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HighdefinitiontelevisionWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Highdefinitiontelevision
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Highdefinitiontelevision(HDTV)isatelevisionsystemprovidinganimageresolutionthatissubstantiallyhigherthanthatofstandarddefinitiontelevision.
HDTVmaybetransmittedinvariousformats:
1080p:19201080p:2,073,600pixels(~2.07megapixels)perframe
1080i:19201080i:1,036,800pixels(~1.04MP)perfieldor2,073,600pixels(~2.07MP)perframe
SomecountriesalsouseanonstandardCEAresolution,suchas14401080i:777,600pixels(~0.78MP)perfieldor1,555,200pixels(~1.56MP)per
frame
720p:1280720p:921,600pixels(~0.92MP)perframe
Theletter"p"herestandsforprogressivescan,while"i"indicatesinterlaced.
Whentransmittedattwomegapixelsperframe,HDTVprovidesaboutfivetimesasmanypixelsasSD(standarddefinitiontelevision).

Contents
1 History
1.1 Analogsystems
1.2 DemiseofanalogHDsystems
1.3 Riseofdigitalcompression
2 InauguralHDTVbroadcastintheUnitedStates
3 EuropeanHDTVbroadcasts
4 Notation
4.1 Displayresolutions
4.2 Standardframeorfieldrates
4.3 Typesofmedia
5 Modernsystems
6 Recordingandcompression
7 Seealso
8 References
9 Furtherreading
10 Externallinks

History
ThetermhighdefinitiononcedescribedaseriesoftelevisionsystemsoriginatingfromAugust1936however,thesesystemswereonlyhighdefinitionwhen
comparedtoearliersystemsthatwerebasedonmechanicalsystemswithasfewas30linesofresolution.Theongoingcompetitionbetweencompaniesandnations
tocreatetrue"HDTV"spannedtheentire20thcentury,aseachnewsystembecamemoreHDthanthelast.Inthebeginningofthe21stcentury,thisracehas
continuedwith4k,5kandcurrent8Ksystems.
TheBritishhighdefinitionTVservicestartedtrialsinAugust1936andaregularserviceon2November1936usingboththe(mechanical)Baird240line
sequentialscan(latertobeinaccuratelyrechristened'progressive')andthe(electronic)MarconiEMI405lineinterlacedsystems.TheBairdsystemwas
discontinuedinFebruary1937.[1]In1938Francefollowedwiththeirown441linesystem,variantsofwhichwerealsousedbyanumberofothercountries.The
USNTSC525linesystemjoinedin1941.In1949Franceintroducedanevenhigherresolutionstandardat819lines,asystemthatshouldhavebeenhigh
definitionevenbytoday'sstandards,butwasmonochromeonlyandthetechnicallimitationsofthetimepreventeditfromachievingthedefinitionofwhichit
shouldhavebeencapable.Allofthesesystemsusedinterlacinganda4:3aspectratioexceptthe240linesystemwhichwasprogressive(actuallydescribedatthe
timebythetechnicallycorrectterm"sequential")andthe405linesystemwhichstartedas5:4andlaterchangedto4:3.The405linesystemadoptedthe(atthat
time)revolutionaryideaofinterlacedscanningtoovercometheflickerproblemofthe240linewithits25Hzframerate.The240linesystemcouldhavedoubled
itsframeratebutthiswouldhavemeantthatthetransmittedsignalwouldhavedoubledinbandwidth,anunacceptableoptionasthevideobasebandbandwidth
wasrequiredtobenotmorethan3MHz.
Colourbroadcastsstartedatsimilarlyhigherresolutions,firstwiththeUSNTSCcolorsystemin1953,whichwascompatiblewiththeearliermonochrome
systemsandthereforehadthesame525linesofresolution.Europeanstandardsdidnotfollowuntilthe1960s,whenthePALandSECAMcolorsystemswere
addedtothemonochrome625linebroadcasts.
TheNipponHsKykai(NHK,theJapanBroadcastingCorporation)beganconductingresearchto"unlockthefundamentalmechanismofvideoandsound
interactionswiththefivehumansenses"in1964,aftertheTokyoOlympics.NHKsetouttocreateanHDTVsystemthatendedupscoringmuchhigherin
subjectiveteststhanNTSC'spreviouslydubbed"HDTV".Thisnewsystem,NHKColor,createdin1972,included1125lines,a5:3aspectratioand60Hzrefresh
rate.TheSocietyofMotionPictureandTelevisionEngineers(SMPTE),headedbyCharlesGinsburg,becamethetestingandstudyauthorityforHDTV
technologyintheinternationaltheater.SMPTEwouldtestHDTVsystemsfromdifferentcompaniesfromeveryconceivableperspective,buttheproblemof
combiningthedifferentformatsplaguedthetechnologyformanyyears.
TherewerefourmajorHDTVsystemstestedbySMPTEinthelate1970s,andin1979anSMPTEstudygroupreleasedAStudyofHighDefinitionTelevision
Systems:
EIAmonochrome:4:3aspectratio,1023lines,60Hz
NHKcolor:5:3aspectratio,1125lines,60Hz
NHKmonochrome:4:3aspectratio,2125lines,n/aHz
BBCcolour:8:3aspectratio,1501lines,n/aHz[2]
Sincetheformaladoptionofdigitalvideobroadcasting's(DVB)widescreenHDTVtransmissionmodesinthemidtolate2000sthe525lineNTSC(andPALM)
systems,aswellastheEuropean625linePALandSECAMsystems,arenowregardedasstandarddefinitiontelevisionsystems.

Analogsystems
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EarlyHDTVbroadcastingusedanalogtechnology,buttodayitistransmitteddigitallyandusesvideocompression.
In1949,Francestarteditstransmissionswithan819linessystem(with737activelines).Thesystemwasmonochromeonly,andwasusedonlyonVHFforthe
firstFrenchTVchannel.Itwasdiscontinuedin1983.
In1958,theSovietUniondevelopedransformator(Russian:,meaningTransformer),thefirsthighresolution(definition)televisionsystem
capableofproducinganimagecomposedof1,125linesofresolutionaimedatprovidingteleconferencingformilitarycommand.Itwasaresearchprojectandthe
systemwasneverdeployedbyeitherthemilitaryorconsumerbroadcasting.[3]
In1979,theJapanesestatebroadcasterNHKfirstdevelopedconsumerhighdefinitiontelevisionwitha5:3displayaspectratio.[4]Thesystem,knownasHi
VisionorMUSEafteritsMultiplesubNyquistsamplingencodingforencodingthesignal,requiredabouttwicethebandwidthoftheexistingNTSCsystembut
providedaboutfourtimestheresolution(1080i/1125lines).Satellitetestbroadcastsstartedin1989,withregulartestingstartingin1991andregularbroadcasting
ofBS9chcommencingonNovember25,1994,whichfeaturedcommercialandNHKprogramming.
In1981,theMUSEsystemwasdemonstratedforthefirsttimeintheUnitedStates,usingthesame5:3aspectratioastheJapanesesystem.[5]Uponvisitinga
demonstrationofMUSEinWashington,USPresidentRonaldReaganwasimpressedandofficiallydeclaredit"amatterofnationalinterest"tointroduceHDTVto
theUS.[6]
SeveralsystemswereproposedasthenewstandardfortheUS,includingtheJapaneseMUSEsystem,butallwererejectedbytheFCCbecauseoftheirhigher
bandwidthrequirements.Atthistime,thenumberoftelevisionchannelswasgrowingrapidlyandbandwidthwasalreadyaproblem.Anewstandardhadtobe
moreefficient,needinglessbandwidthforHDTVthantheexistingNTSC.

DemiseofanalogHDsystems
ThelimitedstandardizationofanalogHDTVinthe1990sdidnotleadtoglobalHDTVadoptionastechnicalandeconomicconstraintsatthetimedidnotpermit
HDTVtousebandwidthsgreaterthannormaltelevision.
EarlyHDTVcommercialexperiments,suchasNHK'sMUSE,requiredoverfourtimesthebandwidthofastandarddefinitionbroadcast.Despiteeffortsmadeto
reduceanalogHDTVtoabouttwicethebandwidthofSDTV,thesetelevisionformatswerestilldistributableonlybysatellite.
Inaddition,recordingandreproducinganHDTVsignalwasasignificanttechnicalchallengeintheearlyyearsofHDTV(SonyHDVS).Japanremainedtheonly
countrywithsuccessfulpublicbroadcastingofanalogHDTV,withsevenbroadcasterssharingasinglechannel.

Riseofdigitalcompression
Since1972,InternationalTelecommunicationUnion'sradiotelecommunicationssector(ITUR)hadbeenworkingoncreatingaglobalrecommendationfor
AnalogHDTV.Theserecommendations,however,didnotfitinthebroadcastingbandswhichcouldreachhomeusers.ThestandardizationofMPEG1in1993
alsoledtotheacceptanceofrecommendationsITURBT.709.[7]InanticipationofthesestandardstheDigitalVideoBroadcasting(DVB)organisationwas
formed,anallianceofbroadcasters,consumerelectronicsmanufacturersandregulatorybodies.TheDVBdevelopsandagreesuponspecificationswhichare
formallystandardisedbyETSI.[8]
DVBcreatedfirstthestandardforDVBSdigitalsatelliteTV,DVBCdigitalcableTVandDVBTdigitalterrestrialTV.Thesebroadcastingsystemscanbeused
forbothSDTVandHDTV.IntheUStheGrandAllianceproposedATSCasthenewstandardforSDTVandHDTV.BothATSCandDVBwerebasedonthe
MPEG2standard,althoughDVBsystemsmayalsobeusedtotransmitvideousingthenewerandmoreefficientH.264/MPEG4AVCcompressionstandards.
CommonforallDVBstandardsistheuseofhighlyefficientmodulationtechniquesforfurtherreducingbandwidth,andforemostforreducingreceiverhardware
andantennarequirements.
In1983,theInternationalTelecommunicationUnion'sradiotelecommunicationssector(ITUR)setupaworkingparty(IWP11/6)withtheaimofsettingasingle
internationalHDTVstandard.Oneofthethornierissuesconcernedasuitableframe/fieldrefreshrate,theworldalreadyhavingsplitintotwocamps,25/50Hzand
30/60Hz,largelyduetothedifferencesinmainsfrequency.TheIWP11/6workingpartyconsideredmanyviewsandthroughoutthe1980sservedtoencourage
developmentinanumberofvideodigitalprocessingareas,notleastconversionbetweenthetwomainframe/fieldratesusingmotionvectors,whichledtofurther
developmentsinotherareas.WhileacomprehensiveHDTVstandardwasnotintheendestablished,agreementontheaspectratiowasachieved.
Initiallytheexisting5:3aspectratiohadbeenthemaincandidatebut,duetotheinfluenceofwidescreencinema,theaspectratio16:9(1.78)eventuallyemergedas
beingareasonablecompromisebetween5:3(1.67)andthecommon1.85widescreencinemaformat.Anaspectratioof16:9wasdulyagreeduponatthefirst
meetingoftheIWP11/6workingpartyattheBBC'sResearchandDevelopmentestablishmentinKingswoodWarren.TheresultingITURRecommendationITU
RBT.7092("Rec.709")includesthe16:9aspectratio,aspecifiedcolorimetry,andthescanmodes1080i(1,080activelyinterlacedlinesofresolution)and1080p
(1,080progressivelyscannedlines).TheBritishFreeviewHDtrialsusedMBAFF,whichcontainsbothprogressiveandinterlacedcontentinthesameencoding.
Italsoincludesthealternative14401152HDMACscanformat.(Accordingtosomereports,amooted750line(720p)format(720progressivelyscannedlines)
wasviewedbysomeattheITUasanenhancedtelevisionformatratherthanatrueHDTVformat,[9]andsowasnotincluded,although19201080iand
1280720psystemsforarangeofframeandfieldratesweredefinedbyseveralUSSMPTEstandards.)

InauguralHDTVbroadcastintheUnitedStates
HDTVtechnologywasintroducedintheUnitedStatesinthelate1980sandmadeofficialin1993bytheDigitalHDTVGrandAlliance,agroupoftelevision,
electronicequipment,communicationscompaniesconsistingofAT&TBellLabs,GeneralInstrument,Philips,Sarnoff,Thomson,ZenithandtheMassachusetts
InstituteofTechnology.FieldtestingofHDTVat199sitesintheUnitedStateswascompletedAugust14,1994.[10]ThefirstpublicHDTVbroadcastintheUnited
StatesoccurredonJuly23,1996whentheRaleigh,NorthCarolinatelevisionstationWRALHDbeganbroadcastingfromtheexistingtowerofWRALTV
southeastofRaleigh,winningaracetobefirstwiththeHDModelStationinWashington,D.C.,whichbeganbroadcastingJuly31,1996withthecallsignWHD
TV,basedoutofthefacilitiesofNBCownedandoperatedstationWRCTV.[11][12][13]TheAmericanAdvancedTelevisionSystemsCommittee(ATSC)HDTV
systemhaditspubliclaunchonOctober29,1998,duringthelivecoverageofastronautJohnGlenn'sreturnmissiontospaceonboardtheSpaceShuttle
Discovery.[14]Thesignalwastransmittedcoasttocoast,andwasseenbythepublicinsciencecenters,andotherpublictheatersspeciallyequippedtoreceiveand
displaythebroadcast.[14][15]

EuropeanHDTVbroadcasts
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ThefirstHDTVtransmissionsinEurope,albeitnotdirecttohome,beganin1990,whentheItalianbroadcasterRAIusedtheHDMACandMUSEHDTV
technologiestobroadcastthe1990FIFAWorldCup.Thematcheswereshownin8cinemasinItalyand2inSpain.TheconnectionwithSpainwasmadeviathe
OlympussatellitelinkfromRometoBarcelonaandthenwithafiberopticconnectionfromBarcelonatoMadrid.[16]AftersomeHDTVtransmissionsinEurope
thestandardwasabandonedinthemid1990s.
ThefirstregularbroadcastsstartedonJanuary1,2004whentheBelgiancompanyEuro1080launchedtheHD1channelwiththetraditionalViennaNewYear's
Concert.TesttransmissionshadbeenactivesincetheIBCexhibitioninSeptember2003,buttheNewYear'sDaybroadcastmarkedtheofficiallaunchoftheHD1
channel,andtheofficialstartofdirecttohomeHDTVinEurope.[17]
Euro1080,adivisionoftheformerandnowbankruptBelgianTVservicescompanyAlfacam,broadcastHDTVchannelstobreakthepanEuropeanstalemateof
"noHDbroadcastsmeannoHDTVsboughtmeansnoHDbroadcasts..."andkickstartHDTVinterestinEurope.[18]TheHD1channelwasinitiallyfreetoair
andmainlycomprisedsporting,dramatic,musicalandotherculturaleventsbroadcastwithamultilingualsoundtrackonarollingscheduleof4or5hoursperday.
ThesefirstEuropeanHDTVbroadcastsusedthe1080iformatwithMPEG2compressiononaDVBSsignalfromSES'sAstra1Hsatellite.Euro1080
transmissionslaterchangedtoMPEG4/AVCcompressiononaDVBS2signalinlinewithsubsequentbroadcastchannelsinEurope.
Despitedelaysinsomecountries,[19]thenumberofEuropeanHDchannelsandviewershasrisensteadilysincethefirstHDTVbroadcasts,withSES'sannual
SatelliteMonitormarketsurveyfor2010reportingmorethan200commercialchannelsbroadcastinginHDfromAstrasatellites,185millionHDcapableTVs
soldinEurope(60millionin2010alone),and20millionhouseholds(27%ofallEuropeandigitalsatelliteTVhomes)watchingHDsatellitebroadcasts(16
millionviaAstrasatellites).[20]
InDecember2009theUnitedKingdombecamethefirstEuropeancountrytodeployhighdefinitioncontentusingthenewDVBT2transmissionstandard,as
specifiedintheDigitalTVGroup(DTG)Dbook,ondigitalterrestrialtelevision.
TheFreeviewHDservicecurrentlycontains13HDchannels(asofApril2016)andwasrolledoutregionbyregionacrosstheUKinaccordancewiththedigital
switchoverprocess,finallybeingcompletedinOctober2012.However,FreeviewHDisnotthefirstHDTVserviceoverdigitalterrestrialtelevisioninEurope
Italy'sRaiHDchannelstartedbroadcastingin1080ionApril24,2008usingtheDVBTtransmissionstandard.
InOctober2008FrancedeployedfivehighdefinitionchannelsusingDVBTtransmissionstandardondigitalterrestrialdistribution.

Notation
HDTVbroadcastsystemsareidentifiedwiththreemajorparameters:
Framesizeinpixelsisdefinedasnumberofhorizontalpixelsnumberofverticalpixels,forexample1280720or19201080.Oftenthenumberof
horizontalpixelsisimpliedfromcontextandisomitted,asinthecaseof720pand1080p.
Scanningsystemisidentifiedwiththeletterpforprogressivescanningoriforinterlacedscanning.
Framerateisidentifiedasnumberofvideoframespersecond.Forinterlacedsystems,thenumberofframespersecondshouldbespecified,butitisnot
uncommontoseethefieldrateincorrectlyusedinstead.
Ifallthreeparametersareused,theyarespecifiedinthefollowingform:[framesize][scanningsystem][frameorfieldrate]or[framesize]/[frameorfieldrate]
[scanningsystem].Often,framesizeorframeratecanbedroppedifitsvalueisimpliedfromcontext.Inthiscase,theremainingnumericparameterisspecified
first,followedbythescanningsystem.
Forexample,19201080p25identifiesprogressivescanningformatwith25framespersecond,eachframebeing1,920pixelswideand1,080pixelshigh.The
1080i25or1080i50notationidentifiesinterlacedscanningformatwith25frames(50fields)persecond,eachframebeing1,920pixelswideand1,080pixelshigh.
The1080i30or1080i60notationidentifiesinterlacedscanningformatwith30frames(60fields)persecond,eachframebeing1,920pixelswideand1,080pixels
high.The720p60notationidentifiesprogressivescanningformatwith60framespersecond,eachframebeing720pixelshigh1,280pixelshorizontallyare
implied.
50Hzsystemssupportthreescanningrates:50i,25pand50p.60Hzsystemssupportamuchwidersetofframerates:59.94i,60i,23.976p,24p,29.97p,30p,
59.94pand60p.Inthedaysofstandarddefinitiontelevision,thefractionalrateswereoftenroundeduptowholenumbers,e.g.23.976pwasoftencalled24p,or
59.94iwasoftencalled60i.60Hzhighdefinitiontelevisionsupportsbothfractionalandslightlydifferentintegerrates,thereforestrictusageofnotationis
requiredtoavoidambiguity.Nevertheless,29.97i/59.94iisalmostuniversallycalled60i,likewise23.976piscalled24p.
Forthecommercialnamingofaproduct,theframerateisoftendroppedandisimpliedfromcontext(e.g.,a1080itelevisionset).Aframeratecanalsobe
specifiedwithoutaresolution.Forexample,24pmeans24progressivescanframespersecond,and50imeans25interlacedframespersecond.[21]
ThereisnosinglestandardforHDTVcolorsupport.Colorsaretypicallybroadcastusinga(10bitsperchannel)YUVcolorspacebut,dependingonthe
underlyingimagegeneratingtechnologiesofthereceiver,arethensubsequentlyconvertedtoaRGBcolorspaceusingstandardizedalgorithms.Whentransmitted
directlythroughtheInternet,thecolorsaretypicallypreconvertedto8bitRGBchannelsforadditionalstoragesavingswiththeassumptionthatitwillonlybe
viewedonlyona(sRGB)computerscreen.Asanaddedbenefittotheoriginalbroadcasters,thelossesofthepreconversionessentiallymakethesefilesunsuitable
forprofessionalTVrebroadcasting.
MostHDTVsystemssupportresolutionsandframeratesdefinedeitherintheATSCtable3,orinEBUspecification.Themostcommonarenotedbelow.

Displayresolutions

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Video
format
supported
[image
resolution]

HighdefinitiontelevisionWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Native
resolution
[inherent
resolution]
(WH)
1024768
XGA

720p
1280720
1280720
1366768
WXGA
1080p/i
19201080
19201080

Video
format
supported

Screen
resolution
(WH)

Pixels
Actual
786,432
921,600

0.8
0.9

2,073,600 2.1

Pixels

720p
1248702
876,096
1280720 CleanAperture

Description

Advertised
Image Pixel
(Megapixels)

1,049,088 1.0

Actual

Aspectratio
(W:H)

4:3
16:9

1:1

TypicallyaPCresolution(XGA)alsoanativeresolutiononmanyentrylevelplasma
displayswithnonsquarepixels.

1:1

StandardHDTVresolutionandatypicalPCresolution(WXGA),frequentlyusedbyhigh
endvideoprojectorsalsousedfor750linevideo,asdefinedinSMPTE296M,ATSC
A/53,ITURBT.1543.

683:384
(approx. 1:1
16:9)

AtypicalPCresolution(WXGA)alsousedbymanyHDreadyTVdisplaysbasedon
LCDtechnology.

16:9

StandardHDTVresolution,usedbyFullHDandHDready1080pTVdisplayssuchas
highendLCD,plasmaandrearprojectionTVs,andatypicalPCresolution(lowerthan
WUXGA)alsousedfor1125linevideo,asdefinedinSMPTE274M,ATSCA/53,ITUR
BT.709

1:1

Aspectratio
(W:H)

Description

Advertised
Image Pixel
(Megapixels)
0.9

16:9

1:1

Usedfor750linevideowithfasterartifact/overscancompensation,asdefinedinSMPTE
296M.

1080p
18881062
2,005,056 2.0
19201080 Cleanaperture

16:9

1:1

Usedfor1124linevideowithfasterartifact/overscancompensation,asdefinedinSMPTE
274M.

1080i
14401080
1,555,200 1.6
19201080 HDCAM/HDV

16:9

4:3

Usedforanamorphic1125linevideointheHDCAMandHDVformatsintroducedbySony
anddefined(alsoasaluminancesubsamplingmatrix)inSMPTED11.

Ataminimum,HDTVhastwicethelinearresolutionofstandarddefinitiontelevision(SDTV),thusshowinggreaterdetailthaneitheranalogtelevisionorregular
DVD.ThetechnicalstandardsforbroadcastingHDTValsohandlethe16:9aspectratioimageswithoutusingletterboxingoranamorphicstretching,thus
increasingtheeffectiveimageresolution.
Averyhighresolutionsourcemayrequiremorebandwidththanavailableinordertobetransmittedwithoutlossoffidelity.Thelossycompressionthatisusedin
alldigitalHDTVstorageandtransmissionsystemswilldistortthereceivedpicture,whencomparedtotheuncompressedsource.

Standardframeorfieldrates
ATSCandDVBdefinethefollowingframeratesforusewiththevariousbroadcaststandards:[22][23]
23.976Hz(filmlookingframeratecompatiblewithNTSCclockspeedstandards)
24Hz(internationalfilmandATSChighdefinitionmaterial)
25Hz(PALfilm,DVBstandarddefinitionandhighdefinitionmaterial)
29.97Hz(NTSCfilmandstandarddefinitionmaterial)
30Hz(NTSCfilm,ATSChighdefinitionmaterial)
50Hz(DVBhighdefinitionmaterial)
59.94Hz(ATSChighdefinitionmaterial)
60Hz(ATSChighdefinitionmaterial)
Theoptimumformatforabroadcastdependsuponthetypeofvideographicrecordingmediumusedandtheimage'scharacteristics.Forbestfidelitytothesource
thetransmittedfieldratio,lines,andframerateshouldmatchthoseofthesource.
PAL,SECAMandNTSCframeratestechnicallyapplyonlytoanaloguestandarddefinitiontelevision,nottodigitalorhighdefinitionbroadcasts.However,with
therolloutofdigitalbroadcasting,andlaterHDTVbroadcasting,countriesretainedtheirheritagesystems.HDTVinformerPALandSECAMcountriesoperates
ataframerateof25/50Hz,whileHDTVinformerNTSCcountriesoperatesat30/60Hz.[24]

Typesofmedia
Standard35mmphotographicfilmusedforcinemaprojectionhasamuchhigherimageresolutionthanHDTVsystems,andisexposedandprojectedatarateof
24framespersecond(frame/s).Tobeshownonstandardtelevision,inPALsystemcountries,cinemafilmisscannedattheTVrateof25frame/s,causinga
speedupof4.1percent,whichisgenerallyconsideredacceptable.InNTSCsystemcountries,theTVscanrateof30frame/swouldcauseaperceptiblespeedupif
thesamewereattempted,andthenecessarycorrectionisperformedbyatechniquecalled3:2Pulldown:Overeachsuccessivepairoffilmframes,oneisheldfor
threevideofields(1/20ofasecond)andthenextisheldfortwovideofields(1/30ofasecond),givingatotaltimeforthetwoframesof1/12ofasecondandthus
achievingthecorrectaveragefilmframerate.
NoncinematicHDTVvideorecordingsintendedforbroadcastaretypicallyrecordedeitherin720por1080iformatasdeterminedbythebroadcaster.720pis
commonlyusedforInternetdistributionofhighdefinitionvideo,becausemostcomputermonitorsoperateinprogressivescanmode.720palsoimposesless
strenuousstorageanddecodingrequirementscomparedtoboth1080iand1080p.1080p/24,1080i/30,1080i/25,and720p/30ismostoftenusedonBlurayDisc.

Modernsystems
IntheUS,residentsinthelineofsightoftelevisionstationbroadcastantennascanreceivefree,overtheairprogrammingwithatelevisionsetwithanATSCtuner
(mostsetssoldsince2009havethis).ThisisachievedwithaTVaerial,justasithasbeensincethe1940sexceptnowthemajornetworksignalsarebroadcastin
highdefinition(ABC,Fox,andIonTelevisionbroadcastat720presolutionCBS,MyNetworkTV,NBC,PBS,andTheCWat1080i).Astheirdigitalsignals
moreefficientlyusethebroadcastchannel,manybroadcastersareaddingmultiplechannelstotheirsignals.Lawsaboutantennaswereupdatedbeforethechange
todigitalterrestrialbroadcasts.Thesenewlawsprohibithomeowners'associationsandcitygovernmentfrombanningtheinstallationofantennas.
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Additionally,cablereadyTVsetscandisplayHDcontentwithoutusinganexternalbox.TheyhaveaQAMtunerbuiltinand/oracardslotforinsertinga
CableCARD.[25]
Highdefinitionimagesourcesincludeterrestrialbroadcast,directbroadcastsatellite,digitalcable,IPTV(includingGoogleTV,RokuboxesandAppleTVorbuilt
into"SmartTelevisions"),Blurayvideodisc(BD),andinternetdownloads.
Sony'sPlayStation3hasextensiveHDcompatibilitybecauseofitsbuiltinBluraydiscbasedplayer,sodoesMicrosoft'sXbox360withtheadditionofNetflix
andWindowsMediaCenterHTPCstreamingcapabilities,andtheZunemarketplacewhereuserscanrentorpurchasedigitalHDcontent.[26]Recently,Nintendo
releasedanextgenerationhighdefinitiongamingplatform,TheWiiU,whichincludesTVremotecontrolfeaturesinadditiontoIPTVstreamingfeatureslike
Netflix.TheHDcapabilitiesoftheconsoleshasinfluencedsomedeveloperstoportgamesfrompastconsolesontothePS3,Xbox360andWiiU,oftenwith
remasteredorupscaledgraphics.

Recordingandcompression
HDTVcanberecordedtoDVHS(DigitalVHSorDataVHS),WVHS(analogonly),toanHDTVcapabledigitalvideorecorder(forexampleDirecTV'shigh
definitionDigitalvideorecorder,SkyHD'ssettopbox,DishNetwork'sVIP622orVIP722highdefinitionDigitalvideorecorderreceivers,orTiVo'sSeries3or
HDrecorders),oranHDTVreadyHTPC.SomecableboxesarecapableofreceivingorrecordingtwoormorebroadcastsatatimeinHDTVformat,andHDTV
programming,someincludedinthemonthlycableservicesubscriptionprice,someforanadditionalfee,canbeplayedbackwiththecablecompany'sondemand
feature.
Themassiveamountofdatastoragerequiredtoarchiveuncompressedstreamsmeantthatinexpensiveuncompressedstorageoptionswerenotavailabletothe
consumer.In2008,theHauppauge1212PersonalVideoRecorderwasintroduced.ThisdeviceacceptsHDcontentthroughcomponentvideoinputsandstoresthe
contentinMPEG2formatina.tsfileorinaBluraycompatibleformat.m2tsfileontheharddriveorDVDburnerofacomputerconnectedtothePVRthrougha
USB2.0interface.Morerecentsystemsareabletorecordabroadcasthighdefinitionprograminits'asbroadcast'formatortranscodetoaformatmorecompatible
withBluray.
AnalogtaperecorderswithbandwidthcapableofrecordinganalogHDsignals,suchasWVHSrecorders,arenolongerproducedfortheconsumermarketandare
bothexpensiveandscarceinthesecondarymarket.
IntheUnitedStates,aspartoftheFCC'splugandplayagreement,cablecompaniesarerequiredtoprovidecustomerswhorentHDsettopboxeswithasettop
boxwith"functional"FireWire(IEEE1394)onrequest.Noneofthedirectbroadcastsatelliteprovidershaveofferedthisfeatureonanyoftheirsupportedboxes,
butsomecableTVcompanieshave.AsofJuly2004,boxesarenotincludedintheFCCmandate.Thiscontentisprotectedbyencryptionknownas5C.[27]This
encryptioncanpreventduplicationofcontentorsimplylimitthenumberofcopiespermitted,thuseffectivelydenyingmostifnotallfairuseofthecontent.

Seealso
Displaymotionblur
Glossaryofvideoterms
HighEfficiencyVideoCoding
Listofdigitaltelevisiondeploymentsbycountry
OptimumHDTVviewingdistance
Ultrahighdefinitiontelevision

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Furtherreading
JoelBrinkley(1997),DefiningVision:TheBattlefortheFutureofTelevision,NewYork:HarcourtBrace.
HighDefinitionTelevision:TheCreation,DevelopmentandImplementationofHDTVTechnology(http://www.amazon.com/HighDefinitionTelevisionD
evelopmentImplementation/dp/0786449756)byPhilipJ.Cianci(McFarland&Company,2012)
Technology,Television,andCompetition(http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521826241)(NewYork:CambridgeUniversity
Press,2004)

Externallinks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highdefinition_television

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16/08/2016

HighdefinitiontelevisionWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

History
TheItalianHDTVexperiencefrom1980sto2006inItalianC.R.I.T./RAI(http://www.crit.rai.it/eletel/20053/53
4.htm)
TheHDTVArchiveProject(http://www.hdtvarchiveproject.com/)

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoHigh
definitiontelevision.

Europeanadoption
ImagesformatsforHDTV(http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_299ive.pdf),articlefromtheEBUTechnicalReview.
HighDefinitionforEuropeaprogressiveapproach(http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_300wood.pdf),articlefromtheEBUTechnicalReview.
HighDefinition(HD)ImageFormatsforTelevisionProduction(http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3299.pdf),technicalreportfromtheEBU
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highdefinition_television&oldid=730403012"
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