNO3 is added into 40 mL NaCl 10-5 M. Is

the precipitate formed on mixing the two compounds? (Ksp AgCl = 1,6.10-10).

3. Into a solution of 10-3 M MgCl2 with 2 liters in volume was added amount

of NaOH solid. How many mg of NaOH was added in order to precipitate

formed?
(Ksp Mg (OH) 2 = 10-11; Mr. NaOH = 40)

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

Part III
The Common Ion Effect

Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Students can conclude the common ion effect addition in a
solution

Learning Material

What happens if in a saturated solution of AgCl is added

NaCl solution?

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

As in systems involving dissociation of weak electrolytes, the common ion

effect is of importance in solubility equilibria. Le Chateliers principle prdicts a
decrease in solubility of saturated substance if either a soluble common ion is
added.
To review the effect of adding substance into the equilibrium systems, answer
the following questions!

No.
1

Question
If x M NaCl is added into AgCl
so it will happen two ionizations.
Write the equation of the both
ionizations!
Which is the ion of the product
NaCl ionization that influences the
equilibrium of AgCl?
Where will the equilibrium shift?
Based on the direction of shifting
no 2, What is the effect to the
solubility of AgCl?
Compare with the solubility of AgCl
in water!

Answer
NaCl(aq) ......(aq) + ......(aq)
AgCl(s) ......(ag) + .....(aq)
NaCl(aq) ......(aq) + ......(aq)
Addition of ion as common ion
AgCl(s) ......(ag) + .....(aq)
The equilibrium shift to.
The shifting of equilibrium caused the
solubility of AgCl
The Ksp is (in certain
temperature)

Conclusion

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

Example

Question
Given Ksp for BaSO4 = 1 x 10-10. Determine the solubility of BaSO4 in
Na2SO4 0,01M.
Solution
The solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0,01 M = x mol/L
BaSO4 (s)
xM

Ba2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)

xM

x M
+

Na2SO4 (aq) 2 Na (aq) + SO42- (aq)

0.01 M

0.02 M
BaSO4 (s)

0.01 M
Ba2+ (aq) + SO42-(aq)

Initial

: a M

0M

0.01 M

Solubility

: x M-

xM

x M +

Equilibrium

: (a-x) M

xM

(0.01 + x)M

Concentration of ions at equilibrium :

[Ba2+] = x M
[SO42-] = ( 0.01 + x ) M ~ 0,01 M
Note : x is very small compared to 0.01 and hence the approximation that
( 0.01 + x ) M = 0,01 M is justified.
Ksp BaSO4

= [Ba2+][SO42-]

...............

= ........ ........
x

= .................

so the solubility
BaSO4 in Na
is ..............................
moles.L-1
2SO4 0.01 M
Intellectuals
solve of
problems;
geniuses
prevent
them (Albert
Einstein)

Exercise
Given Ksp for BaSO4 = 1 x 10-10
, Determine the solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0,01M.
Solution :
The solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0,01 M = x mol/L
BaSO4(s)

Ba2+

(aq) + SO4
2(aq)
xM

xM

~ x M

Na2SO4(aq) 2 Na+
(aq) + SO4
2(aq)
0.01 M

0.02 M

~ 0.01 M

1. Given that Ksp for AgCl = 1 x 10-10, determine the solubility of AgCl in:
a. water
BaSO4(s)
Ba2+
b. CaCl2 0.005 M
(aq) + SO4
c. AgNO3 0.01 M
2(aq)
Initial
Solubility

: a M

0M

: x M-

Equilibrium : (a-x) M

0.01 M

xM
xM

~ x M +
(0.01 + x)M

Concentration of ions at equilibrium :

[Ba2+
] =xM
[SO4
2] = ( 0.01 + x ) M ~ 0,01 M

Note : x is very small compared to 0.01 and hence the approximation that ( 0.01 + x ) M = 0,01 M is justifie

2. The solubility of Mg(OH)2 in water is 2 x 10-4 M. Determine the solubility of

Ksp BaSO4 = [Ba
Mg(OH)2 in :
2+
a. Mg(NO3)2 0.01 M
b. NaOH 0.0001 M
][SO4
2]
............... = ........ ........
Intellectuals solve problems;
geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)
x

= .................

so the solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0.01 M is ..............................moles.L-1

3. The solubility of AgX in AgNO3 0.001 M is 4 x 10-5M. Determine :

a. Ksp for AgX
b. The solubility of AgX in water

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

Part IV
The Effect of pH

Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Correlate the relationship between the Ksp and pH.

Learning Material

Is there a relationship between the solubility of the

compound with the pH?
How can we calculate pH rates?

Solution acidity (pH) can affect the solubility of various types of substances. A
base is generally more soluble in acidic solution , and conversely more
soluble in alkaline solution. Salts derived from weak acids will be more soluble
in strong acidic solution.

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

Example

Question
Given the pH of saturated solution of Mg(OH)2 is 9. What the Ksp of
Mg(OH)2?
Solution
The solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0,01 M = x mol/L
Mg+2(aq) + 2 OH(aq)

Mg(OH)2(s)
pH

= 14 pOH

pOH

= 14 pH
= 14 9
=5

pOH = - log [OH-]

[OH-] = ant log -5
= .. M
Solubility = 10-5 =

=
10-5 =

Ksp
11 .22
(3 ) Ksp
4
Ksp
4

(1 +2)

Ksp = .
So, Ksp of Mg(OH)2 is .

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

Exercise
Given Ksp for BaSO4 = 1 x 10-10
, Determine the solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0,01M.
Solution :
The solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0,01 M = x mol/L
BaSO4(s)

Ba2+

(aq) + SO4
2(aq)
xM

xM

~ x M

1. The saturated solution Na2SO4(aq)

of Ca(OH)2 having
pH = 12. Calculate the Ksp of
2 Na+
Ca(OH)2!
(aq) + SO4
2(aq)
0.01 M

0.02 M

~ 0.01 M

BaSO4(s)

Ba2+

(aq) + SO4
2(aq)

2. How many
grams of Zn(OH)
dissolved
Initial
: a M2 (Mr. = 10) which
0 M can be 0.01
M in 10 liters of
-16
solution with pH = 9? (Ksp = 5 10 )
Solubility

: x M-

Equilibrium : (a-x) M

xM

xM

~ x M +

(0.01 + x)M

Concentration of ions at equilibrium :

[Ba2+
] =xM
[SO4
2] = ( 0.01 + x ) M ~ 0,01 M

3. The solubility of Fe (OH) 2 is 2 10-14 in water. What is the solubility of

Note : x is very small compared
0.01 and
hence
that ( 0.01 + x ) M = 0,01 M is justifie
Fe(OH)2 intosolution
having
pH =the
12 approximation
+ log 2?
Ksp BaSO4 = [Ba
2+
][SO4
2]
............... = ........ ........
Intellectuals solve problems;
geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)
x

= .................

so the solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0.01 M is ..............................moles.L-1

Lab Activities

Name or Group Name:

Date:

Purification of Salt

A. Objective/Purpose:
To purify the krosok salt in order to increase their quality and purity.

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools
pipette drops, 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask, funnel, 25 ml volumetric glass, 250 ml
beaker glass, filter paper.
2. Materials
salt krosok, HCl solution, iodine solution, distilled water
C. Experimental Design/Procedure
1. Step 1: Dissolution of Salt Kros

o The krosok salt dissolves in 100 ml of water, then stirred.

o Filtered the filtrate using filter paper
o Waste the salt impurities in the krosok salt.
2. Step 2 Preparation of Iodized Salt

o Added the HCl solution to the krosok salt filtrate until the precipitate formed.

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

o Make KIO3 solution with certain concentration for iodization process :

100 ppm (0.1224 g KIO3 dissolved in 1 liter distilled water).
o KIO3 solution is sprayed on the salt evenly. Comparison between the pure salt
with KIO3 is 50 mL of KIO3 for 50 grams of pure salt.
D. Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

The mass of NaCl .........................................................................................

Volume of water ..........................................................................................
NaCl concentration ...................................................................................
Ksp NaCl ............................................................................................
Volume of HCl is added ..................................................................
The solubility of NaCl in HCl solution ...............................................................
The resulting mass of salt .....................................................................

E. Questions
1. Write the reaction that occurs?
2. From the process of dissolving Krosok salt in water, whether it includes soluble
substances or not? Easy or slightly soluble?
3. What happens when HCl is added to the filtrate? Why?
4. What is your conclusions of these experiments (connected with the Ksp learning)?

Name: __________________________________
Group: _________________________________

Date:_____________

SELF-REFLECTION ON LEARNING
Spend a few minutes to analyze your performance on group and individual tasks.
Name:
Project Name:
Describe the project in
a sentence or two:
What is the most
important thing you
learned during this
project:

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

What do you wish you

had spent more time
on:
What big idea(s) did
this project help you
understand?
What do you wish you
had done differently:
What part of the
project did you do
your best work on:
What was the most
enjoyable part of this
project:
What was the least
enjoyable part of this
project:
How could your
teacher(s) change this
project to make it
better next time:
Group Name: _____________________________
Team Members: ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Collaboration Log
Collaboration between students can occur during class time, by email or on a
Wiki/Goggle Site. Documentation of this communication is to be turned in with
final project.
Date

Type of Collaboration

Subjects Discussed

Students
Signatures

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

Present
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)

Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them (Albert Einstein)