Chemistry Unit 1

Equations
•
  o Pyramidal - Four filled orbitals, three o In single atom ions = charge of ion
•    bonding pairs, 1 lone pair, 107°, NH3 o Hydrogen = +1

•
 o Trigonal Bipyramidal - Five filled orbitals, o Oxygen = -2

 five bonding pairs, PCl5 o Fluorine = -1

• 
 
o Octahedral - Six filled orbitals, six bonding
General
• Electron Series:
o Name, Type, Where electron falls to
o Lyman, UV, n=1
o Balmer, Visible, n=2
o Paschen, IR, n=3
o Brackett, IR, n=4
o Pfund IR, n=5
• Principles:
o Heisenberg's uncertainty - not possible to
define position and momentum of electron
o Pauli exclusion - no two electrons can have
same four quantum numbers
o Aufbau - orbitals of lowest energy are
always filled first
o Hund's rule - maximum multiplicity -
orbitals are filled with single electrons
before pairing occurs
• Degenerate orbitals have equal energy
• Dative (co-ordinate) covalent bonds have electrons
coming from the same atom
• Shapes:
o Linear - Two filled orbitals, two bonding
pairs, 180°, BeCl2
o Trigonal - Three filled orbitals, three
bonding pairs, 120°, BF3
o Tetrahedral - Four filled orbitals, four
bonding pairs, 109.5°, CH4
o Sum of numbers = charge on ion
pairs, SF6
• Ionic lattices:
o No molecules, one big lattice
o Held together by attraction between +ve
and -ve ions
o Co-ordination number based on relative
ionic radii
• Superconductors conduct electricity with no
resistance at a very low temp (critical temp)
• Semiconductors:
o Increase in conductivity with temp
o Increase in conductivity with light
o Doped to form p-type (positive holes
move) and n-type (negative electrons
move).
• Oxides, chlorides and hydrides:
o Amphoteric oxides (acidic and basic
properties) are Al2O4 and BeO.
o From left to right for all series the MP, BP,
polarity and conductivity decrease
o From left to right is ionic to covalent
o From left to right is basic to acidic except
chlorides (weak to strong acid)
o Covalent networks are B2O3, BeO, SiO2
• Chromium and copper have abnormal
configurations in order to (half)fill orbitals
• Oxidation number = oxidation state
o Zero in free/uncombined elements
o Increase in number means oxidation has
taken place, fall = reduction
• A complex is made up of a central metal ion
surrounded by ligands
• A ligand is a molecule or negative ion which bonds
by donating one or more electron pairs to unfilled
metal orbitals
- - - -
• Common ligands are CN , halides (eg. F ), NO2 , OH ,
H2O and NH3
• Monodentate ligands donate one electron pair,
polydenate ligands donate multiple pairs
• EDTA is a hexadentate ligand which usually forms
complex with a 1:1 ratio (very unusual)
• The co-ordination number is the number of bonds
from the ligand to the central metal ion
• Formulae for complex ions:
o Enclosed in square brackets
o Metal written first, then negative ligands
then neutral ligands
o Charge of ion outside the brackets
• Names of complex ions:
o Ligands named first - negative ligands
ending in -ide change to end in -o, -ite
changes to -ito
o Prefix ligands (eg. di, hexa etc.)
o If ion is negative -ate is added to metal
o Oxidation number in numerals after the
name