Zaman/

Eon

Era/Masa

Kala

Peristiwa utama

Periode

Fanerozoikum

Kenozoikum

Mulai, juta
tahun
yang
lalu

Holosen

Akhir glasiasi dan kebangkitan peradaban manusia.

0.011430 0.00013

Pleistosen

Berkembangnya dan selanjutnya punahnya banyak mamalia besar (megafauna Pleistosen).

Evolusi manusia modern secara anatomis. Awal Zaman Es terkini.

1.806 0.005 *

Pliosen

Iklim dingin dan kering. Australopitheca; banyak mamalia dan moluska yang saat ini ada
mulai muncul. Homo habilis muncul.

5.332 0.005 *

Miosen

Iklim moderat; Orogeny di belahan utara. Mamalia dan familia burung modern dikenali.
Berbagai kuda danmastodon berkembang. Rumput tumbuh di mana-mana. Kera pertama
muncul.

23.03 0.05 *

Oligosen

Iklim hangat; Evolusi dan diversifikasi pada fauna pesat, terutama mamalia. Evolusi dan
penyebaran utama berbagai jenis tumbuhan berbunga modern.

33.90.1 *

Eosen

Mamalia kuno (mis. Creodont, Condylarth, Uintatheriidae, dll) berkembang. Munculnya

beberapa keluarga mamalia "modern". Paus primitif terdiversifikasi. Rumput pertama. Ice
cap berkembang di Antarktika.

55.80.2 *

Neogen

Paleogen

Paleosen

Iklim tropis. Tumbuhan modern muncul; Mamalia terdiversikasi menjadi beberapa garis
keturunan primitif menyusul kepunahan dinosaurus. Mamalia besar pertama (sampai

65.50.3 *

seukuran beruang atau kuda nil kecil).

Atas/Akhir

Kapur
Bawah/Awal

Atas/Akhir

Mesozoikum Jura

Tengah

Bawah/Awal

Atas/Akhir

Trias

Tengah

Bawah/Awal

Paleozoikum Perm

Lopingian

Tumbuhan berbunga berkembang, bersama dengan jenis-jenis baru insekta. Ikan bertulang
sejati (Teleostei) modern mulai
bermunculan. Ammonita, Belemnoidea, Bivalvia rudist, Echinoidea dan Porifera umum
ditemukan. Banyak jenis
baru dinosaurus (mis. Tyrannosauridae, Titanosauridae, Hadrosauridae, dan Ceratopsidae)
berkembang, juga Crocodilia modern; mosasaurus dan hiu modern muncul di
laut. Burung primitif perlahan menggantikan pterosaurus.
Mamalia monotremata, marsupialia and eutheria bermunculan. Gondwana terpecah.

99.60.9 *

145.5 4.0

161.2 4.0
Gymnospermae (terutama tumbuhan runjung, Bennettitales dan sikas) dan pakupakuan umum ditemukan. Banyak jenis dinosaurus, seperti sauropoda, carnosaurus,
and stegosaurus. Mamalia kecil umum ditemukan.Burung pertama dan hewan melata
bersisik
175.6 2.0 *
(Squamata). Ichthyosaurus dan plesiosaurus berkembang. Bivalvia,ammonita dan Belemnoid
ea juga banyak dijumpai. Bulu babi sangat umum, juga lili laut, bintang
laut, Porifera,Brachiopoda, Terebratulida, dan Rhynchonellida.
Terpecahnya Pangaea menjadi Gondwana dan Laurasia.
199.6 0.6

228.0 2.0
Dinosaurus mendominasi: Archosaurus di daratan, Ichthyosaurus dan Nothosaurus di lautan,
dan Pterosaurus di udara. Cynodonta menjadi lebih kecil dan lebih menyerupai
mamalia; mamalia dan crocodilia pertama muncul.Dicrodium merupakan flora umum di
245.0 1.5
daratan. Banyak terdapat amfibi Temnospondylus . Ammonita sangat umum.Koral
modern dan ikan bertulang sejati (Teleostei) muncul, dan juga banyak insekta.
251.0 0.4 *

Daratan bergabung menjadi superbenua Pangaea, membentuk Pegunungan Appalachia.

260.4 0.7 *
Akhir tahap glasial Permo-Carboniferous. Reptilia Synapsida (Pelycosaurus dan Therapsida)

Guadalupian

Cisuralian

melimpah, sementara parareptilia dan [Amfibia Temnospondylia masih umum ditemukan.

270.6 0.7 *
Pada zaman Perm pertengahan, flora zaman Karbon mulai digantikan oleh tumbuhan
runjung (tumbuhan berbiji sejati pertama) dan tumbuhan lumut sejati
pertama. Kumbangdan serangga bersayap dua berevolusi. Kehidupan laut berkembang di
bagian terumbu dangkal yang
hangat;Brachiopoda (Productida dan Spiriferida) , Bivalva, Foraminifera,
*
dan amonit Orthocerida melimpah. Kepunahan massal antara Perm dan Trias terjadi 251 juta 299.0 0.8
tahun yang lalu: 95 persen kehidupan di bumi pun, termasuk seluruhtrilobita, graptolita,
dan Blastoidea.

Atas/Akhir
Karbon/
Pennsylvanian

Tengah

306.5 1.0
Winged insects radiate suddenly; some (esp. Protodonata and Palaeodictyoptera) are quite
large. Amphibianscommon and diverse. First reptiles and coal forests (scale trees, ferns, club
311.7 1.1
trees, giant horsetails, Cordaites, etc.). Highest-ever oxygen levels. Goniatites, brachiopods,
bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas. Testate forams proliferate.
318.1 1.3 *

Bawah/Awal

Atas/Akhir
Karbon/
Mississippian

Tengah

326.4 1.6
Large primitive trees, first land vertebrates, and amphibious sea-scorpions live amid coalforming coastal swamps. Lobe-finned rhizodonts are big fresh-water predators. In the
oceans, early sharks are common and quite
diverse;echinoderms (esp. crinoids and blastoids) abundant. Corals, bryozoa, goniatites and
brachiopods (Productida,Spiriferida, etc.) very common.
But trilobites and nautiloids decline. Glaciation in East Gondwana.

359.2 2.5 *

Bawah/Awal

Devon

Atas/Akhir

Tengah

345.3 2.1

First clubmosses, horsetails and ferns appear, as do the first seed-bearing plants
(progymnosperms), first trees(the tree-fern Archaeopteris), and first
(wingless) insects. Strophomenid and atrypid brachiopods, rugose andtabulate corals,
and crinoids are all abundant in the oceans. Goniatite ammonoids are plentiful, while squid-

385.3 2.6 *

397.5 2.7 *

Bawah/Awal

likecoleoids arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes
(placoderms, lobe-finned and ray-finned fish, and early sharks) rule the seas.
First amphibians still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of Euramerica.

418.7 2.7 *

Pridoli

Atas/Akhir
(Ludlow)
Silur
Wenlock

Ordovisium

*
First vascular plants (the whisk ferns and their relatives), first millipedes and arthropleurids on 422.9 2.5
land. First jawed fishes, as well as many armoured jawless fish, populate the seas. Seascorpions reach large
size. Tabulate andrugose corals, brachiopods (Pentamerida, Rhynchonellida, etc.),
428.2 2.3 *
and crinoids all abundant. Trilobites and mollusksdiverse; graptolites not as varied.

Bawah/Awal
(Llandovery)

443.7 1.5 *

Atas/Akhir

460.9 1.6 *

Tengah

Invertebrates diversify into many new types (e.g., long straight-shelled cephalopods).
Early corals, articulatebrachiopods (Orthida, Strophomenida,
etc.), bivalves, nautiloids, trilobites, ostracods, bryozoa, many types
ofechinoderms (crinoids, cystoids, starfish, etc.), branched graptolites, and other taxa all
common. Conodonts (earlyplanktonic vertebrates) appear. First green plants and fungi on
land. Ice age at end of period.

Atas/Akhir
(Furongian)

471.8 1.6

488.3 1.7 *

Bawah/Awal

Kambrium

416.0 2.8 *

Major diversification of life in the Kambrium Explosion. Many fossils; most

modern animal phyla appear. Firstchordates appear, along with a number of extinct,
problematic phyla. Reef-building Archaeocyatha abundant; then

501.0 2.0 *

Tengah

Bawah/Awal

Good fossils of multi-celled animals. Ediacaran fauna (or Vendobionta) flourish worldwide in seas. Trace
fossils of worm-likeTrichophycus, etc. First sponges and trilobitomorphs. Enigmatic forms include ovalshaped Dickinsonia, frond-shapedCharniodiscus, and many soft-jellied creatures.

630

Cryogenian

Possible "snowball Earth" period. Fossils still rare. Rodinia landmass begins to break up.

850

Tonian

Rodinia supercontinent persists. Trace fossils of simple multi-celled eukaryotes. First radiation
of dinoflagellate-like acritarchs.

1000

Narrow highly metamorphic belts due to orogeny as supercontinent Rodinia is formed.

1200

Platform covers continue to expand. Green algae colonies in the seas.

1400

Platform covers expand.

1600

First complex single-celled life: protists with nuclei. Columbia is the primordial supercontinent.

1800

The atmosphere became oxygenic. Vredefort and Sudbury Basin asteroid impacts. Much orogeny.

2050

Bushveld Formation occurs. Huronian glaciation.

2300

Oxygen Catastrophe: banded iron formations result.

2500

Ediacaran
Neoproterozoikum

Proterozoikum

Prakambrium

Stenian
Mesoprotero
Ectasian
zoikum
Calymmian
Statherian
Paleoprotero Orosirian
Rhyacian
zoikum
Siderian
Neoarkean

Arkean

Hadean

vanish. Trilobites, priapulid worms, sponges, inarticulate brachiopods (unhinged lampshells), 513.0 2.0
and many other animals numerous. Anomalocarids are giant predators, while many
Ediacaran fauna die out. Prokaryotes, protists(e.g., forams), fungi and algae continue to
present day. Gondwana emerges.
542.0 0.3 *

Stabilization of most modern cratons; possible mantle overturn event.

+5/-30 *

2800

Mesoarkean First stromatolites (probably colonial cyanobacteria). Oldest macrofossils.

3200

Paleoarkean First known oxygen-producing bacteria. Oldest definitive microfossils.

3600

Eoarkean

3800

Kehidupan Sel Tunggal Sederhana (kemungkinan bacteria dan barangkali archaea). kemungkinan paling tua microfossils.

Pembentukan bumi (4570 jtl). Zircon, mineral tertua yang diketahui (4400 jtl).

c.4570