PROJECT REPORT
ANTENNA THEORY AND DESIGN
BEB 41003
SECTION 2
TITLE :A PARASITIC ANTENNA ARRAY FOR 5G MIMO SYSTEMS
NAME
MATRIC NUMBER
AE130076
AE130164
AE130064
AE130111
CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.0
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
PROBLEM STATEMENTS
SCOPE
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
INTRODUCTION TO CAD SOFTWARE
2.2
PATCH ANTENNA
2.3
ARRAY DESIGN
2.4
2.5
2.6
PATCH ELEMENT
FABRICATION IMPOSED PARAMETERS
MICROSTRIP PATCH ARRAY DESIGN
2
5
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
3.0
METHODOLOGY
3.1
FLOWCHART
3.2
ANTENNA DESIGN
3.3
DESIGN SPECIFICATION
3.4
CALCULATION
8
8
8
8
8
4.0
10
10
CONCLUSION
10
5.0
1.0 Introduction
The microstrip technology was the desired invention for its advantages of small
physical size, ease of fabrication, low cost, compatibility with printed circuits and
ease of incorporation into a vehicle shell or package lid.
The design of microstrip antenna basically depends on the size and the shape of the
patch, the fabrication of s-parameter and radiation pattern. 5G will drive the future
evolution of the internet itself. To achieve these goals, developments in 5G will
1.2 Objectives
1. To study the microstrip patch antenna that meet the criteria 5G MIMO
systems.
2. To design and implementation this antenna using CAD software.
3. To fabricate and measure the s parameter and radiation pattern.
4. To control the beam manually by adjusting the impedance of the parasitic
elements.
1.3 Problem Statement
One of the problem faced in order to meet the criteria of 5G MIMO systems is
adjusting the impedance of the parasitic elements manually. Furthermore, designing
the suitable size of the microstrip patch antenna. To deliver the efficiency of the new
designed parasitic antenna array for 5G MIMO systems with a specific frequency.
1.4 Scope
1. Materials to be used for the implementation of the antenna.
2. Capabilities for supporting massive capacity and massive connectivity.
3. Selection of the device and measurement of its s-parameter.
LITERATURE REVIEW
line with
length
of
approximately
one-
half wavelength of the radio waves. The radiation mechanism arises from
discontinuities at each truncated edge of the microstrip transmission line. The
radiation at the edges causes the antenna to act slightly larger electrically than its
physical dimensions, so in order for the antenna to be resonant, a length of microstrip
transmission line slightly shorter than one-half a wavelength at the frequency is used.
A variant of the patch antenna commonly used in mobile phones is the shorted patch
antenna, or planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). In this antenna, one corner of the patch
(or sometimes one edge) is grounded with a ground pin. This variant has better
matching than the standard patch.
To calculate the gain and directivity of the array, its far field needs to be found. This
can be estimated by multiplying the far field of the single patch by the array factor,
which depends only on the spatial arrangement of the elements and the amplitude
and phase of the feeding current of each element. A post-processing tool in CST
STUDIO SUITE calculates the array factor and automatically produces a theoretical
far field for an equivalent array. Optimization can then be used to adjust the spacing
between the elements to maximize the gain of the antenna, and to change the
magnitude of the feeding current to different patches to reduce the side lobes.
2.4 Patch element
The first step of designing the array is to design the individual element. For this
example, a simple rectangular patch antenna was used and was created directly in
CST STUDIO SUITE. The patch is created on a double-layered substrate with an air
gap, and is placed inside an ABS box. Two parameters need to be optimized: the
length of the patch, in order to adjust the resonant frequency of the patch, and the
depth of the air gap, in order to increase its bandwidth.
2.5 Microstrip Patch Array Design
Antenna arrays offer improved directivity compared to a single-radiator antenna. The
directivity of an array is due to interference effects between the individual elements
of the array, which means that the spatial distribution of the elements as well as
phases and magnitudes at each element need to be tuned for optimal performance.
Both the radiation pattern and S-parameters of the array is decided by several factors:
the design of the individual patch element, the arrangement and spacing of the array,
and the layout of the feed network. Each of these can be considered separately by
dividing the process of designing the array into separate stages. By creating the array
in steps, the task of optimizing the design is made less challenging, and the most
appropriate tools can be used at each stage.
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Flowchart
START
Design a parasitic
antenna array
YES
Testing the antenna patch using CST software
Display output
END
Flow Chart of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna for 5G MIMO
3.2 Antenna design
Microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric
substrate which has a ground plane on the other side. The patch is generally made
of conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shape.
The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric
substrate. Microstrip patch antennas radiate primarily because of the fringing
fields between the patch edge and the ground plane. For good antenna
performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant is
desirable since this provides better efficiency, larger bandwidth and better
radiation.
Design Specification
The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular Microstrip Patch
Antenna are:
Frequency of Operation (fo)
The resonant frequency of the antenna must be selected appropriately. The
resonant frequency selected for the project is 3 GHz.
Dielectric constant of the substrate (r)
The dielectric material selected for the project is FR4 which has a dielectric
constant of 2.55.
Height of dielectric substrate (h)
Because of using FR4, so height of dielectric substrate is 1.6 mm. So, the essential
parameters for the design are:
-
3.4
f0 : 3.0 GHz
r: 2.55
h : 1.59 mm
Design Procedures
C
fo
Where,
C = Speed of light, 3x108 m/s
= Wavelength
f0 = Resonant frequency, 3 GHz
3 108
3 109
= 100 mm
By substituting c = 3x108 m/s and f0 = 3 GHz so, = 100mm
b) Calculation the Width of Patch (W)
W =
c
2f
2
( r +1)
Where,
f0 = Resonant frequency
W=
3 x 10 8
2
9
2( 3 10 ) ( 4.7+1)
= 29.6 mm
Because c = 3x108 and f0 = 3 GHz, the value of width, W is 29.6 mm.
reff =
r+1
+
2
r1
h
-1/2
[1+12
2
w ]
Where,
reff = Effective dielectric constant
r = Dielectric constant of substrate
h
reff
4.7+1
+
2
4.71
1.59 m
[1+12 29.6 mm ]-1/2
2
= 4.2926
Leff =
c
2 fo eff
Where,
C = Speed of light, 3x108 m/s
reff = Effective dielectric constant
f0 = Resonant frequency
8
3 10
9
2( 3 10 ) 4.2926 .
= 24.13 mm
By substituting reff = 4.7, c = 3x108 and f0 = 3 GHz so, Leff = 24.13 mm.
e) Calculation of the Length Extension (L)
w
+0.264)
h
L = 0.412h[
]
w
( reff 0.258)( +0.8)
h
( reff +0.3)(
Where,
reff = Effective dielectric constant
h
29.6 mm
+0.264)
1.59 m m
L = 0.412(1.59mm)[
29.6 mm
(4.29260.258)(
+0.8)
1.59m m
(4.2926+ 0.3)(
( 4.5926 ) (18.8803)
= (6.5508x10^-4 [ ( 4.0346 ) (19.4163) ]
= 7.2509x10-4 m
By substituting reff =4.2926, W= 29.6 mm and h= 1.59 mm so, L=
7.2509x10-4 m
in=
90 r2
r1
( W )2
Where,
r = Dielectric constant of substrate
W = Width of the patch
L = Actual length of patch
2
in =
90(4.7)
4.71
= (537.324 )(0.58295)
=313.233
22.6 mm
( 29.6 mm )2
From equation, Zin= 313.233 which does not match well with a 50
standard microstrip. Characteristic impedance, Z0 can get from the equation
below:
o=
50
Where,
o = Characteristic impedance
Zin = Input Impedance
o =
50 313.233
= 125.15
The characteristic impedance of the transition section should be 125.15 .
i)
o=50 ,
A=
o r +1
60
2
50
60
4.7+1
2
r = 4.7
r 1
0.11
r +1 (0.23+ r )
4.71
0.11
4.7+1 (0.23+ 4.7 )
= (1.4068)+ (0.1645)
= 1.5713
B=
377
2 o 4.7
377
2( 50) 4.7
= 5.4631
B1ln ( 2 B1 ) +
r1
0.61
{ln ( B1 ) +0.39
}
2 r
r
w 2
=
d
w 2
4.71
0.61
= [5.46311ln ( 2 (5.4631 ) 1 ) +
{ln ( 5.46311 ) +0.39
}]
d
4.7
2 ( 4.7 )
= 1.82
W = 1.82(1.59m)
= 2.895m
a) Y0 =
=
1
4 L
1
4
(22.6m)
= 5.65m
b) X0 = 2 Wf
= 2 (2.895m)
= 5.79m
Parameter
Length of path, L
22.6
32.14
Width of patch, W
29.6
2.895
39.14
5.79
5.65
Substrate thickness, d
1.59
Thickness of copper, t
0.035
During the process of the design of the rectangular patch antenna there is a response
taken from the magnitude of S11 versus the frequency (this is known as the return
loss), as shown in the figure.
4.3
VSWR is a function of the reflection coefficient, which describes the power reflected
from the antenna. If the reflection coefficient is given by
1+ ll
1ll
The reading S-Parameter range -32.109dB to -49.951dB with d=14.482. For reading
frequency/GHz range 3.0529 to 3.1008 with d=0.047866.
4.5 Bandwidth
4.7 Gain
Type: Farfield
Approximation: enabled (kR >.>1)
Monitor: farfield (f=3)[1]
Component: Abs
Output: Gain
Frequency: 3
Rad. effic: -0.1514 dB
Tot. effic: -3.582 dB
Gain: 6.281 dB
CONCLUSION
In a conclusion, the project objective is to design rectangular microstrip patch antenna that
meet the criteria 5G MIMO systems. 5G Antenna Device design will require high efficiency
devices at frequencies approaching mm wave. The beam steering capability to have omnidirectional patterns. MIMO is to leverage diversity gain. Furthermore. System level
simulation increasingly important for antenna performance.
In this project, dielectric constant plays a major role in the overall performance of the
antenna. FR4 was used as substrate because the material is very low cost and has excellent
mechanical properties, making it ideal for a wide range of electronic component applications.
Through this project, we found that by changing the value of dielectric substrate and keeping
other parameters constant, it is seen that as the value of dielectric constant of substrate
decrease, the resonant frequency increases. On the other hand by increasing the value of
dielectric constant, the resonant frequency of patch antenna decreases. So, compactness of
microstrip patch antenna can be achieved. This concept is used in designing miniaturized
microstrip patch antenna.
On the other hand, by doing this project we are able to learn how to design and
perform simulations in CST Studio Software. In the project, CST software is used to design
and simulate the rectangular microstrip patch antenna after all parameter value is calculated.
Besides, we can test rectangular microstrip patch antenna by comparing between the
simulated result and experimental result. From this we are able to evaluate whether or not the
design goals were met. There is several calculations need to be consider before designing the
antenna. This calculation also will determine the functioning of rectangular microstrip patch
antenna that meet the criteria 5G MIMO systems with 3 GHz as resonant frequency. CST
Studio Software also user friendly and easy to understand.
REFERENCES
[1] Chandan Kumar Ghosh and Susanta Kumar Parui Design, Analysis and Optimization of
A Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna Array at Frequency 5.25 GHz for WLAN-SDMA
System International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics - Volume 2, Number
2, 2010
[2] R.A. Bhatti, J.-H. Choi, and S.-O. Park, Quad-band MIMO antenna array for portable
wireless communications terminals, IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett 8 (2009), 129132.
[3] Z.-J. Jin, J.-H. Lim, and T.-Y. Yun, Frequency recongurable multiple input multipleoutput antenna with high isolation, IEEE Microwave Antennas Propag 6 (2012), 10951101
[4] S. Vergerio, M. Elayachi, J.-P. Rossi, and P. Brachat, Design of multiple antennas at 5
GHz for mobile phone and its MIMO performances, In: International Conference on
Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, (ICEAA 2007), 2007, pp.1720
[5] The antenna tutorial website. http://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas.
[6] Dr.John L. Volakis. Antenna Engineering Handbook. 4th Edition. McGraw Hill, 2007.