org
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Abstract
This paper presents a combinatorial standalone permanent
magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based variable speed
wind turbine (VSWT) and small-size superconducting
magnetic energy storage (SMES) system into the DC
microgrid system. The principal purpose of SMES system is
to preserve power balance by absorbing power during peak
wind generation and to release it during low power
generation. This work accomplished by describing the
optimized design of the SMES solenoid coil, ensuring the
desired energy storage capacity based on the simulated
annealing (SA) algorithm. More importantly, the new
control technique is developed for bi-directional DC-DC
converter to level output power of the wind turbine
depending on the demand thereby reducing the capacity of
the DC-DC converter system. Detailed simulation studies
implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC corroborate the superior
robustness and balancing performance of the proposed
micro-SMES controller with an optimal coil size under
various situations including variable wind speed. This
combination will result in scaling-factors knowledge
through downsizing strategy which will lead to the most
efcient system from cost cutting, energy savings, and
downsizing viewpoints.
Keywords
DC Microgrid; Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
(Pmsg); Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (Smes);
Simulated Annealing (Sa); Wind Turbine Wind Turbine
Introduction
Recently while tracking several outages and power
disturbances due to human error, poor maintenance
and extreme weather events;, the concept of
microgrids with Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
and loads have been envisioned as the controversial
issue for future electrical power system [1], [2]. In the
context of microgrid, customers and DER units can be
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W-VSC
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DC Bus
Variable DC Load
DC Laod
PMSG
Sensitive Laod
Micro-SMES System
Dump Load
Bi-directional
DC-DC
Converter
Superconducting Coil
Pw = 0.5 R VwC P ( , )
2 3
(1)
C P -opt
Pmax = 0.5 R
opt
(2)
where opt and Cp-opt are the optimum value of the tip
speed ratio and power coefcient, respectively.
Fig. 2 illustrates the turbine output power as a
function of the rot or speed for varying values of wind
speeds with the blade pitch angle =0o.
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E
1/Jm
1/sT
Tm
d m
dt
1
(T -T -Bm )
Jm m e
E=1/2LI2
Stored Energy of SMES
Te
Emax
Estimated Energy
Eest= Pwind t
Emin
0.3Imax
Imin
Imax
Current
(3)
c
r
(4)
=
Emax
est
=
880 kJ
2
(10.3 )
(5)
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r c / 2 2 h
(6)
Esmes Emax
Emax
R= J
f J c
Pg
Pmax
Iqg
PI.1
Vqg
PI.4
Vdg
Idg
Qg
Qgref
PI.2
PI.3
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DC Bus
3-phase
current
C1
Vdc
PMSG
C2
Pg, Qg
abc
dq
PWM
MPPT
Idg
dq
abc
Vqg
Pmax
Qgref
Pmax
Ismes
GA
Vabc-ref
Iqg
Vsmes
Vdg
Generator
Side
Controller
Qg
GB
Idg
Iqg
Psmes
Pg
P=
Pwind Pload
smes
(7)
Esmes = T Psmes
dt
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(8)
E*smes
Equation (8),
(9), (10), (11)
Ismes
Carier
0.5
Irefdischarge
P*smes< 0
PI
Ismes
PI
RMS
Iratedsmes
0.5
Irefcharge
E*smes
Equation (8),
(9), (11), (12)
smes
Signal to
GA, GB
=0
P*smes> 0
PI
Comprator
P*smes
Pload
0.5
Ismes
Pwind
=
I smes ,1
I smes 0
2 Esmes
Lsmes
(9)
( t td )
(10)
ref
( t t d )
(11)
= I smes ,0 e
I discharge
I smes ,1 e
I charge =
= =
1
Ln smes 0
T
I smes1
(12)
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Start
Start
Measure
& IIsmes
Measure P
Psmes
smes
smes &
No
Psmes > 0
Yes
Scenario II
No
Scenario I
Ismes> Imin
Yes
No
Discharge SMES
into dc load
Ismes< Imax
Yes
Charge SMES
from wind power
Parameter
Quantity
256 mm
438mm
150 mm
7H
r [ 400, 600] mm
c [100, 200] mm
(13)
h [ 200, 400] mm
Fig. 10 shows the progression of the solution of the
optimization problem whereas the objective
concentrates on an optimal point, Vcoil=0.105 m3,
during cooling in the annealing process. The
optimized coil size and corresponding SMES coil
inductance are shown in Table I. According to the
above results, the maximum current owing through
the coil at steady state can be obtained
I max =
2Emax
= 500 A
Lcoil
(14)
Case Studies
The proposed system is modeled and simulated by
PSCAD/EMTDC software. As can be seen from Fig. 1,
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0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
200
400
600
800
1000 1200
No.Run
1400
1600
1800
2000
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Time (s)
FIG. 11. SYSTEM OPERATION DURING NORMAL
CHARGING/DISCHARGING MODE (CASE 1). (a) WIND SPEED.
(b) SMES COIL CURRENT. (c) POWER GENERATED BY THE
WIND TURBINE AND TOTAL LOAD. (d) OUTPUT
MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL TORQUE. (e) DC-LINK
VOLTAGE.
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Conclusion
This work has been studied the micro-SMES system
embedded to the VSWT-PMSG that is interconnected
to the standalone dc microgrid through the bidirectional DC-DC converter.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Time
FIG. 12. SYSTEM OPERATION DURING PROLONGED LOWWIND MODE (CASE 2). (a) WIND SPEED. (b) SMES COIL
CURRENT. (c) POWER GENERATED BY THE WIND TURBINE
AND TOTAL LOAD. (d) OUTPUT MECHANICAL AND
ELECTRICAL TORQUE. (e) DC-LINK VOLTAGE.
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by
Magnetic
Field
Analysis,"
Applied
electromagneticthermal
FEM
simulation,
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