824 F.

2d 1405

William Gibbs HYMAN, Appellant,

v.
James AIKEN, Warden, CCI, and Travis Medlock, Attorney
General, State of South Carolina, Appellees.
No. 85-4002.

United States Court of Appeals,

Fourth Circuit.
Argued Dec. 9, 1986.
Decided Aug. 4, 1987.

Coming B. Gibbs, Jr. (Gibbs & Holmes, Ann M. Stirling, Charleston,

S.C., on brief), for appellant.
Donald J. Zelenka, Chief Deputy Atty. Gen. (T. Travis Medlock, Atty.
Gen., Columbia, S.C., on brief), for appellee.
Before RUSSELL and WIDENER, Circuit Judges, and BUTZNER,
Senior Circuit Judge.
BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge:

The Supreme Court vacated the judgment of this court and directed us to
consider the conviction and death sentence of William G. Hyman in light of its
intervening decisions in Rose v. Clark, --- U.S. ----, 106 S.Ct. 3101, 92 L.Ed.2d
460 (1986), and Cabana v. Bullock, 474 U.S. 376, 106 S.Ct. 689, 88 L.Ed.2d
704 (1986). Upon reconsideration, we reverse the judgment of the district court
and remand the case with instructions to grant a writ of habeas corpus unless
within a reasonable time the state retries Hyman.

Judge Russell and Judge Widener concur in Parts I, II, III, and VIII of the
opinion. Inasmuch as Hyman is entitled to a new trial they believe it is
unnecessary to consider the punishment phase of the case; therefore, they do
not concur in Parts IV, V, VI, and VII.

Judge Butzner believes that although Hyman is entitled to a new trial on the

Judge Butzner believes that although Hyman is entitled to a new trial on the
merits, the Supreme Court's mandate requires review of the punishment phase
of the trial in light of Cabana. Accordingly, he has set forth his separate views
of this issue in Parts IV, V, VI, and VII.

* In March of 1979, Hyman set out with his wife, Doris, Sue Allday, Robert
Hinson, and Iris Midgett to rob two brothers, Teagus and Collins Griffis, at the
Griffis' trailer home in Ravenel, South Carolina. Allday, who was least
intoxicated, drove Hyman's car. When they arrived at the trailer, Allday and
Doris Hyman went to the door and told the brothers they were having car
trouble. Turned away once, Allday knocked at the door again. From inside, a
voice shouted that he knew they wanted to rob him and threatened to shoot.
The door of the trailer opened suddenly and one of the brothers fired a shotgun,
wounding Hinson in the leg. Allday fired a return shotgun blast into the trailer.
These shots signaled the opening of a melee, which left Teagus Griffis dead
from a gunshot to the chest and Collins badly beaten.

In an agreement with the Charleston County solicitor, Allday and Hinson pled
guilty to murder and received life sentences. Midget pled to a charge of
accessory before the fact of armed robbery and received an 18-year prison
sentence. Hyman, however, refused the plea agreement offered Hinson and
Allday even after the solicitor informed him he would seek the death penalty.
Hyman told his counsel and others that Allday had killed Teagus Griffis and
that he would not plead guilty to a murder he knew he did not commit. Doris
Hyman also pled not guilty.

At the guilt phase of Hyman's trial for murder and armed robbery, neither he
nor Doris Hyman testified. Allday admitted firing the shot into the open door
but denied that it killed Teagus. She testified that she heard a shot and then saw
Hyman, with a gun, standing in front of the wounded Griffis. Midgett and
James Coulston, an associate of Hyman's, testified that Hyman had later
confessed to shooting Griffis. The only witness to the melee who seemed to
indicate that he actually had seen the killing take place was Collins Griffis.
Griffis testified "the fellow ... shot my brother," stating, "I saw the man, sure.
The man was the one who done the killing."1

Both the solicitor and the state's witnesses--as well as defense counsel-indicated that Hyman was intoxicated at the time the crime was committed.
Allday testified that when she met Hyman on the evening of the robbery he was
already intoxicated. She said he continued drinking until the group set out for
the Griffis' home two hours later, at which time Hyman considered himself too
drunk to drive his own car. Hinson testified that he brought a quart of liquor as

well as a shotgun for their trip to Ravenel. Midgett also stated that Hyman had
been drinking heavily. The solicitor admitted that "the five people who
committed this act [were] intoxicated" and that the combination of "whiskey
and firearms ... brought about the death" of the victim.
8

The trial judge noted the evidence of Hyman's intoxication. He instructed the
jury that "voluntary intoxication is no reason or is no excuse for committing a
crime."2 But he added:

Those offenses such as the offense of murder and armed robbery in which there
must be a specific intent, the Defendant's drunkenness, if shown by the
evidence may be considered by you in determining whether the Defendant
committed the offense with the intent to do so or whether he was present aiding,
assisting others in the commission of the offense.

10

South Carolina law defines murder as "the killing of any person with malice
aforethought, either express or implied." S.C.Code Ann. Sec. 16-3-10. The trial
judge charged:

11

[M]alice is implied, it's presumed from the willful, the deliberate, the
intentional doing of an unlawful act without just cause or excuse.

12

So, generally speaking, malice means the doing of a wrongful act, intentionally
and without any justification or excuse. Now, even if all the facts has [sic]
proven and is sufficient to raise a presumption of malice, this presumption
would be rebuttable and it's for you on the Jury to determine from all of the
evidence whether or not malice has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Malice is presumed or implied from the use of a deadly weapon. Where the
circumstances relating to the death of the deceased are brought out in the
evidence, the presumption of malice which is implied from the use of the
deadly weapon vanishes and the burden is on the State to prove malice
whenever a deadly weapon is used by evidence which satisfies you on the Jury
beyond a reasonable doubt.

13

The solicitor told the jury that the element of malice could be presumed. In his
closing argument at the guilt phase, he stated:Well, the law says that a person
who uses a deadly weapon may be presumed to act with malice. It's not an
absolute presumption, but the use of a deadly weapon, knife, a club, a gun,
shotgun, rifle, pistol. Certainly a person who uses such a weapon on another
person has evil in his heart. The law says that a person who intentionally
commits an unlawful act acts with malice. So that a person who goes into a

convenience store with a gun to rob has malice in his heart and when he kills
the proprietor of that convenience store, he has committed murder because he
has acted with malice. He walked into that store with malice and he killed with
malice in his heart.
14

Also, the solicitor suggested that Hyman had shot Griffis after grabbing the
shotgun from Allday. But he emphasized that Hyman should be convicted of
Griffis's murder even if Hyman did not shoot him. The solicitor told the jury:

15doesn't matter who pulled the trigger. It doesn't matter at all. In this case, it
It
doesn't matter who pulled the trigger. All who were in the trailer with the intention
to aid and assist the other in robbing these two old men are guilty. The hand of one
is the hand of all.
16

The court also instructed the jury that "when two or more persons combine
together to commit a crime and the crime is in fact committed, all of those
present at the scene of the crime to aid and assist in its commission are equally
guilty. The act of one ... becomes the act of all."

17

The jury's guilty verdict did not identify the actual killer.

18

During the sentencing proceedings Hyman testified: "I did not kill the man."
The solicitor presented no new evidence at the sentencing phase on the question
of who killed Teagus Griffis, relying instead on the record from the guilt phase.
But in his summation, the solicitor told the jury, "If you find that [Hyman] did
not pull the trigger, you should not recommend the death penalty." The court,
however, charged the jury that the state alleged two statutory aggravating
circumstances: "One that the murder was committed while in the commission
of an armed robbery. And two, that the murder was committed while in the
commission of a burglary." The court also charged: "In the event that you
unanimously find beyond a reasonable doubt that one or more of the alleged
aggravating circumstances existed at the time the victim in this case was
murdered, then you would be authorized to recommend that the death sentence
be imposed on the Defendant."

19

Three hours into its deliberations, the jury's foreman inquired: "Do we have to
prove that he did the actual killing?" In response, the court reiterated his
instruction about accomplice guilt and South Carolina's system of weighing
aggravating and mitigating circumstances in capital cases, telling them they
could recommend a death sentence even if they found a mitigating
circumstance so long as they also found an aggravating circumstance. He

further instructed them that whether Hyman fired the gun was to be considered
among the aggravating and mitigating circumstances.3
20

Within an hour the jury returned a verdict recommending a sentence of death. It

found as a statutory aggravating circumstance "[t]hat murder was committed
while in the commission of armed robbery." The jury made no finding that
Hyman killed, attempted to kill, or intended to kill the victim.

II
21

The South Carolina Supreme Court affirmed Hyman's conviction and death
sentence. State v. Hyman, 276 S.C. 559, 281 S.E.2d 209 (1981). Hyman's
application for state postconviction relief was denied. His federal petition for a
writ of habeas corpus was referred to a magistrate who recommended that
Hyman be granted a writ on the ground that his trial jury was given an
instruction which impermissibly shifted the burden of proof. Rejecting the
magistrate's report, the district court denied the writ. Hyman v. Aiken, 606
F.Supp. 1046 (D.S.C.1985). On appeal, we concluded that Hyman was not
entitled to a new trial with respect to guilt. We held that he had been sentenced
to death in violation of Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, 102 S.Ct. 3368, 73
L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982), and must be resentenced. Hyman v. Aiken, 777 F.2d 938
(4th Cir.1985).

22

The attorney general of South Carolina filed a petition for certiorari, and
Hyman filed a cross-petition. The Supreme Court granted both petitions and
remanded for consideration in light of Rose v. Clark, --- U.S. ----, 106 S.Ct.
3101, 92 L.Ed.2d 460 (1986), and Cabana v. Bullock, 474 U.S. 376, 106 S.Ct.
689, 88 L.Ed.2d 704 (1986). Aiken v. Hyman, --- U.S. ----, 106 S.Ct. 3327, 92
L.Ed.2d 734 (1986).

III
23

The Supreme Court's remand requires us to reconsider in light of Rose our

ruling that an erroneous jury instruction does not entitle Hyman to a new trial
on the issue of guilt. In Rose, the Court held that a jury instruction which
creates an unconstitutional presumption of malice should be scrutinized under a
harmless error test. 106 S.Ct. at 3105.

24

The trial judge instructed the jury, in the charge quoted in Part I of this opinion,
that malice is "presumed from the willful, the deliberate, the intentional doing
of an unlawful act without justification or excuse" or from "the use of a deadly
weapon." The court also noted that the presumption of malice could be rebutted

and that the state must prove malice beyond a reasonable doubt.
25

The jury reasonably may have believed that the judge's instructions, taken as a
whole, relieved the state of its affirmative burden to prove the element of
malice. In Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S.Ct. 2450, 61 L.Ed.2d 39
(1979), the Court held that a jury instruction which creates a presumption of
malice that shifts the burden of proof on intent to the defendant is a denial of
due process. 442 U.S. at 523-24, 99 S.Ct. at 2459. In Francis v. Franklin, 471
U.S. 307, 105 S.Ct. 1965, 85 L.Ed.2d 344 (1985), the Court held that a
mandatory but rebuttable presumption of an element of the offense, while it
may be less burdensome to the defendant than a conclusive presumption, "is no
less unconstitutional." 471 U.S. at 317, 105 S.Ct. at 1973. See also Sandstrom,
442 U.S. at 524, 99 S.Ct. at 2459. In deciding whether an erroneous malice
instruction was harmless error, Rose requires an examination of the record as a
whole to determine whether the evidence of intent is so dispositive that the "
'reviewing court can say beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have
found it unnecessary to rely on the presumption.' " 106 S.Ct. at 3109.

26

In Thomas v. Kemp, 800 F.2d 1024 (11th Cir.1986), the court ordered a new
trial upon finding that Sandstrom error in the original trial could not be
considered harmless under the standard of Rose. The court acknowledged that
the defendant killed the victim and that there was clear evidence of the intent
necessary to support a felony murder conviction. At trial, however, the
defendant testified that during the commission of the crime he was under the
influence of drugs. The trial court charged the jury that one is not criminally
responsible for an act if one's mind was so impaired that it made the actor
incapable of forming intent. But the court also instructed that there is a
rebuttable presumption both that a person is of sound mind and that a person of
sound mind intends the consequences of his acts. 800 F.2d at 1026. The appeals
court concluded that the trial judge's instructions unconstitutionally shifted the
burden of proof and could not be considered harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt.

27

There is substantial and uncontradicted evidence of Hyman's intoxication at the

time of the crime. The judge instructed that conviction depended upon a
showing of intent and that Hyman's drunkenness may be considered in
determining whether he intended to commit the offense. If the jury was not sure
whether Hyman's intoxication made him incapable of intending the crime, it
should have decided that issue in his favor. Under the trial court's presumed
malice charges, the jury may reasonably have believed it should convict
Hyman even if it was not convinced that he acted with intent to commit murder.
The importance of the malice presumptions is emphasized by the solicitor's

reliance on them in his closing argument, which is quoted in Part I. Based upon
the record as a whole, we conclude that evidence of Hyman's intent was not so
dispositive that we can say beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury found it
unnecessary to rely on the presumption. Therefore, the instructions do not meet
the harmless error standard of Rose, 106 S.Ct. at 3109. See also Thomas v.
Kemp, 800 F.2d at 1026; Merlo v. Bolden, 801 F.2d 252, 257 (6th Cir.1986).
IV
28

The Supreme Court also directed us to review the validity of Hyman's death
sentence in light of Cabana v. Bullock, 474 U.S. 376, 106 S.Ct. 689, 88 L.Ed.2d
704 (1986). The Court's mandate reinforces the sound practice of reviewing all
nonfrivolous claims of constitutional error in a capital case. See Barefoot v.
Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 888, 103 S.Ct. 3383, 3392, 77 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1983).

29

Cabana complements the Court's opinion in Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782,
102 S.Ct. 3368, 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982). Enmund held that the eighth and
fourteenth amendments prohibit the imposition of the death penalty on a
participant in a robbery during which a murder is committed unless the
participant killed, attempted to kill, or intended to kill. 458 U.S. at 798 and 801,
102 S.Ct. at 3377 and 3379. In Cabana, the Court explained that the eighth
amendment requires that the Enmund finding result from "an adequate
proceeding before some appropriate tribunal." 106 S.Ct. at 700. A trial judge,
or an appellate court, as well as a jury, may make the Enmund finding. Hence,
a reviewing court's search for the finding should not be limited to an
examination of jury instructions: "Rather, the court must examine the entire
course of the state-court proceedings against the defendant in order to
determine whether, at some point in the process, the requisite factual finding as
to the defendant's culpability has been made." 106 S.Ct. at 697.

30

On remand, Hyman questions whether the definitive statement of his

culpability required by Cabana has been rendered by any forum. Moreover, he
argues that the record has been so tainted by the ineffective performance of his
trial counsel that it cannot support a reliable Enmund finding.

31

In reply, South Carolina argues that findings which satisfy Enmund were made,
implicitly or explicitly, by Hyman's trial jury, the state supreme court, and a
state collateral relief judge. The state points out that in Cabana the Court
emphasized that findings of state courts should be accorded a presumption of
correctness under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254(d) and Sumner v. Mata, 449 U.S. 539,
101 S.Ct. 764, 66 L.Ed.2d 722 (1981).

32

We cannot accept the state's argument that the jury either explicitly or
implicitly found that Hyman killed, attempted to kill, or intended to kill the
victim of the robbery. The jury was not instructed to consider this issue. On the
contrary, they were told that they could recommend death if the proof showed
that the victim was murdered in the commission of a robbery, and that is the
single aggravating factor that they reported. The charge to the jury and the
jury's verdict do not satisfy Enmund's requirements for the imposition of the
death sentence.

33

Contending that the South Carolina Supreme Court made the requisite Enmund
finding, the state emphasizes this extract from the Court's opinion, 276 S.C. at
571, 281 S.E.2d at 215:

34 record clearly reflects appellant planned, prepared and committed a brutal crime
The
for the purpose of obtaining money. The death penalty is proportionate to a crime of
this nature and to the crime and defendant in this case.
35

There are several reasons why this appellate opinion cannot be deemed to
supply presumptively correct Enmund findings. The evidence supports the
finding that Hyman participated in planning, preparing, and committing a brutal
robbery. The court, however, did not expressly address the issue whether
Hyman killed, attempted to kill, or intended to kill the victim. This is
understandable because the Court's opinion was written before Enmund was
decided. The opinion can be read as justifying affirmance of the judgment on
the basis of South Carolina's law that one who participates in an assault and
robbery is equally responsible as the accomplice who actually killed the victim.
In Cabana, the Court noted a similar deficiency in the state appellate court's
decision and concluded that it did not adequately meet the Enmund criteria. See
106 S.Ct. 698-99.

36

Cabana cautions that when the question whether the accused killed, attempted
to kill, or intended to kill involves an issue of credibility that cannot be
determined accurately on a paper record, there might be no adequate basis for
appellate fact finding. In this event, the federal habeas court should not invoke
the presumption of correct fact finding of Sec. 2254(d) and Sumner, 449 U.S. at
545-47, 101 S.Ct. at 768-69. See 106 S.Ct. 698 n. 5. This case presents an
appropriate occasion for heeding Cabana 's caution. Codefendants, who pled
guilty and received prison sentences, blamed Hyman. The victim's brother also
blamed Hyman, but he had given a statement to the police immediately after the
crime that a woman had shot his brother. This statement was not disclosed at
the trial. Another witness, pardoned for murder shortly before the trial, stated
Hyman had admitted the crime, but evidence of his pardon was excluded.

Hyman denied that he shot the victim. Uncertainty about which witnesses to
credit is revealed by the jury's question after much deliberation, "Do we have to
prove that he did the actual killing?" Told that they did not, they brought back a
verdict that did not identify the killer.
37

The state also relies on findings made by the state postconviction judge:

38 evidence shows that the Applicant did intend the death of the victim. The record
The
clearly reflects that Applicant planned, prepared for and committed a brutal crime
for the purpose of obtaining money. State v. Hyman, supra. A shotgun and
ammunition were taken to the scene by Applicant and his accomplices. Additionally,
there was testimony at trial that Applicant was, in fact, the triggerman. Under the
facts and circumstances of this case, Applicant cannot seriously contend that he did
not intend or contemplate that life would be taken.4
39

Hyman's postconviction hearing suffers from the same deficiency as the state
appellate opinion in several respects. Indeed, it cites the appellate opinion for
the basis of its Enmund findings. Although Hyman testified, the witnesses who
accused him did not testify in the postconviction hearing. The postconviction
court necessarily relied on the trial record and the Supreme Court opinion to
make essential credibility findings, a procedure, as we previously noted, that
Cabana points out must be accepted with caution. See 106 S.Ct. at 698 n. 5.
Moreover, the postconviction court's finding that "there was testimony at trial
that [Hyman] was, in fact, the triggerman" falls far short of a finding that he
was the triggerman. Because the state postconviction Enmund findings rest in
large part on the record, they, like the appellate findings, cannot be accepted.

40

The district court's habeas corpus proceedings do not satisfy the essential
Enmund criteria. They, too, rest in large part on the state records. The witnesses
who accused Hyman did not testify in the federal evidentiary hearing.
Consequently, the district court was not in a position to make the critical
credibility findings mentioned in Cabana, 106 S.Ct. at 698 n. 5.

41

The presumption that facts have been correctly found by a state court is
inapplicable when the proceedings were not adequate to afford a full and fair
hearing. Sec. 2254(d)(2) and (6). For reasons explained in Part V, we conclude
that Hyman was ineffectively represented at his trial. Consequently, he was not
afforded a full and fair hearing. This is an additional reason for declining to
accept Enmund findings based on the trial record.

42

The Supreme Court of South Carolina, on Hyman's direct appeal, and the state
postconviction court held that Hyman's counsel were not ineffective. The
federal magistrate held that Hyman's counsel were ineffective, but Hyman
suffered no prejudice. The district court rejected the magistrate's findings and
held that Hyman's counsel were not ineffective. In our initial opinion, we
agreed with the magistrate and the district court that Hyman did not suffer
prejudice at the guilt phase of the trial due to his counsel's inadequate
representation. We noted that in view of our decision that the sentence of death
was improperly imposed, Hyman's charge about the effect of his counsel's
deficiencies at the sentencing proceedings was moot.

43

Hyman's present counsel do not challenge our previous ruling that Hyman did
not prove prejudice at the guilt phase of the trial. They reiterate, however, that
the inadequacies of Hyman's representation prejudiced him at the penalty phase
and flawed the Enmund findings, which in every forum were based primarily
on the trial record.

44

The Supreme Court admonished in Cabana, 106 S.Ct. at 697, that a federal
habeas court must examine the entire course of the state proceedings to
determine whether the Enmund criteria have been satisfied. The admonition
requires us to examine the issue of the competency of Hyman's trial counsel. In
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674
(1984), the Court explained the components of a claim that counsel's defective
representation requires reversal of a death sentence. First, the prisoner must
prove that his counsel made errors so serious that he was deprived of the right
to counsel guaranteed by the sixth amendment. Second, the errors must be
serious enough to deprive the prisoner of a trial whose result is reliable. 466
U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. Both components present mixed questions of
law and fact, so the ultimate conclusion of a state or federal court that counsel
was effective is not binding on the reviewing court. In contrast, findings of
historical fact are subject to Sec. 2254(d) and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
52(a). See 466 U.S. at 698, 104 S.Ct. at 2070.

45

After his arrest, Hyman's family retained Demetrious Stratos, a member of the
Charleston bar, to represent him. Stratos had stopped buying reporters and
subscribing to advance sheets "some years" before Hyman's trial. He did not
own a current copy of the South Carolina Code, which contained the state's
death penalty statute.

46

On the day that the state notified Hyman of its intention to seek the death
penalty, Hyman moved to have Stratos relieved as counsel. He explained to the

court: "I just don't believe that Mr. Stratos is up to date on the law." The court
denied Hyman's motion and appointed a second attorney, Landon Louthian, to
assist in Hyman's defense. Stratos continued to act as lead counsel, but at the
state postconviction hearing he said, "I didn't go see [Hyman] for
approximately two months after he got up and made the statement that he didn't
want my services any more, that I didn't know anything, so I wasn't interested in
talking to him.... I didn't feel that friendly toward him." The parties stipulated
that jail records show that from July 9, the day Hyman asked for new counsel,
until the end of his trial--more than three months later--Stratos visited him
twice and Louthian once.
47

Stratos and Louthian advised Hyman to accept the state's offer of a life sentence
in return for a plea of guilty to murder. Hyman told them he would not plead
guilty because he had not killed Griffis, Allday had. His counsel explained to
Hyman South Carolina's law of accomplice liability, "the hand of one is the
hand of all," and warned him he could be found guilty of murder even if he had
not done the actual killing. Indeed, throughout the trial, including the penalty
phase, Hyman's counsel were of the impression that under the accomplice
theory Hyman could be sentenced to death if the murder was committed in the
commission of armed robbery, and they took no exception to the judge's charge
to this effect. Counsel's view of the case is understandable but not excusable.
They had read none of the Supreme Court's decisions about capital
punishment. At the postconviction hearing, counsel said they were not familiar
with the principles of Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed.2d
973 (1978), in which Chief Justice Burger explained that "individualized
consideration [is] a constitutional requirement in imposing the death sentence."
438 U.S. at 605, 98 S.Ct. at 2965 (plurality opinion). In a separate opinion,
Justice White noted that "it has been extremely rare that the death penalty has
been imposed upon those who were not found to have intended the death of the
victim" and suggested that the imposition of the sentence in such circumstances
is unconstitutional. 438 U.S. 624-28, 98 S.Ct. at 2973 (White, J., concurring).

48

Stratos testified that because there were "absolutely only two witnesses" to the
shooting, his theory of the case was the word of Hyman and his wife against
the word of Sue Allday. At her own trial, Doris Hyman testified that Allday
admitted to killing Teagus Griffis. But Doris was not called as a witness at her
husband's trial, and her lawyer states that he was never approached by either of
Hyman's counsel about the possibility of obtaining her testimony.

49

Hyman's counsel did not try to interview James Coulston, who testified that
Hyman had confessed to the crime and had asked him for an alibi. Stratos said
at the postconviction hearing that, although he did not know in advance what

Coulston would say on the stand, he doubted Coulston would be called.

Louthian testified that had he known Coulston would testify he could have
produced witnesses to impeach his character and veracity. Coulston was an
important witness whose credibility was critical. Before he testified, the state
successfully moved to bar any reference to Coulston's conviction for murder
and pardon. The prosecutor argued that the conviction was too old to show
moral turpitude and in any event "the pardon vitiates the conviction." The
record discloses that although Coulston was paroled in 1970 he was not
pardoned until June 1979, about three months after Hyman was arrested and a
few months before his trial. Nevertheless, Hyman's counsel acquiesced in the
state's motion to exclude evidence about the pardon. While cross-examining
Coulston, Stratos evidently had second thoughts, for he asked the witness:
"When did you get your pardon? I'm sorry, I'm terribly sorry. Judge can we
dismiss the Jury just for a minute. I just found out some information I didn't
know before." When the jury retired, Stratos apologized to the court but added
that he had been informed that Coulston got his pardon "in June of this year"
and that "for his testimony he received a pardon." Without offering any
evidence to refute Stratos's proffer, the prosecutor denounced Stratos. The court
reprimanded Stratos and suggested that he deserved a short jail sentence. The
court also said "there is no basis for altering my ruling." Stratos agreed. He
asked the witness no further questions.
50

Neither Stratos nor Louthian cited authority at the time of the prosecutor's
motion or later during cross-examination establishing that they were entitled to
question the witness about his pardon to show bias or prejudice. After the court
excluded evidence of the pardon, they did not even request an opportunity to
examine Coulston in the absence of the jury. Evidence of any linkage between
the pardon and Coulston's testimony was relevant to his credibility. Giglio v.
United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154-55, 92 S.Ct. 763, 766, 31 L.Ed.2d 104 (1972).
In Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 1177, 3 L.Ed.2d 1217
(1959), the Court said:

51 jury's estimate of the truthfulness and reliability of a given witness may well be
The
determinative of guilt or innocence, and it is upon such subtle factors as the possible
interest of the witness in testifying falsely that a defendant's life or liberty may
depend.
52

Even at the postconviction hearing, Hyman's trial counsel offered no coherent

excuse for failing to present authority that would support cross-examination of
Coulston about his pardon. One can reasonably draw the inference that they
had no knowledge of Giglio or Napue.

53

Before the trial, Stratos visited Hyman's codefendants, Hinson, Midgett, and
Allday. He did not discuss the crime but simply advised them to make no
statements to police. He did not know that all three codefendants had already
given police their statements. Neither counsel attempted to interview Collins
Griffis, an eyewitness.

54

The solicitor had an "open file" policy, permitting inspection both prior to and
during the trial. Before the defense rested, the court asked Stratos and Louthian
if "each of you had the benefit of the Solicitor's entire file in this case." Each
replied that he had, and Stratos indicated that "[i]n fact, I made a copy of the
file."

55

At the postconviction hearing, Stratos admitted that the only documents he had
from the solicitor's file were the statements of Hinson, Midgett, and Allday.
The solicitor had made copies of this portion of the file and given them to
Stratos. When asked if he had personally looked through the file to see if there
was anything of use besides the three statements, Stratos said:

56

At the time I got the file, I looked through it, but I don't at that time recall--I
saw a statement the other day that was made by Hyman. It's a possibility that I
even looked at it, but I looked through it this morning, and I'm almost positive
that if I looked at it, I looked through the first or second pages and saw that he
was telling untruths, so I didn't go on through with it. I don't see any--I'm sorry.

57

The statement made by Hyman to Charleston police, which Stratos referred to,
was also part of the solicitor's file and was used by the state to impeach
Hyman's testimony when he took the stand at the penalty phase of his trial.
Louthian testified that had he known of the statement's existence it would have
been useful to him in helping to prepare Hyman for cross-examination.

58

Both the state postconviction court and the district court found that Hyman was
prepared by counsel to testify on his own behalf. The record, however, does not
support the finding that Hyman was adequately prepared to take the stand at his
sentencing proceeding. Louthian did not discuss the content of Hyman's
testimony with him. Stratos said that he could not recall doing anything to
prepare for the sentencing phase. He also stated that between the time Hyman
was found guilty and the time he began questioning him at the sentencing
phase, he had spoken to his client "[m]aybe ... for half a minute." Because
counsel were unaware of--or in Stratos's case had stopped reading--Hyman's
statement to police, neither they nor their client were ready for the solicitor's
questions. The magistrate correctly concluded that "[c]ounsel failed to

adequately prepare the defendant for or to insulate him from devastating crossexamination during the penalty phase which cast him in a highly prejudicial
light." His counsel made no effort to have him admit on direct examination that
his statement to the police was false.
59

Perhaps the most significant item in the solicitor's file was a police incident
report recounting that Collins Griffis told investigating officers three hours
after the crime that a woman shot his brother. Griffis was the only disinterested
eyewitness to the crime, as well as the one who claimed to have seen the fatal
shot fired. His statement to the police was inconsistent with his testimony that a
man shot his brother. The report noted:

60 he and his brother were watching T.V., and it was just when Hee Haw Honeys
That
was going off, when a woman came to the trailer and wanted some help because she
had a flat tire. He told his brother not to open it up because some gangsters are
around here. He stated: He tried to get his brother not to open the door, but his
brother did it anyway. As soon as his brother did, there was a blast and his brother
stiffened out and fell backward ... on the floor. Then the next thing he knew there
was a flash and something hit his face. He layed there until they left and then went
to Mr. Brown's house for help.
61 further talking with subject, he also stated: That one of the women grabbed his
By
brother's shotgun that was by the door and she shot his brother with his own
shotgun.
62

The investigating officer evidently credited Collins's statement. The solicitor's

file contained a police report to the FBI which stated that "Teagus Griffis
opened the door, at which time he was shot and killed by a shotgun blast."

63

Louthian undertook to cross examine Collins Griffis. At the postconviction

hearing, Louthian testified he did not remember ever seeing Griffis's statement
that a woman shot his brother but said that it could have been useful "because it
was Mr. Hyman's contention all along that he didn't shoot [Teagus Griffis], that
he thought Sue Allday had done it." Stratos claimed he read the statement but
thought it would not be useful because he doubted Griffis's competency. There
is no evidence that he discussed the statement with Louthian. At trial counsel
neither objected that Collins was incompetent to testify nor sought to impeach
his testimony by his statement.

64

It is doubtful that in 1979 the statement could have been introduced as

substantive evidence, for South Carolina did not recognize this function of a
witness's prior inconsistent statement until three years later. See State v.

Copeland, 278 S.C. 572, 581-82, 300 S.E.2d 63, 68-69 (1982). The testimony
of the officer who took Griffis's statement, however, could have been used to
impeach him. Copeland, 572 S.C. at 581-82, 300 S.E.2d 68-69.

65

After the jury returned its verdict, the court informed counsel that the statute
entitled the defense to a 24-hour waiting period before the commencement of
the sentencing proceeding. Stratos had not yet read the death penalty statute,
which lists aggravating and mitigating circumstances to a capital crime.
Nevertheless, he told the court: "Let the record show that the two attorneys for
Mr. Hyman waive [the waiting period]. However, Mr. Hyman does not waive
it."

66

Louthian said he had reviewed the statute but "didn't know a whole lot of
background on anything other than just to refresh my memory on what
constituted Murder and Housebreaking and Armed Robbery and those things."
Neither Stratos nor Louthian read any South Carolina or federal death penalty
cases in preparation for trial.

67

At the state postconviction hearing, five lawyers who qualified as expert

witnesses offered their opinion of the effectiveness of Hyman's counsel. After
reviewing the transcript, each concluded that Hyman did not receive the
representation to which he was constitutionally entitled. When presented with a
list of counsel's alleged errors which were not clear on the face of the
transcript--such as the failure to read the solicitor's file--the witnesses again
concluded that Hyman's attorneys had not been effective. The witnesses were
de Rosset Myers, a trial lawyer with 40 years' experience, a former president of
the South Carolina Bar Association, and a former state circuit judge appointed
by the Supreme Court of South Carolina for a special term; Gaston Fairey, a
former public defender, who teaches a seminar on the death penalty for the
National College of Criminal Defense; George D. Bowling, who had served in
the Charleston County defender's office; Arthur Howe, a former assistant
United States attorney and circuit solicitor; and David Bruck, a private
practitioner who supervises death penalty litigation for South Carolina's office
of appellate defense. All of these witnesses pointed out specific instances of
ineffective representation by Hyman's counsel, criticizing their lack of
preparation, ignorance of the law, and inadequate performance during the trial.
In addition, Capers Barr, the solicitor who prosecuted Hyman, testified that of
the six capital cases he has tried under the new statute, he would rank the
performance of Hyman's counsel as the lowest "in terms of their preparation
and presentation of the case."

68

Hyman's claim that he was denied effective assistance of counsel during the

penalty phase of his trial must be evaluated against the two-part test announced
in Strickland. First, Hyman has to show that "counsel's representation fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness." 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. at 2064.
Second, he must show that "there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different." 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068. See Darden v. Wainwright, 477
U.S. 187, 106 S.Ct. 2464, 2473, 91 L.Ed.2d 144 (1986).
69

Under the first half of the Strickland test, counsel enjoys the benefit of a strong
presumption that the alleged errors were actually part of a sound trial strategy
and that counsel's performance was within the limits of reasonable professional
assistance. 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065. But this presumption does not
overcome the failure of Hyman's attorneys to do basic legal research, to review
the testimony of key witnesses--including their own client--and to be familiar
with readily available documents necessary to an understanding of their client's
case. Counsel's lack of preparation and research cannot be considered the result
of deliberate, informed trial strategy. Their performance was based on
ignorance rather than on understanding of the facts and the law. We conclude
counsel's performance to be below the objective standard of reasonable
representation required by Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. at 2065.

70

We also conclude that but for his counsel's unprofessional errors, there is a
reasonable probability that the outcome of the sentencing phase of Hyman's
trial would have been different. In Strickland, the Court pointed out that a test
for prejudice "finds its roots in the test for the materiality of exculpatory
information not disclosed to the defense by the prosecution." 466 U.S. at 694,
104 S.Ct. at 2068. Certainly prejudice would be apparent if the prosecutor had
withheld Collins Griffis's inconsistent statement or the fact of Coulston's
pardon. See, e.g., Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 92 S.Ct. 763, 31
L.Ed.2d 104 (1972); Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10
L.Ed.2d 215 (1963); and Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 3
L.Ed.2d 1217 (1959). The failure of Hyman's counsel to examine and to
appreciate what the solicitor made readily available to them was equally
prejudicial. These incidents, coupled with counsel's failure to read other
statements in the solicitor's file and their failure to adequately prepare for
sentencing with respect to both facts and law, clearly establish prejudice within
the meaning of Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 691-96, 104 S.Ct. at 2064, 2066-69.

71

Because Hyman's counsel were ineffective, the trial record is an inadequate

basis for the imposition of the death penalty by the jury, trial, appellate, or
postconviction courts. Reliance on a state court record tainted by ineffective
assistance of counsel would be troubling in any case. But in a capital case,

where there is a greater need for accurate fact finding, such reliance is
unacceptable. Recently the Supreme Court reiterated that "[i]n capital
proceedings generally this Court has demanded that factfinding procedures
aspire to a heightened standard of reliability." Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S.
399, 106 S.Ct. 2595, 2603, 91 L.Ed.2d 335 (1986) (plurality opinion).
VI
72

Hyman insists that South Carolina law requires that only a jury can make the
Enmund findings. He relies on State v. Peterson, 287 S.C. 244, 248, 335 S.E.2d
800, 802 (1985), where the Supreme Court of South Carolina directed trial
courts to instruct the jury on the Enmund criteria.

73

We decline to restrict the state court proceedings. Peterson explains how a jury
must be instructed, but it does not provide that only a jury can impose a death
sentence. The state courts may designate the appropriate forum for this
function. See Cabana, 106 S.Ct. at 699-700. Regardless of the forum, such a
hearing would have to comply with South Carolina's death penalty statute,
S.C.Code Sec. 16-3-20(C), and the sixth, eighth, and fourteenth amendments.

VII
74

While this appeal was under consideration, the Supreme Court decided Tison v.
Arizona, --- U.S. ----, 107 S.Ct. 1676, 95 L.Ed.2d 127 (1987), which
supplements the principles explained in Enmund. The Court held that "major
participation in the felony committed, combined with reckless indifference to
human life is sufficient to satisfy the Enmund culpability requirement." The
Court observed that Arizona courts had found that the accused was a major
participant in the felony. It vacated the judgment and remanded the case for
determination of whether the accused acted with reckless indifference to human
life.

75

Following the precedent established by the Supreme Court, we conclude that it

would be inappropriate for us at this stage of the proceedings to decide whether
the culpability explained in Tison applies to Hyman. This issue can best be
determined when Hyman is retried.

VIII
76

For reasons stated in Parts I, II, and III, we reverse the judgment of the district
court and remand the case with directions to grant Hyman a writ of habeas
corpus, unless the state retries him within a reasonable time.

77

RUSSELL, Circuit Judge, concurring in part, and dissenting in part:

78

I concur in all of the parts of the opinion except Parts IV, V, VI and VII, though
as an abstract proposition, I agree with the reasoning in Parts VI and VII. I do
not think that we are called upon to address the points discussed in these
sections, since we had already found ample grounds to reverse and were
reversing the judgment. It is suggested in the opinion that since this was a death
case we should review and resolve all claims whether they be necessary or not
to the decision and whether they are likely to arise on retrial or not. There is
language in some of the decisions suggesting that the appellate court should
review all claims raised by the appellant before affirming death sentences, but I
do not read these decisions as requiring decision on points not necessary to the
decision if the decision already is to reverse the death conviction. As I have
said, I dissent from Parts IV, V, VI and VII of the opinion as set forth therein.

79

I am authorized by Judge WIDENER to state that he concurs in the above.

Griffis, however, could not be sure whether Hyman or Hinson was the gunman.
He explained: "They had something over their face and they looked just alike. I
couldn't tell one from the other."

The court's charge is appended to the district court's opinion, 606 F.Supp. at
1075

During the course of the judge's supplemental instruction, he told the jury:
You may return a death sentence if there is a mitigating circumstance present if
you find at least one of the aggravating circumstances ...
I charged you earlier that a person who aids and assists another in the
commission of an offense or who was present at the time and committed the
offense, would be equally guilty because under the hand of one, the hand of all
theory, a person who commits the offense in concert with others is guilty
obviously and anyone who assists the person committing an offense is guilty.
But you've passed the question of guilt or innocence. It would be proper for you
to consider in matters of mitigation or aggravation obviously whether this
Defendant used the weapon or whether he didn't; but I'm not going to get into
the facts with you now and try to reach any decision or suggest any opinion I
may have as to what your position should be so far as a recommendation of
sentence because under our Constitution, I can't comment on the facts....

Although Cabana notes that the prisoner exhausted state postconviction

remedies, 106 S.Ct. at 694, it does not refer to these proceedings as a source of
Enmund findings. Instead, the Court held that the court of appeals erred by not
inquiring whether the necessary finding "had been made by the trial court or
the state appellate court." 106 S.Ct. at 698. Nevertheless, the Court states that a
federal habeas court could in theory make the necessary finding, although the
sounder course of action would be to require the state's judicial system to make
the findings in the first instance. This suggests that since a federal habeas court
could make the findings, the findings could also be made in state
postconviction proceedings