CHAPTER 20

CELLULAR COMMUNITIES: TISSUES, STEM

CELLS, AND CANCER

2009 Garland Science Publishing

Extracellular Matrix and Connective Tissues

201

Bothmulticellularplantsandanimalshave_____________________.
(a)
cellscapableoflocomotion
(b)
cellswithcellwalls
(c)
acytoskeletoncomposedofactinfilaments,microtubules,and
intermediatefilaments
(d)
tissuescomposedofmultipledifferentcelltypes

207

Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutanimalconnectivetissuesistrue?
(a)
Enzymesembeddedintheplasmamembranesynthesizethecollagenin
theextracellularmatrixextracellularly.
(b)
Inconnectivetissue,theintermediatefilamentswithinthecellsare
importantforcarryingthemechanicalload.
(c)
Cellscanattachtoacollagenmatrixbyusingfibronectin,anintegral
membraneprotein.
(d)
Proteoglycanscanresistcompressionintheextracellularmatrix.

208

Amajordistinctionbetweentheconnectivetissuesinananimalandothermain
tissuetypessuchasepithelium,nervoustissue,ormuscleis_______________.
(a)
theabilityofconnectivetissuecellssuchasfibroblaststochangeshape
(b)
theamountofextracellularmatrixinconnectivetissues
(c)
theabilityofconnectivetissuestowithstandmechanicalstresses
(d)
thenumerousconnectionsthatconnectivetissuecellsmakewitheach
other

209

Whatarethemainstructuresprovidingtensilestrengthinthefollowing?
A.
animalconnectivetissue
B.
animalepidermis

2010 Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Explainyouranswer.
Likemanyotherextracellularproteins,newlysynthesizedcollagen
moleculesundergoposttranslationalprocessinginsidethecellto

convertthemintotheirmatureform;theyarethensecretedand
selfassembleintofibrilsintheextracellularspace.
2011 Fibroblastsorganizethecollagenoftheextracellularmatrixby______________.
(a)
cuttingandrejoiningthefibrils
(b)
processingprocollagenintocollagen
(c)
twistingfibrilstogethertomakeropelikefibers
(d)
pullingthecollagenintosheetsorcablesafterithasbeensecreted
2012 MatchthefourletteredlinesinFigureQ2012withtheappropriatenumbered
label.

FigureQ2012
1.integrin
2.actin
3.collagen
4.fibronectin
2013 Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutintegrinsisfalse?
(a)
Integrinsuseadaptorproteinstointeractwiththemicrotubule
cytoskeleton.
(b)
Integrinscanswitchtoanactivatedstatebybindingtoanextracellular
matrixmolecule.
(c)
Integrinscanswitchtoanactivatedstatebybindingtoanintracellular
protein.
(d)
Anactivatedintegrinmoleculetakesonanextendedconformation.
2014 Proteoglycansintheextracellularmatrixofanimaltissues________________.
(a)
chieflyprovidetensilestrength
(b)
allowcartilagetoresistcompression

(c)
(d)

arelinkedtomicrotubulesthroughtheplasmamembrane
arepolysaccharidescomposedofglucosesubunits

2015 Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalse?
(a)
Proteoglycanscanactasfilterstoregulatewhichmoleculespassthrough
theextracellularmedium.
(b)
Thenegativechargeassociatedwithproteoglycansattractscations,which
causewatertobesuckedintotheextracellularmatrix.
(c)
Proteoglycansareamajorcomponentofcompactconnectivetissuesbut
arerelativelyunimportantinwaterytissuessuchasthejellylikesubstance
intheinterioroftheeye.
(d)
Glycosaminoglycansarecomponentsofproteoglycan.

Epithelial Sheets and Cell Junctions

2016 Foreachofthefollowingsentences,fillintheblankswiththebestwordorphrase
selectedfromthelistbelow.Notallwordsorphraseswillbeused;useeachword
orphraseonlyonce.
__________________ join the intermediate filaments in one cell to
those in the neighboring cell. __________________ anchor
intermediate filaments in a cell to the extracellular matrix.
__________________ involve cadherin connections between
neighboring cells and are anchorage sites for actin filaments.
__________________permit the passage of small molecules from
one cell to its adjacent cell. __________________ prevent the
leakage of molecules between adjacent cells.
adherens junctions
desmosomes

gap junctions
hemidesmosomes

highway junctions
tight junctions

2017 LabelthefivedifferenttypesofcellcelljunctionshowninFigureQ2117,and
identifytheapicalandbasalsurfacesoftheepithelium.

Figure Q20-17
2018 Matchthemolecules(list1)withthecellstructuresinwhichtheyareinvolved
(list2).Acellstructuremaybelistedmoreorlessthanonce.

2019 Abasallamina______________________.
(a)
isathinlayerofconnectivetissuecellsandmatrixunderlyingan
epithelium
(b)
isathinlayerofextracellularmatrixunderlyinganepithelium
(c)
isattachedtotheapicalsurfaceofanepithelium
(d)
separatesepithelialcellsfromeachother
2020 Tightjunctions______________________.
(a)
allowsmallwatersolublemoleculestopassfromcelltocell
(b)
interactwiththeintermediatefilamentsinsidethecell
(c)
areformedfromclaudinsandoccludins
(d)
arefoundincellsinconnectivetissues

2021 Adherensjunctions______________________.
(a)
canbeusedtobendepithelialsheetsintotubes
(b)
aremostoftenfoundatthebasalsurfaceofcells
(c)
arefoundonlyinadulttissues
(d)
involvefibronectinandintegrininteractions
2022 Atdesmosomes,cadherinmoleculesareconnectedto________________.
(a)
actinfilaments
(b)
intermediatefilaments
(c)
microtubules
(d)
gapjunctions
2023 Hemidesmosomesareimportantfor______________________.
(a)
tubulationofepithelialsheets
(b)
linkagestoglycosaminoglycans
(c)
formingthebasallamina
(d)
attachingepithelialcellstotheextracellularmatrix
2024 Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutgapjunctionsisfalse?
(a)
Gapjunctionsaremadeofconnexons.
(b)
Moleculesupto1000daltonsinmolecularweightcanmoveacrossgap
junctions.
(c)
Becausegapjunctionsdonotallowionstopassthrough,theyarenotused
forelectricallycouplingcells.
(d)
Gapjunctionscancloseinresponsetoextracellularsignals.
2025 Whichtypeofjunctioninvolvesaconnectiontotheactincytoskeleton?
(a)
adherensjunctions
(b)
desmosomes
(c)
tightjunctions
(d)
gapjunctions
2026 Whichtypeofjunctioncontributesthemosttothepolarizationofepithelialcells?
(a)
adherensjunctions
(b)
desmosomes
(c)
tightjunctions
(d)
gapjunctions
2027 Cadherins______________________.
(a)
areusedtotransferproteinsfromonecelltoanother
(b)
mediatecellcellattachmentsthroughhomophilicinteractions
(c)
areabundantintheplantcellwall
(d)
bindtocollagenfibrils

Tissue Maintenance and Renewal

2032 Cellsthatareterminallydifferentiated______________________.
(a)
willundergoapoptosiswithinafewdays
(b)
cannolongerundergocelldivision
(c)
areunabletomove
(d)
nolongerproduceRNAs
2034 Mouseembryonicstem(ES)cells______________________.
(a)
canonlybeproducedthroughtherapeuticcloning
(b)
cangiverisetoalltissuesandcelltypesinthebodyexceptgermcells
(c)
canbeimplantedinfostermotherstoproduceclonedcowsandother
animals
(d)
comefromtheinnercellmassofearlyembryos
2035 Howdoreproductivecloningandtherapeuticcloningdiffer?
(a)
TheDNAinthenucleusofcellsproducedfortherapeuticcloningis
geneticallyidenticaltothedonorgenome,whereasincellsproducedfor
reproductivecloningitisnot.
(b)
Reproductivecloningrequiresasupplyoffertilizeddonoreggcells,
whereastherapeuticcloningrequiresunfertilizedeggcells.
(c)
Therapeuticcloningrequiresnucleartransplantation,whereasreproductive
cloningdoesnot.
(d)
Embryosareplacedintofostermothersduringreproductivecloningbut
notduringtherapeuticcloning.
2036 Inducedpluripotentstem(iPS)cells______________________.
(a)
arecreatedbytheexpressionofasetofkeygenesincellsderivedfrom
adulttissuessothatthesecellscandifferentiateintoavarietyofcelltypes
(b)
requireasupplyofdonoreggcells,suchasembryonicstemcells
(c)
candifferentiateintoagreatervarietyofadulttissuesthanembryonicstem
cells
(d)
arecreatedbynucleartransplantation
2037 Astemcelldividesintotwodaughtercells.Oneofthedaughtercellsgoesonto
becomeaterminallydifferentiatedcell.Whatisthetypicalfateoftheother
daughter cell?
2038 YourfriendisapioneerinEScellresearch.Inherresearch,sheusesanEScell
linethatoriginatedfromaninbredstrainoflaboratorymicecalledFG426.She
hasjustfiguredoutmethodsthatallowhertogrowanentireliverfromanEScell
andhassuccessfullygrown10livers.Shedemonstratesthatthenewlygrown
liversarefunctionalbysuccessfullytransplantingoneofthenewliversintoa
FG426laboratorymouse.

Youareparticularlyexcitedaboutthis,becauseyouhaveasickpetmouse,
Squeaky.YouareveryattachedtoSqueaky,asyoufoundhimwhenyouwereout
campinginNewHampshire.Unfortunately,Squeakyhasdevelopedliverdisease
andwillnotlivemuchlongerwithoutalivertransplant.Afteryouseeyourfriend
onTVtalkingabouthernewmethodforgrowingmouselivers,youimmediately
grabyourcellphonetoaskherwhetherSqueakycouldhaveoneofthenewly
grownlivers.Justasyouareabouttodialyourfriend,youremembersomething
youlearnedincellbiologyandrealizethatinstead,youshouldaskyourfriend
aboutpossiblyusingtherapeuticcloningforSqueakysbenefit.
A.
Whydoyouthinkthatoneofthenewlygrownliversmaynotworkin
Squeaky?
B.
Explainwhytherapeuticcloningwouldsolvethisproblem.

Cancer
2039 Amalignanttumorismoredangerousthanabenigntumorbecause
______________________.
(a)
itscellsareproliferatingfaster
(b)
itcausesneighboringcellstomutate
(c)
itscellsattackandphagocytoseneighboringnormaltissuecells
(d)
itscellsinvadeothertissues
2040 Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcancerisfalse?
(a)
Virusescausesomecancers.
(b)
Tobaccouseisresponsibleformorethan20%ofallcancerdeaths.
(c)
Amutationinevenasinglecancercriticalgeneissufficienttoconverta
normalcellintoacancercell.
(d)
Chemicalcarcinogenscausecancerbychangingthenucleotidesequence
ofDNA.
2041 Cancerisadiseaseofenhancedproliferationandcellsurvival.DNArepair
mechanisms are normally important for cell survival. When a cell senses DNA
damage, the cell cycle is inhibited until the damage is fixed. Given the importance
of DNA repair mechanisms, how can their failure can lead to the production of
cancer cells with a competitive advantage over normal cells?
2042 Whichofthefollowinggeneticchangescannotconvertaprotooncogeneintoan
oncogene?
(a)
Amutationthatintroducesastopcodonimmediatelyafterthecodonfor
theinitiatormethionine.
(b)
Amutationwithinthecodingsequencethatmakestheproteinhyperactive.
(c)
Anamplificationofthenumberofcopiesoftheprotooncogene,causing
overproductionofthenormalprotein.

(d)

Amutationinthepromoteroftheprotooncogene,causingthenormal
proteintobetranscribedandtranslatedatanabnormallyhighlevel.

2043 Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttumorsuppressorgenesisfalse?
(a)
Geneamplificationofatumorsuppressorgeneislessdangerousthangene
amplificationofaprotooncogene.
(b)
Cellswithonefunctionalcopyofatumorsuppressorgenewillusually
proliferatefasterthannormalcells.
(c)
Inactivationoftumorsuppressorgenesleadstoenhancedcellsurvivaland
proliferation.
(d)
Individualswithonlyonefunctionalcopyofatumorsuppressorgeneare
morepronetocancerthanindividualswithtwofunctionalcopiesofa
tumorsuppressorgene.
2044 Acertainmutationinthereceptorforepidermalgrowthfactor(EGF)causesthe
mutatedreceptorproteintosendapositivesignalalongtheassociated
intracellularsignalingpathwayevenwhentheEGFligandisnotboundtoit.This
signalleadstoabnormalcellproliferationintheabsenceofgrowthfactor.Onthe
basisofthisinformation,wouldyouclassthegenefortheEGFreceptorasa
tumorsuppressorgeneorapotentialoncogene?Explainyouranswer.
2045 RasisaGTPbindingproteinthatisoftendefectiveincancercells.Asignalfrom
agrowthfactorthroughareceptortyrosinekinaseoftenstimulatesnormalcellsto
divide.Whenthereceptortyrosinekinasebindsthegrowthfactor,Rasis
stimulatedtobindGTP.Rasinturnactivatesproteinsthatpromotecell
proliferation.AcommonmutationincancerouscellscausesRastobehaveas
thoughitwereboundtoGTPallthetime.
A.
Whyisthismutationadvantageoustocancerouscells?
B.
YourfrienddecidesthatthesignalingpathwayinvolvingtheRasprotein
isagoodtargetfordrugdesign,becausetheRasproteinisoftendefective
incancercells.Yourfrienddesignsadrugthatwillturnoffthereceptor
tyrosinekinasebypreventingitfromdimerizing.Doyouthinkthatthis
drugwillaffectcellsthathaveadefectiveRasproteinthatactsasifit
werealwaysboundtoGTP?Whyorwhynot?
2046 PeoplewhoinheritonecopyoftheRb(retinoblastoma)genethatisnormaland
onecopythatismutatedthatis,peoplewhoareheterozygousforRbhavea
greatlyincreasedriskofcancer.
Given this information, do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Explain your answer.

TheRbmutationmusthaveadominanteffect,whichmeansthatit
mustresultinanincreaseinRbfunction.Thus,Rbinitsmutant
formmustbeanoncogene.
2047 FigureQ2047showsasequenceofmutationsthatmightunderliethe
developmentofcolorectalcancer.Explainwhythelossofp53isadvantageousto
cancerouscells.

Figure Q20-47