METALLURGY I

(RM-1420)

LECTURE XII-XIII
Pendahuluan
Heat Treatment
Hardenability
Tempering
Age Hardening
Dosen:
Fahmi Mubarok, ST., MSc.
Metallurgy Laboratory
Mechanical Engineering
ITS- Surabaya
2008

http://www.its.ac.id/personal/material.php?id=fahmi

Pendahuluan

Fahmi Mubarok

Sifat mekanik tidak hanya tergantung pada komposisi kimia suatu

paduan, tetapi juga teragntung pada strukturmikronya.
Suatu paduan dengan komposisi kimia yang sama dapat memiliki
strukturmikro yang berbeda, dan sifat mekaniknya akan berbeda.
Strukturmikro tergantung pada proses pengerjaan yang dialami,
terutama proses laku-panas yang diterima selama proses pengerjaan.
Proses laku-panas adalah kombinasi dari operasi pemanasan dan
pendinginan dengan kecepatan tertentu yang dilakukan terhadap
logam/paduan dalam keadaan padat, sebagai suatu upaya untuk
memperoleh sifat-sifat tertentu.
Proses laku-panas pada dasarnya terdiri dari beberapa tahapan, dimulai
dengan pemanasan sampai ke temperatur tertentu, lalu diikuti dengan
penahanan selama beberapa saat, baru kemudian dilakukan
pendinginan dengan kecepatan tertentu.
Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Heat Treatment

Fahmi Mubarok

Heat treatment
Dekat Keseimbangan
Near-equilibrium

Tidak seimbang
Non-equilibrium

Tujuan Umum
Melunakkan
Menghaluskan butir
Menghilangkan tegangan dalam
Memperbaiki machine ability

Tujuan Umum
Mendapatkan kekerasan dan
kekuatan yang lebih tinggi

Macam Proses:
Full Annealing (annealing)
Stress relief Annealing
Process annealing
Spheroidizing
Normalizing
Homogenizing
Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Macam proces:
Hardening
Martempering
Austempering
Surface hardening
Carburizing
Nitriding
Cyaniding
Flame hardening
Induction hardening
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Heat Treatment

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Heat Treatment

Fahmi Mubarok

Full annealing (annealing)

Proses perlakuan panas untuk menghasilkan perlite yang kasar (coarse pearlite),
tetapi lunak dengan pemanasan sampai temperature austenitisasi dan didinginkan
dengan dapur.
Tujuan memperbaiki ukuran butir, melunakkan material sehingga
keuletannya naik.
Diterapkan pada baja yang mengalami deformasi plastis atau proces
maching/forming
Normalizing
Process perlakuan panas yang menghasilkan perlite halus, pendinginan dengan
udara, lebih keras dan kuat dari hasil anneal.
Spheroidizing
Process perlakuan panas untuk menghasilkan struktur carbida berbentuk bulat
(spheroid) pada matriks ferrite
Akan memeperbaiki kemampuan di machining pada baja paduan %C tinggi
Methods:
24 hours below A1 line
Heating and cooling alternately between A1 line
Heating above A1 line
Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Heat Treatment

Fahmi Mubarok

Process Annealing
Proses perlakuan panas untuk melunakkan dan menaikkan kembali keuletan
benda kerja agar dapat dideformasi lebih lanjut.
Low %C steel 1 hr @ 600-650C (no austenizing)
Recrystallizes cold worked ferrite
Y.S and UTS drastically reduced
Stress relief Annealing
Process perlakuan panas untuk menghilangkan tegangan sisa atau tegangan
dalam akibat proses sebelumnya.
Low %C Structural

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Normalizing and Full Annealing

Fahmi Mubarok

Full annealed - ~1oC/min

Reason for full annealing

Struktur mikro
Full annealed (1oC/min)

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Normalized (10 oC/min)

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Spherodizing

Fahmi Mubarok

24 hrs @ temp just under A1

- Carbides will spherodize if held for long time <723oC
- Softens and puts steel in free machining condition
Sometimes buy steel in spherodized condition for good dimensioning on machining
and then heat treat later to increase its strength

Spheroidizing microstructure
Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Process Anneal

Fahmi Mubarok

1 hr @ 600-650oC
Recrystallizes cold worked ferrite
Yield Strength and UTS drastically reduced
Sometimes used to selectively treat localized cold worked areas
Used in production of steel wire, nails etc.

Stress relief
Up to 678oC with times up to 24 hrs; (use thermal blankets)
Done to relieve residual or internal stresses
@ high temperature dislocations rearrange to relieve stresses (easier mobility @high
Temp -> lower Y.S)
After cooling residual stress is reduced

Less chance of fatigue, stress corrosion, etc.

Digestors and other pressure vessels have to be stress relieved to remove residual
stresses associated with welds
Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Full Annealing, Normalizing , Process Anneal and Spheroidize

Fahmi Mubarok

2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Hardening

Fahmi Mubarok

Hardening/ Pengerasan
Proses pelakuan panas untuk meningkatkan kekerasan, ketahanan aus atau
ketangguhan dengan kombinasi kekerasan
Kekerasan sangat tergantung dari:
Temperatur pemanasan (Austenitizing Temperature)
Lama pada temperatur tersebut (Holding Time)
Laju pendinginan (Cooling Rate)
Komposisi kimia (%C and Alloying)
Kondisi Permukaan (Surface Condition)
Ukuran dan berat benda kerja (Size and Mass)
Kekerasan maksimum didapatkan dari pembentukan fase martensite atau
atau fase karbida pada struktur mikro baja

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Austenitizing Temperature

Fahmi Mubarok

Pemanasan pada temperatur austenitisasi:

25-50 oC diatas temperatur A3 untuk baja hypoeutectoid
25-50 oC diatas temperatur A1 untuk baja hypereutectoid
Homogenity austenite, dilakukan dengan memberikan holding time pada
temperature austenitisasi
Laju pendinginan
Brine (air + 10 % garam dapur)
Air
Salt bath
Larutan minyak dalam air
Udara
Komposisi Kimia
Kondisi permukaan
Ukuran dan berat benda kerja

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Cooling Rate

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Cooling Rate

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Size and Mass

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Size and Mass

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Hardenability

Fahmi Mubarok

Kekerasan baja sangat ditentukan oleh

jumlah relatif martersite didalam
strukturmikro dan juga ditentukan oleh
kekerasan martensite
Hardenability adalah kemampuan baja
untuk dikeraskan dengan membentuk
martensite dengan proses heat-treatment
Metode Pengujian hardenability
Jominy End Quench Test
Grossman

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Parameter yang berpengaruh terhadap hardenability

Fahmi Mubarok

1. The chemical composition (carbon + other elements)

- increasing wt.%C increases hardenability
- of the common alloying elements, only Co is known to decrease
hardenability
2. The austenite grain size at the instant of quenching
- the larger the grain, the better (due to reduction in pearlite
nucleation sites). depend on heating rate, holding time and cooling
rate
But, beware of growing the austenite grain!
3. The shape, size (thickness) and geometry of the part being quenched;
4. The quenchant used

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Procedure of Jominy Test

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

Fahmi Mubarok

Prepare specimen with 1 inch round and 4 inch long

Pre-heat the furnace to about 925 C.
Place the Jominy specimen in the furnace and soak for one hour.
Turn the water on at the Jominy sink. Adjust the free water column to about inch.
Remove the Jominy specimen from the furnace and place it in the fixture. Swivel
the baffle out of position so that the water impinges on the bottom of the specimen
without wetting the sides of the specimen. Leave water to run for about 15 minutes.
Remove the Jominy specimen from the fixture and grind a smooth flat on the side of
the specimen.
Mark points on the ground surface at an interval of 1/16 in. up to 2 in. distance from
the quenched end.
Take readings at an interval of 1/16 in. by measuring the Rockwell C hardness at
each point marked in the previous step.
Plot the data for Rockwell Hardness versus Distance from quenched end as shown
in Page 21

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Jominy Test

Fahmi Mubarok

A standard simple test adopted by the ASTM and the SAE

- ASTM Method A255
- SAE Standard J406

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Jominy Test

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Jominy Test

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Jominy Test

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Jominy Test

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Grossman Test

Fahmi Mubarok

Hardenability suatu baja diukur oleh diamater suatu baja yang

strukturmikro tepat di intinya adalah 50 % martensite setelah
dilakukan proses hardening dengan pendinginan tertentu.
Baja berbentuk silinder (panjang min 5xD) dengan variasi diameter
dilakukan pengerasan dengan media pendingin tertentu.
Hasil pengersan diuji metallography dan kekerasan, diameter baja
tersebut yang intinya tepat 50 % martensite dianyatakan sebagai
diameter kritis (D0), pada suatu laju pendinginan tertentu
Laju pendinginan dinyatakan dengan koefisien of severity (H)

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Grossman Test

Fahmi Mubarok

Karena harga Do masih tergantung dengan laju pendinginan

tertentu maka dirumuskan Harga diameter baja tersebut (50%
martensite) dengan pendinginan Ideal (H=tak Hingga) yang disebut
sebagai diameter ideal (Di)

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Grossman Test

Fahmi Mubarok

Harga Di dapat di bandingkan antara satu baja dengan baja yang

lainnya, harga ini menyatakan hardenability suatu baja dengan
komposisi kimia tertentu
Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Grossman Test

Fahmi Mubarok

(a) Radial hardness

for two alloys
quenched in
agitated water.
(b) Radial hardness
for different
diameters of
SAE4140 steel
quenched in
agitated water.

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Tempering: Austempering and Martempering

Fahmi Mubarok

Hasil quench hardening -> menghasilkan produk yang keras tetapi getas
Menghasilkan tegangan sisa
Keuletan dan ketangguhan turun
Martempering (Marquenching)
1. Austenitize the steel at the appropriate temperature
2. Quench to a temperature just above the Ms
(usually, into an oil or molten salt bath)
3. Hold in the quenchant to obtain uniform
temperature throughout the steel
4. Cool at a moderate rate through the martensite
transformation region.
Mechanical properties of 1095 steel heat-treated by
martempering and conventional quenching
Heat Treatment

Hardness (HRC)

Impact (ft-lb)

Elongation in 1in (%)

Water quench and temper

53.0

12

Martemper and temper

53.0

28

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Martempering
Procedure

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

Microstructure Result

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Temper Martensite

Fahmi Mubarok

Perubahan sifat mekanik

Microstrukture Transformation

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Microstructure Temper Martensite

Fahmi Mubarok

Pengaruh kadar karbon

pada kekerasan martensit

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Austempering

Fahmi Mubarok

An isothermal heat treatment designed to produce

bainite in plain-carbon steels
Purposes:
o improves strength and toughness
o decreases cracking and distortion
o but takes a long time to complete
Steps:
1. Austenitize the steel at the appropriate
temperature
2. Quench to a temperature just above the Ms
3. Hold isothermally in the quenching media
until graphite bainite transformation is
complete
4. Cool to room temperature in air
Mechanical properties of 1095 steel heat-treated by austempering and conventional quenching.
Heat Treatment

Hardness (HRC)

Impact (ft-lb)

Elongation in 1in (%)

Austemper

52.0

45

11

Water quench and temper

53.0

12

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Austempering

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Age Hardening

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Age Hardening

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Age Hardening

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Age Hardening

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Age Hardening

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Age Hardening

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Age Hardening

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

Fahmi Mubarok

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Surface Hardening

Fahmi Mubarok

Harden surface layers (0.1mm 5mm)

- To improve wear resistance
- To improve resistance to high contact stresses
- To improve fracture toughness
- To improve fatigue resistance
Heat:
Induction
Flame
Laser
Light

Case Hardening:
Carburizing
Cyaniding
Carbonitriding
Nitriding

Components usually surface-hardened

-Gears bearings
-Valves
-Shafts
-Bearing races
-Cams
-Hand tools
-Rolls
-Machine tools
-Sprockets
Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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Surface Hardening

Fahmi Mubarok

Induction Hardening

Metallurgy Lab. Mech. Eng. Dept. ITS

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METALLURGY I
(RM-1420)

LECTURE XIV
Surface Hardening
-Methods
-Applications

Dosen:
Fahmi Mubarok, ST., MSc.
Metallurgy Laboratory
Mechanical Engineering
ITS- Surabaya
2008