Matter and Atomic

Structure
Chapter 1A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

A form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition

and distinct properties.

A combination of two or more substances in which the

substances retain their distinct identities.

Homogeneous mixture - the composition of the mixture

is the same throughout.
Heterogeneous mixture the composition is not
uniform.

A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by

chemical means.

A substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically

united in fixed proportions.

Classifying Matter

Elements are composed of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms.

All atoms of a given element are identical, but differ from atoms of other elements.
A chemical reaction consists of reshuffling of atoms from one set of combinations to
another.
The individual atoms themselves remain intact and do not change.
A chemical compound is composed of the atoms of its elements in a definite fixed
numerical ratio.
When elements react, their atoms sometimes combine in more than one simple whole
number ratio.

Law of Conservation of Mass mass cannot be created or destroyed, although

it may be rearranged.

16 X

8Y

8 X2Y

All neutral atoms can be identified by number of protons and

neutrons.
Proton has a positive charge.

Neutron has no charge.

Electron has a negative charge.

Subatomic Particles
Mass(g)

Charge
(Coulombs)

Electron (e-)

9.1 x 10-28

-1.6 x 10-19

-1

Proton (p+)

1.67 x 10-24

+1.6 x 10-19

+1

Neutron (n)

1.67 x 10-24

Particle

Charge (units)

Proton number (Z)

number of proton in the nucleus of the atom of an element

also known as atomic number

Nucleon number (A)

total number of proton and neutrons present in the nucleus of the atom of
an element

also known as mass number

Nucleon Number
Proton Number

A
ZX

Element Symbol

Isotopes

Isotopes are two or more atoms of the same element that have
the same proton number in their nucleus but different nucleon
number.

1
1H

2
1H

235
92

3
1H

238
92

Do You Understand Isotopes?

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 146

6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 116

6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

C?

An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge.

Cation

ion with a positive charge.

if a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation.
number of protons is more than number of electrons.
Na

11 protons
11 electrons

Na+

11 protons
10 electrons

Anion

ion with a negative charge.

if a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion.
number of protons is less than number of electrons.

Cl

17 protons
17 electrons

Cl-

17 protons
18 electrons

A monatomic ion contains only one atom

Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom

OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-

Do You Understand Ions?

+
27
3
How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?

13 protons, 10 (13 3) electrons

Se 2- ?
How many protons and electrons are in 78
34

34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons

Ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations and an anions

the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
the sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each formula

unit must equal zero

The ionic compound NaCl

Formula of Ionic Compounds

2 x +3 = +6

3 x -2 = -6
Al2O3

Al3+

O2-

1 x +2 = +2

2 x -1 = -2
CaBr2

Ca2+

Br-

1 x +2 = +2

1 x -2 = -2
Na2CO3

Na+

CO32-

CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
IONIC COMPOUNDS
often a metal + nonmetal
anion (nonmetal), add ide to element name

BaCl2

barium chloride

K2O

potassium oxide

Mg(OH)2

magnesium hydroxide

KNO3

potassium nitrate

Some Polyatomic Ions

NH4+

ammonium

SO42-

sulfate

CO32-

carbonate

SO32-

sulfite

HCO3-

bicarbonate

NO3-

nitrate

ClO3-

chlorate

NO2-

nitrite

Cr2O72-

dichromate

SCN-

thiocyanate

CrO42-

chromate

OH-

hydroxide

The -ide Nomenclature of Some Common Monoatomic

Anions According to Their Positions in the Periodic Table

Names and Formulas of Some Common Inorganic Cations and Anions

22

Names of Oxoacids and Oxoanions that contain Cholrine

Transition metal ionic compounds

indicate charge on metal with roman numerals
Systematic Name

-2 so Fe is +2

Iron (II) Chloride

-3 so Fe is +3

Iron (III) Chloride

2 3

3 2

-6 so Cr is +3 (6/2)

Chromium (III) sulfide

Chemical formulas
A molecule consists of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement
held together by chemical bonds.

H2

H2O

NH3

CH4

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO
A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms
O3, H2O, NH3, CH4

26

Molecular Compounds
HI

hydrogen iodide

NF3

nitrogen trifluoride

SO2

sulfur dioxide

N2Cl4

dinitrogen tetrachloride

NO2

nitrogen dioxide

TOXIC!

Laughing Gas
N2O

dinitrogen monoxide

Relative Mass
Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)
The average mass of an atom of the element when compared with 1/12th of
the mass of an atom of C-12.
Relative Molecular Mass (RMM)
The average mass of one molecule of the substance when compared with
1/12th of the mass of an atom of C-12.

Mass Spectrometer
The mass of an atom cannot be measured directly.

A mass spectrometer is an instrument used to measure the precise

masses and relative quantity of atoms and molecules.

Schematic Diagram Of Mass Spectrometer

Vaporization chamber

Acceleration chamber
+

Magnetic field

Hot filament/
Ionization chamber
Detector

The relative mass of atoms is determined by mass

spectrometer.
Vaporization chamber
atoms.

the sample is vaporized into gaseous

Ionization chamber the gaseous atoms are ionized by a hot

wire to become gaseous positive ions.
Acceleration chamber the positive ions are accelerated by an
electric field towards plate y.
Magnetic field the positive ions are then deflected. ions with
small masses are deflected the most.

The data will be printed as a mass spectrum of the element.

The RAM of the ion can be calculated.

Relative abundance

Mass Spectrum of Magnesium

The mass spectrum of Mg shows

that Mg consists of 3 isotopes:
24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg.

The height of each line is

proportional to the abundance of
each isotope.

63

8.1 9.1
24

25 26

m/e
(amu)

24Mg

is the most abundant of the 3

isotopes.

How to calculate the relative atomic mass from mass spectrum?

RAM is calculated using data from the mass spectrum.

( )

Question 1:
Calculate the relative atomic mass of neon from the mass spectrum.

Question 2:

Copper occurs naturally as mixture of 69.09% of

65Cu.

The isotopic masses of

63Cu

and

65Cu

63Cu

and 30.91% of

are 62.93 amu and 64.93

amu respectively. Calculate the relative atomic mass of copper.

Question 3:
Naturally occurring iridium, Ir is composed of two isotopes, 191Ir and

193Ir

in the ratio of 5:8. The relative isotopic mass of 191Ir and 193Ir are 191.021

amu and 193.025 amu respectively. Calculate the relative atomic mass of
Iridium.

Mass Spectrum of Molecular Elements

A sample of chlorine which contains 2 isotopes with nucleon
number 35 and 37 is analyzed in a mass spectrometer. how many
peaks would be expected in the mass spectrum of chlorine?

MASS SPECTROMETER
35Cl-35Cl
35Cl-37Cl
37Cl-37Cl

35Cl-35Cl+
35Cl-37Cl+
37Cl-37Cl+
35Cl+
37Cl+

MASS SPECTRUM OF DIATOMIC ELEMENTS