A.kishore 4m Span Design

Construction of 4.00mts span culvert on PALAKOLLU OLD NO.
2
CHANNEL
Name of the work:-Road from Kavitam to Mandal Border (Kavitam to
Velagaleru Via North Arundathi Peta) PMGSY-2
n of 4.00mts span culvert on PALAKOLLU OLD NO.2
e work:-Road from Kavitam to Mandal Border (Kavitam to

Via North Arundathi Peta) PMGSY-2
Design Philosophy:-
The design of 1V-- 4.37m right span culvert is carried as per the procedure out lined
below:Step1:The design discharge was fixed after arriving discharge based on the following methods:a.As per the hydraulic particulars furnished by the Irrigation department
b.By Area-Velocity method using Manning's equation for arriving at the flow velocity
and area by considering actual cross-section of the channel.
Step2:a.Hydraulic particulars like HFL,OFL are obtained from Irrigation department.
b.Bottom of deck level was fixed based on HFL and road formation levels on both sides.
The vertical clearence and afflux are verified.
c.Ventway calculations are done for fixation of ventway.
d.Normal scour depth with reference to HFL was calculated using Lacey's equations
e.After arriving at the Maximum scour depth,bottom level of the foundation was fixed
below the maximum scour depth
Step3:After arriving at bottom of deck level,bottom of foundation level and required
ventway,the dimensions of the bridge are finalised.
The structural components are desined in the following manner:a.As per the recommendations of IRC 6:2000,IRC class A live load required for bridges
and culverts of medium importance is selected.
b.Load combination is selected as per IRC 6:2000
c.Based on the trial pit particulars and soil test reports,type of foundation was selected.
d.The structural components like Abutment,raft foundation are
designed as per the guide lines given in relevent IRC codes.
e.The deck slab is proposed as per the MOST drawing Nos.BD 1-74&BD 2-74
f.The dirt wall is proposed as per the drawings given in Plate No.7.25 of
IRC:SP20-2002(Rural roads manual)
Design of Abutments
I)Design Parameters:Clear Right Span
4.00m
Deck slab length
4.740m
Width of the carriage way
5.50m
Thickness of deck slab as per MOST Dg.BD 1-74
0.395m
Thickness of wearing coat
0.075m
Height of railing
1.200m
Thickness of dirt wall
0.30m
Sectional area of dirt wall
0.330sqm
Thickness of RAFT footing
0.50m
Height of abutments
1.798m
Top width of abutments
0.690m
Bottom width of abutments
1.50m
Sectional area of abutment section
1.969sqm
Bank side batter of abutment
0.810m
Stream side batter of abutment
0.000m
Width of 1st footing
1.80m
Thickness of 1st footing
0.50m
Canal side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment
0.15m
Bank side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment
0.15m
Width of 2nd footing
1.95m
Thickness of 2nd footing
0.50m
Canal side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment
0.30m
Bank side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment
0.15m
Width of 3rd footing
0.00m
Thickness of 3rd footing
0.00m
Canal side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment
0.00m
Bank side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment
0.00m
Width of VRCC RAFT footing
6.85m
Thickness of VRCC RAFT footing
0.50m
Type of bearings
(As per hydralic calculations)
No bearings proposed
Unit weight of RCC (yrc)
25KN/cum
Unit weight of PCC (ypc)
24KN/cum
Density of back fill soil behind abutments (y)
18KN/Cum
Unit weight of water (yw)
10KN/Cum
Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material(Q)
30
Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(In

degrees)(in clock wise direction)(a)
65.78
Slope of back fill (b)
Angle of wall friction (q)
15
Height of surcharge considered (h3)
1.20m
Road crest level (RTL)
6.560m
Low bed level (LBL)
4.292m
High flood Level (HFL)

Bottom of foundation level (BFL)
Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil (SBC)
=
=
5.202m
2.492m
6.00t/sqm
Compressive strength of concrete for RCC Raft footing

(fck)
25.00N/sqmm
Yield strength of steel (fy)
415.00N/sqmm
Cover to reinforcement
50.00mm
II)General loading pattern:As per IRC:6---2000,the following loadings are to be considered on the bridge or slab
culvert:1.Dead load
2.Live load
3.Impact load
4.Wind load
5.Water current
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings
7.Buoyancy
8.Earth pressure
9.Seismic force
10.Water pressure force
As per clause 202.3,the increase in permissible stresses is not permissible for the
above loading combination.
III)Loading on the slab culvert for design of abutments:1.Dead Load:i)Self wieght of the deck slab =
128.72KN
ii)Self wieght of dirtwall over abutment =
45.38KN
iii)Self weight of wearing coat =
24.44KN
198.54KN
There is no need to consider snow load as per the climatic conditions
Self wieght of the abutments upto bottom most footing based on the preliminary
section assumed:iv)Self wieght of the abutment section =
259.91KN
v)Self wieght of top footing =
118.80KN
vi)Self wieght of 2nd footing =
128.70KN
vii)Self wieght of 3rd footing =
0.00KN
viii)Self wieght of 4th footing =
0.00KN
507.41KN
W1
W1
ix)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment w.r.t base of abutment
S.No
Description Load in KN
Distance of centroid of load from toe of

abutment
Back
batter(W1)
96.12108
0.96
Centre
portion(W2)
163.76184
0.345
Front
batter(W3)
259.88292
Location of resultant from toe of abutment =
0.57m
Eccentricity wrt centre of base of abutment =
0.180m
x)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment&1st footing w.r.t bottom of 1st footing
S.No
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 1st

footing
Back batter
96.12108
1.11
Centre portion
163.76184
0.495
Front batter
1st footing
118.80KN
0.9
378.68292
0.78m
Eccentricity wrt centre of 1st footing=
0.120m
xi)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing
S.No
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 2nd

footing
Back batter
96.12108
1.26
Centre portion
163.76184
0.645
Front batter
0.3
1st footing
118.80KN
1.050
2nd footing
128.70KN
0.975
507.38292
0.94m
Eccentricity =
0.035m
xii)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Back batter
Centre portion
Front batter
1st footing
2nd footing
3rd footing
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 3rd

footing
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.26
0.645
0.3
0.75
0.68
0.00
0.00m
Eccentricity =
0.000m
2.Live Load:As per clause 201.1 of IRC:6--2000,the bridges and culverts of medium importance
are to be designed for IRC Class A loading.

GENERAL IRC Class-A loading Pattern
6.8t
6.8t
3.00
3.00
6.8t
11.4t
3.00
6.8t
4.30
1.20
11.4t
3.20
2.7t
1.80
2.7t
1.10
The IRC Class A loading as per the drawing is severe and the same is to be considered as per
clauses 207.1.3&207.4
Y
475
11.4t
11.4t
Portion to be loaded
with 5KN/m live
load
4000
5500
2925
5380
3525
The ground contact area of wheels for the above placement,each axle wise is
given below:Axle load
(Tonnes)
11.4
6.8
2.7
Ground Contact Area

B(mm)
W(mm)
250
200
150
500
380
200
Assuming 0.475m allowance for guide posts/kerbs and the clear distance of vehicle from
the edge of guide post being 0.15m as per clause 207.1,the value of 'f' shown in the figure will
be 0.625m
Hence,the width of area to be loaded with 5KN/m2 on left side is (f) =
0.625m
Similarly,the area to be loaded on right side (k) =
3.525m
4.15m
The total live load on the deck slab composes the following components:1.Wheel loads----Point loads
2.Live load in remaing portion(Left side)----UDL

2.Live load in remaing portion(Right side)----UDL
Resultant live load:Eccentricity of live load w.r.t y-direction(Along the direction of travel of vehicles)
Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t y-axis
S.No
Wheel
Load/UDL in
KN
Distance from Y-axis
57
0.875m
57
0.875m
57
2.675m
57
2.675m
11.85
0.313m
66.834
4.688m
306.684
Distance of centroid of forces from y-axis
= 2.353m
Eccentricity =
0.872m
Eccentricity of live load w.r.t x-direction(At right angle to the travel of vehicles)
Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t x-axis
S.No
Load in KN
Distance from X-axis
57
5.005m
57
5.005m
57
3.805m
57
3.805m
11.85KN
2.690m
66.83KN
2.690m
306.684
Distance of centroid of forces from x-axis
= 3.965m
Eccentricity =
0.775m
Y
Location of Resultant
2353
4690
5380
3965
5500
2925
3525
Calculation of reactions on abutments:-
Reaction due to loads Ra =
226.02KN
Reaction due to point loads = Rb =
80.66KN
Hence,the critical reaction is Ra =
226.02KN
The corrected reaction at obtuse corner =
226.02KN
Assuming that the live load reaction acts at the centre of the contact area on the abutment,
300
185
300
565
565
490
The eccentricty of the line of action of live load at bottom of abutment =
0.565m
----do----on top of 1st footing
0.565m
----do----on top of 2nd footing
0.490m
The eccentricity in the other direction need not be considered due to high section modulus in transverse
direction.
3.Impact of vehicles:As per Clause 211 of IRC:6--2000,impact allowance shall be made by an increment
of live load by a factor 4.5/(6+L)
Hence,the factor is
0.419
Further as per clause 211.7 of IRC:6--2000,the above impact factor shall be only
50% for calculation of pressure on piers and abutments just below the level of bed block.There
is no need to increase the live load below 3m depth.
As such,the impact allowance for the top 3m of abutments will be
For the remaining portion,impact need not be considered.
4.Wind load:The deck system is located at height of (RTL-LBL)
2.27m
The Wind pressure acting on deck system located at that height is considered for design.
As per clause 212.3 and from Table .4 of IRC:6---2000,the wind pressure at that
hieght is=
59.48 Kg/m2.
Height of the deck system =
Breadth of the deck system =
1.670
5.34
The effective area exposed to wind force =HeightxBreadth =

Hence,the wind force acting at centroid of the deck system =
(Taking 50% perforations)
Further as per clause 212.4 of IRC:6---2000 ,300 Kg/m wind force is considered to be
acting at a hieght of 1.5m from road surface on live load vehicle.
Hence,the wind force acting at 1.5m above the road surface =
The location of the wind force from the top of RCC raft footing =
5.Water current force:Water pressure considered on square ended abutments as per clause 213.2 of
IRC:6---2000 is
P = 52KV2 =
14.82 Kg/m2.
(where the value of 'K' is 1.5 for square ended abutments)

For the purpose of calculation of exposed area to water current force,only 1.0m
width of abutment is considered for full hieght upto HFL
Hence,the water current force =
0.34KN
Point of action of water current force from the top of RCC raft footing =
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings:The breaking effect of vehicles shall be 20% of live load acting in longitudinal
direction at 1.2m above road surface as per the clause 214.2 of IRC:6--2000.
As no bearings are assumed in the present case,50% of the above longitudinal

force can be assumed to be transmitted to the supports of simply supported spans resting on
stiff foundation with no bearings as per clause 214.5.1.3 of IRC:6---2000
Hence,the longitudinal force due to braking,tractive or frictional resistance of

bearings transferred to abutments is
30.67KN
The location of the tractive force from the top of RCC raft footing =
7.Buoyancy :As per clause 216.4 of IRC:6---2000,for abutments or piers of shallow depth,the
dead weight of the abutment shall be reduced by wieght of equal volume of water upto HFL.
The above reduction in self wieght will be considered assuming that the back fill
behind the abutment is scoured.
For the preliminary section assumed,the volume of abutment section is
i)Volume of abutment section =
10.83Cum
ii)Volume of top footing =
4.95Cum
iii)Volume of 2nd footing =
5.36Cum
iv)Volume of 3rd footing =
0.00Cum
v)Volume of 4th footing =
0.00Cum
21.14Cum
Reduction in self wieght =
211.42KN
8.Earth pressure :As per clause 217.1 of IRC:6---2000,the abutments are to be designed for a
surcharge equivalent to a back fill of hieght 1.20m behind the abutment.
The coefficient of active earth pressure exerted by the cohesion less back fill on
the abutment as per the Coulomb's theory is given by
'2
Ka =
Sin(a+Q)
sina
sin(a-q)
sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
sin(a+b)
Sin(a+Q) =
Sin(a-q) =
Sina =
Sin(Q+q) =
Sin(Q-b) =
Sin(a+b) =
SIN[3.14*(65.5+30)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(65.5-15)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(65.5)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(30+15)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(30-0)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(65.5+0)/180] =
0.995
0.771
0.91
0.707
0.5
0.91
From the above expression,

Ka =
0.53
The hieght of abutment above GL,as per the preliminary section assumed =
Hence,maximum pressure at the base of the wall
The pressure distribution along the height of the wall is as given below:-
Pa =
Surcharge load =
11.45 KN/sqm
11.45
1.798
17.15
11.45
Area of the rectangular portion =

Area of the triangular portion =
20.59
15.42
36.01
Taking moments of the areas about the toe of the wall

S.No
1
2
Description
Area
Rectangular
Triangular
20.59
15.42
36.01
Lever arm Moment

0.899
0.599333333
18.51041
9.24172
27.75213
Height from the bottom of the wall =
0.77m
The active Earth pressure acts on the abutment as shown below:-
0.70
39.22
1.798m
0.77m
65.78
1.50
0.35
Total earth pressure acting on the abutment P =
198.03KN
Horizontal component of the earth pressure P h =
Vertical component of the earth pressure P v =
Eccentricity of vertical component of earth pressure =

9.Siesmic force :As per clause 222.1 of IRC:6---2000,the bridges in siesmic zones I and II need not be
designed for siesmic forces.The location of the slab culvert is in Zone-I.Hence,there is no need to
design the bridge for siesmic forces.
10.Water pressure force:The water pressure distribution on the abutment is as given below:-
HFL 5.202m
2.71
BFL 2.492m
27.10kn/sqm
Total horizontal water pressure force =

The above pressure acts at height of H/3 =
201.96KN
0.90m
IV)Check for stresses for abutments&footings:-
a)Load Envelope-I:-(The Canal is dry,back fill scoured with live load on span)
i)On top of RCC raft
The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles
Vertical forces acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN Eccentricty about xaxis(m)
Reaction due to dead load from super structure
198.54KN
-0.490
Self wieght of abutment&footings
507.38KN
0.035
Reaction due to live load with impact factor---(Wheel

loads+UDL)
320.73KN
Impact load
0.00
-0.490
0.00
1026.65
Horizontal forces acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN Direction x or y
Wind load
16.50KN
x-Direction
Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings
30.67KN
y-Direction
Water current force
0.34KN
x-Direction
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 2nd footing b =
6.45m
Depth of 2nd footing d =
1.95m
Area of the footing = A =
12.5775 m2
Section modulus of bottom footing

about x-axis --Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
4.09 m3
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm 2
i.e, 3000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.0N/mm 2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)

Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Impact load
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Intensity in KN Eccentricity/Lever
(P)
arm
Type of load
-0.490
0.035
-0.490
0.000
30.67KN
4.77
Intensity in KN Eccentricity
(P)

Impact load
Stress at heel =
198.54KN
507.38KN
320.73KN
0.00KN
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
198.54KN
507.38KN
320.73KN
0.00KN
0.490
-0.035
0.490
0.000
30.67KN
4.77
28.33 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
134.92 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of 3rd footing b =
1.95m
Depth of 3rd footing d =
6.45m
12.5775 m2
Section modulus of bottom footing about =

y-axis--Zy =
(1/6)bd2 =
13.52 m3
i.e, 3000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Type of load

Impact load
Wind load
Water current force
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
(P)
arm
Type of load
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
5.07
3.57
(P)
arm

Impact load
Wind load
Water current force
Stress at up stream side

edge =
198.54KN
507.38KN
320.73KN
0.00KN
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
198.54KN
507.38KN
320.73KN
0.00KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
5.07
3.57
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
i)On top of 2nd footing

The following co-ordinates are assumed:-
a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles

Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
198.54KN
-0.490
Self wieght of abutment&cut waters
378.68KN
0.120
320.73KN
-0.490
Impact load
0.00
0.000
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
16.50KN
x-Direction
30.67KN
y-Direction
Water current force
0.34KN
x-Direction
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b =

Depth of 1st footing d =
Section modulus of base of abutment
about x-axis--Zx =
6.45m
1.80m
11.61 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
3.48 m3
i.e, 3000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
Type of load
(P)
arm
1
2
3
4
5

Impact load
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
-0.49
0.12
-0.49
0.00
30.67KN
4.47
(P)

Impact load
Stress at heel =
198.54KN
378.68KN
320.73KN
0.00KN
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
198.54KN
378.68KN
320.73KN
0.00KN
0.49
-0.12
0.49
0.00
30.67KN
4.47
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b =
about y-axis--Zy =
1.80m
6.45m
11.61 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
12.48 m3
i.e, 3000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
Type of load
(P)
arm
1
2
3
4
5
6

Impact load
Wind load
Water current force
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Type of load
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
4.77
3.27
(P)
arm

Impact load
Wind load
Water current force

edge of abutment =
198.54KN
378.68KN
320.73KN
0.00KN
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
198.54KN
378.68KN
320.73KN
0.00KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
4.77
3.27
Hence safe.
edge of abutment =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
i)On top of 1st footing
S.No
Type of load
1
2
3

Impact load

198.54KN
259.88KN
320.73KN
0.00
-0.565
0.180
-0.565
0.000
S.No
1
2
3
Type of load
Wind load
Water current force
16.50KN
30.67KN
0.34KN
x-Direction
y-Direction
x-Direction
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of abutment b =

Depth of abutment d =
about x-axis--Zx =
6.45m
1.50m
9.675 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
2.42 m3
i.e, 3000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
S.No
1
2
3
4
Type of load

Impact load
Type of load

Impact load
(P)
arm
198.54KN
259.88KN
320.73KN
0.00KN
-0.57
0.18
-0.57
0.00
30.67KN
4.17
(P)
198.54KN
259.88KN
320.73KN
0.00KN
0.57
-0.18
0.57
0.00
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
30.67KN
4.17
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of abutment b =
Depth of abutment d =
about y-axis--Zy =
1.50m
6.45m
9.675 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
10.40 m3
i.e, 3000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
S.No
1
2
Type of load

Impact load
Wind load
Water current force
Type of load

(P)
arm
198.54KN
259.88KN
320.73KN
0.00KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
4.47
2.97
(P)
arm
198.54KN
259.88KN
0.00
0.00
3
4
5
6

Impact load
Wind load
Water current force

edge of abutment =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
320.73KN
0.00KN
0.000
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
4.47
2.97
Hence safe.
edge of abutment =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
b)Load Envelope-II:-(The Canal is full,back fill intact with no live load on span)
i)On top of RCC Raft footing
S.No
Type of load
198.54KN
-0.490
507.38KN
Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy
-211.42KN
Net self weight
295.96KN
0.035
Vertical component of earth pressure
125.16KN
0.400
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
16.50KN
x-Direction
0.00KN
y-Direction
Water current force
0.34KN
x-Direction
Horizontal load due to earth pressure
153.46KN
y-Direction
Water pressure force
201.96KN
y-Direction
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b =

Depth of bottom footing d =
6.45m
1.95m
12.5775 m2

about x-axis --Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
4.09 m3
i.e, 3000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

Net self wieght of abutment&footings
Vertical component of Earth pressure
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
(P)
arm
Type of load
-0.49
0.04
0.40
153.46KN
201.96KN
1.77
0.90
(P)

Stress at heel =
198.54KN
295.96KN
125.16KN
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
198.54KN
295.96KN
125.16KN
0.49
-0.04
-0.40
153.46KN
201.96KN
1.77
0.90
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b =

Depth of bottom footing d =
1.95m
6.45m
12.5775 m2

about y-axis --Zy =
(1/6)bd2 =
13.52 m3
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)
arm

Wind load
Water current force
Type of load
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
5.07
3.57
(P)


edge of abutment =
198.54KN
295.96KN
125.16KN
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
198.54KN
295.96KN
125.16KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
5.07
3.57
Hence safe.
edge of abutment =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
ii)On top of 2nd footing

S.No
Type of load
198.54KN
-0.49
507.38KN
-211.42KN
Net self weight
295.96KN
0.035
125.16KN
0.400
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
16.50KN
x-Direction
0.00KN
y-Direction
Water current force
0.34KN
x-Direction
153.46KN
y-Direction
201.96KN
y-Direction
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 2nd footing b =

Depth of 2nd footing d =
about x-axis --Zx =
6.45m
1.80m
11.61 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
3.48 m3
i.e, 3000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

S.No
1
2
3
4
5
(P)
arm
Type of load
-0.49
0.04
0.40
153.46KN
201.96KN
1.27
0.60
(P)

Stress at heel =
198.54KN
295.96KN
125.16KN
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
198.54KN
295.96KN
125.16KN
0.49
-0.04
-0.40
153.46KN
201.96KN
1.27
0.60
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.

about y-axis --Zy =
1.80m
6.45m
11.61 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
12.48 m3
i.e, 3000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

Wind load
Water current force
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
(P)
arm
Type of load
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
4.77
3.27
(P)


edge of abutment =
198.54KN
295.96KN
125.16KN
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
198.54KN
295.96KN
125.16KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
4.77
3.27
Hence safe.
edge of abutment =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
iii)On top of 1st footing

S.No
Type of load
198.54KN
-0.49
378.68KN
-157.78KN
Net self weight
220.90KN
0.120
125.16KN
0.400
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
16.50KN
x-Direction
0.00KN
y-Direction
Water current force
0.34KN
x-Direction
153.46KN
y-Direction
201.96KN
y-Direction
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b =

about x-axis --Zx =
6.45m
1.80m
11.61 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
3.48 m3
i.e, 3000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

(P)
arm
198.54KN
220.90KN
125.16KN
-0.49
0.12
0.40
153.46KN
201.96KN
0.77
0.30
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)

Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
198.54KN
220.90KN
125.16KN
0.49
-0.12
-0.40
153.46KN
201.96KN
0.77
0.30
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.

about y-axis --Zy =
1.80m
6.45m
11.61 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
12.48 m3
i.e, 3000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

Wind load
Water current force
(P)
arm
198.54KN
220.90KN
125.16KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
4.47
2.97
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)


edge of abutment =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
198.54KN
220.90KN
125.16KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.50KN
0.34KN
4.47
2.97
Hence safe.
edge of abutment =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
V)Check for stability of abutments:a)Load Envelope-III:-(The Canal is dry,back fill intact with live load on span)
S.No
Type of load
198.54KN
0.57
Self wieght of abutments
259.91KN
0.180
320.73KN
0.57
Vertical component of Active Earth pressure
125.16KN
0.400
904.34KN
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
16.50KN
x-Direction
30.67KN
y-Direction
Horizontal Active Earth pressure force
153.46KN
y-Direction
200.63KN
Check for stability against over turning:Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to tractive,braking&frictional resistance of bearings =
Moment due to active earth pressure force =
Total overturning moment =

Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,,
Moment due to self weight of abutment =
Moment due to live load reaction on abutment =
Moment due to super structure load reaction on abutment =
Moment due to vertical component of active earth pressure =
Total Restoring moment =
Factor of safety =
4.184275876
> 2.0
Hence safe
(As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000)
Check for stability against sliding:Total vertical load acting on the base of the abutment V b =
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the abutment H b =
Coefficient of friction between concrete surfaces =
Factor of safety against sliding Fs =
3.605983001 > 1.5

Hence safe
b)Load Envelope-IV:-(The Canal is running upto HFL with no live load on span)
S.No
Type of load
198.54KN
0.57
Self wieght of abutments
259.91KN
-108.30KN
Net self wieght
151.61KN
0.180
Vertical component of Active Earth pressure
125.16
0.400
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
16.50KN
x-Direction
0.00KN
y-Direction
Active Earth pressure force
153.46KN
y-Direction
Force due to water pressure
201.96KN
y-Direction
Check for stability against over turning:Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to tractive,braking&frictional resistance of bearings =
Moment due to active earth pressure force =
Total overturning moment =

Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to self weight of abutment =
Moment due to water pressure force on the abutment =
Moment due to super structure load reaction on abutment =
Moment due to vertical component of active earth pressure =
Total Restoring moment =
Factor of safety =
5.134653831
> 2.0
Hence safe
Check for stability against sliding:Total vertical load acting on the base of the abutment V b =
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the abutment H b =

Coefficient of friction between concrete surfaces =
Factor of safety against sliding Fs =
2.49564751 > 1.5

Hence safe
gs proposed
Moment
92.28
56.5
148.78
Moment
106.69
81.06
0
106.92
294.67
Moment
121.11
105.63
124.74
125.48
476.96
Moment
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.8t
6.8t
3.00
ered as per
228.00KN
11.85KN
66.83KN
306.68KN
Moment
49.88KNm
49.88KNm
152.48KNm
152.48KNm
3.70KNm
313.28KNm
721.69KNm
Moment
ant
5380
285.29KNm
285.29KNm
216.89KNm
216.89KNm
31.88KNm
179.78KNm
1216.00KN
odulus in transverse
0.2095
2.65KN
16.50KN
5.07m
3.57m
4.77m
1.798m
17.15KN/sqm
153.46KN
125.16KN
0.40m
Eccentricty about yaxis(m)

0.00
0.000
0.000
0.00
g components
Location(Ht.from the
section considered).
(m)
5.07
4.77
3.57
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
8.59
41.65
13.88
0
-35.79
28.33
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm
22.98
39.03
37.12
0
35.79
134.92
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
15.79
40.34
25.5
0
-6.19
-0.09
75.35
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/b)
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm
15.79
40.34
25.5
0
6.19
0.09
87.91

0.00
0.000
0.000
0.00
omponents
(m)
4.77
4.47
3.27
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
9.31
34.64
15.03
0
-39.36
19.62
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
24.9
28.98
40.22
0
39.36
133.46
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
17.1
32.62
27.62
0
-6.31
-0.09
70.94
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/b)
17.1
32.62
27.62
0
6.31
0.09
83.74
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm

0.00
0.000
0.000
0.00
omponents
(m)
4.47
4.17
2.97
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
9.74
29.86
15.73
0
-52.87
2.46
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
31.31
22.36
50.57
0
52.87
157.11
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/b)
20.52
26.86
33.15
0
-7.09
-0.1
73.34
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/b)
20.52
26.86
33.15
0
7.09
0.1
87.72
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm

0.00
0.000
0.000
omponents
(m)
5.07
0.00
3.57
1.77
0.90
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
8.59
24.3
13.65
-66.48
44.6
24.69
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm
22.98
22.76
6.25
66.48
-44.6
73.84
Stress at U/S Edge

P/A(1+6e/b)
15.79
23.53
9.95
-6.19
-0.1
42.99
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/b)
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm
15.79
23.53
9.95
6.19
0.1
55.55

0.00
0.000
0.000
omponents
(m)
4.77
0.00
3.27
1.27
0.60
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
9.31
26.32
14.79
-55.99
35.0
29.41
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm
24.9
24.66
6.77
55.99
-35.0
77.34
Stress at U/S Edge

P/A(1+6e/b)
17.1
25.49
10.78
-6.31
-0.1
46.97
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/b)
17.1
25.49
10.78
6.31
0.1
59.77
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm
0.00
0.000
0.000
omponents
(m)
4.47
0.00
2.97
0.77
0.30
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/b)
9.31
21.15
14.79
-33.96
17.6
28.88
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
24.9
16.9
6.77
33.96
-17.6
64.94
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm
Stress at U/S Edge

P/A(1+6e/b)
17.1
19.03
10.78
-5.91
-0.1
40.92
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/b)
17.1
19.03
10.78
5.91
0.1
52.9
-2000KN/sqm.
4000KN/sqm
omponents
0.00
0.000
0.000
0.00
(m)
4.47
4.47
0.77
137.09Kn-m
118.27Kn-m
255.36Kn-m
241.72Kn-m
421.75Kn-m
261.08Kn-m
143.94Kn-m
1068.49Kn-m
IRC:78-2000)
904.34KN
200.63KN
0.80
IRC:78-2000)

0.00
0.000
0.00
omponents
(m)
4.47
0.00
0.77
0.30
0.00Kn-m
118.27Kn-m
118.27Kn-m
141.00Kn-m
61.26Kn-m
261.08Kn-m
143.94Kn-m
607.27Kn-m
IRC:78-2000)
478.73KN
153.46KN
0.80
IRC:78-2000)
DESIGN OF RAFT FOR THE SLAB CULVERT

Name of the work:-Road from Kavitam to Mandal Border (Kavitam to Velagaleru Via North Arundathi Peta) PMGSY-2
Abutment
Abutment
Length of the Raft:-
7.60m
Width of the Raft:-
6.85m
Total load on the Raft:Dead Load:Wt.of Deck slab =
257.44Kn
Wt.of wearing coat =
48.88Kn
Wt.of bed blocks over abutments =
90.76Kn
Wt.of abutments
Footing-I =
Footing-II =
Wt.of abutments =
237.60Kn
257.40Kn
519.82Kn
Total
Dead load stress =
27.12Kn/Sqm
Live Load:Taking IRC Class-A loading

Wheel width in the direction of movement =0.2+0.2+0.25/2 = 0.625m
11.4
11.4
1.2
6.8
4.3
1.475
1411.90Kn
0.625
7.60m
Centre of gravity of loading from 1st 11.4t load =

=
1.73m
Centre of gravity from the end of raft =
2.355m
Eccentricity =
1.445m
Stress due to live load = 1xP(1+6e/b)

(Taking single lanes)
A
Max.stress =
15.52Kn/Sqm
Min.stress =
-1.82Kn/Sqm
Total stress due to dead load and live load

Max.Stress =
42.64Kn/Sqm
Min.Stress =
25.30Kn/Sqm
Assuming the depth of raft as 50cm

Stress due to self weight of raft =
12.50Kn/Sqm
Stress due to wieght of base concrete =

Hence,the Max.stress on the soil =
3.60Kn/Sqm
58.74Kn/Sqm
Which is less than 6t/sqm(Soil testing report)

Hence safe.
Net Max.upward pressure acting on Raft =
42.64Kn/Sqm
Net Min.upward pressure acting on Raft =
25.30Kn/Sqm
The design stress =
33.97Kn/Sqm
Hence,the UDL on the raft =
33.97Kn/m
Design of Raft:The raft will be analysed as a continuous beam of 1m width with the loading
as shown below:-
1.125
5.35
1.125
UDL of 33.97Kn/m
After analysis the bending moment diagram is as given below:
100
21.5
If the raft is considered as fixed beam with a span 5.35m

then
2
the hogging moment at bottom will be wl /12 =
81.03KNm
Hence,the raft will be designed for the moments as detailed below:Max.Sagging bending moment Mu =
100.00KNm
Max.Hogging bending moment Mu =
81.03KNm
Effective depth required d =

Over all depth provided =
Mu/0.133fckb =
173.42mm
500.00mm
Effective depth provided(Assuming 50mm cover) d =
442.00mm
Top steel:Mu/bd2 =
0.512
From table 3 of SP 16,percentage of steel required =

Area of steel required =
Bottom steel:Mu/bd2 =
0.415
0.121
534.82sqmm
From table 3 of SP 16,percentage of steel required =

The minimum percentage of steel required =
Area of steel required =
0.1
0.12
530.40sqmm
Hence provide 12mm dia HYSD bars@ 175mm c/c spacing at bottom
and provide 12mm bars at 175mm c/c at top
Hence Ast provided at top =
645.94sqmm
Hence Ast provided at bottom =
645.94sqmm
Provide distribution reinforcement of 0.12% both at top and bottom

Area =
600.00sqmm
Adopting 10mm dia bars,the spacing required is =
130.83mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 125mm c/c spacing at top& bottom as distribution steel
rundathi Peta) PMGSY-2
Hydraulic design
Hydraulic Particulars:1.Full supply Level
5.202
2.Ordinary Flood level

3.Lowest Bed level
4.292
4.Average bed slope

(1 in 15000)
0.000250
5.Rugosity Coefficient(n)
(As per table 5 of IRC:SP 13)
0.025
6.Vertical clearence proposed

(As per clause 15.5 of IRC:SP 13&as per profile)
0.888
6.Bottom of deck proposed

(MFL+Vertical clearence)
6.090
7.Road Crest level

(Bottom of deck level+thickness of deck slab)
6.560
8.Width of carriage way
5.500
Discharge Calculations:1)From the data furnished by the Irrigation Department:Design discharge =
1.835Cumecs
2)Area Velocity method:Depth of flow w.r.t HFL =
0.910m
Bed width =
3.00m
Assuming side slopes 1:1.5 in clayey soils,top width at HFL =

Wetted Area =
3.35sqm
Wetted perimetre =
5.57m
Hydraulic Radius
R=
Velocity V =
1/nX(R2/3XS1/2)
Discharge Q =
AXV
Design Discharge =
4.365m
Total area/Wetted perimeter =
0.60
0.45m/sec
1.51Cumecs
1.835Cumecs
Design Velocity =
0.190m/sec
Ventway Calculations(H.F.L Condition):Assuming the stream to be truly alluvial,the regime width is equal to linear waterway required for the drain.
Hence,as per Lacey's silt theory,the regime width W = 4.8Q 1/2 = 4.8*1.8350.5 =
6.50m
The actual top width is much less than the above regime width.Hence,the stream is almost quasi- alluvial in nature.
As per IRC:SP--13,the ventway calculations for quasi-alluvial streams are as given below:-
Assuming afflux =
x =
Width of channel at H.F.L(b+h) =
Clear span =
Effective linear water way =
di =
Depth of flow =
0.15m
4.37m
4.00m
4.00m
0.91m
Head due to velocity of approach =
(Vmax2/2g)X[di/(di+x)]2
0.001m
Combined head due to Velocity of approach and

afflux
hi =
0.151m
Velocity through vents
0.90X(2ghi)1/2 =
Vv =
Linear water way required
LWW = Qd/(VvXdi) =
No.of vents required =
LWW /LC
1.55m/sec
1.30m
0.325
Say---1 Vent
In quasi-alluvial streams,the actual width of the stream should not be reduced,as it results in enhanced scour
depth and expensive training works.
Hence No.of vents required as per the width of the stream at H.F.L=
1.09125
No.of vents to be provided
1Nos
No.of piers =
0Nos
Scour Depth Calculations:As per the clause 101.1.2 of IRC:5--1985,the design discharge should be increased by 30% to ensure adequate
margin of safety for foundations and protection works
Hence,the discharge for design of foundations = 1.30XDesign Discharge =
Lacey's Silt factor ' f ' = 1.76Xm1/2(For standard silt) =

Discharge per metre width of foundations = q =
Normal scour depth D = 1.34(q2/f)1/3 =
Maximum scour depth Dm = 1.5XD =
Depth of foundation = Dm + Max.of 1.2m or 1/3 D m =
Bottom level of foundation =
Depth of foundation below low bed level =

The Minimum Safe Bearing capacity of the soil is considered as 60 KN/m2 at a depth of 1.50mm below LBL
Hence open foundation in the form of raft is proposed at a depth of 1.80m below LBL,ie,at a level of
Cut-off walls and aprons are not required from scour depth point of view
uasi- alluvial in nature.
enhanced scour
o ensure adequate
2.44Cumecs
1.000
0.61
0.97m
1.46m
2.66m
2.55m
1.745m
elow LBL
2.492m

A.kishore 4m Span Design

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A.kishore 4m Span Design

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Construction of 4.00mts span culvert on PALAKOLLU OLD NO.

n of 4.00mts span culvert on PALAKOLLU OLD NO.2

e work:-Road from Kavitam to Mandal Border (Kavitam to

Deck slab length

Width of the carriage way

Thickness of deck slab as per MOST Dg.BD 1-74

Thickness of wearing coat

Thickness of dirt wall

Sectional area of dirt wall

Thickness of RAFT footing

Top width of abutments

Bottom width of abutments

Sectional area of abutment section

Bank side batter of abutment

Stream side batter of abutment

Width of 1st footing

Thickness of 1st footing

Canal side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment

Bank side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment

Width of 2nd footing

Thickness of 2nd footing

Canal side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment

Bank side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment

Width of 3rd footing

Thickness of 3rd footing

Canal side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment

Bank side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment

Width of VRCC RAFT footing

Thickness of VRCC RAFT footing

(As per hydralic calculations)

Unit weight of RCC (yrc)

Unit weight of PCC (ypc)

Density of back fill soil behind abutments (y)

Unit weight of water (yw)

Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material(Q)

Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(In

Slope of back fill (b)

Angle of wall friction (q)

Height of surcharge considered (h3)

Road crest level (RTL)

Low bed level (LBL)

High flood Level (HFL)

Compressive strength of concrete for RCC Raft footing

Yield strength of steel (fy)

ii)Self wieght of dirtwall over abutment =

iii)Self weight of wearing coat =

v)Self wieght of top footing =

vi)Self wieght of 2nd footing =

vii)Self wieght of 3rd footing =

viii)Self wieght of 4th footing =

ix)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment w.r.t base of abutment

Distance of centroid of load from toe of

Eccentricity wrt centre of base of abutment =

Distance of centroid of load from toe of 1st

Eccentricity wrt centre of 1st footing=

Distance of centroid of load from toe of 2nd

Distance of centroid of load from toe of 3rd

Location of resultant from toe of abutment =

are to be designed for IRC Class A loading.

Ground Contact Area

Hence,the width of area to be loaded with 5KN/m2 on left side is (f) =

Similarly,the area to be loaded on right side (k) =

2.Live load in remaing portion(Left side)----UDL

Distance from Y-axis