JournalofMiningWorldExpress,Volume32014www.mwejournal.

org
doi:10.14355/mwe.2014.0301.01

CharacterizationandBeneficiationofthe
EgyptianOrganicShaleforPossible
ExtractionofOrganicMatter
F.H.AbdElRahiem*,M.S.Hassan**,K.A.Selim***,N.A.AbdelKhalek****
CentralMetallurgicalResearchandDevelopmentInstitute,Cairo,Egypt
rababrashad2003@yahoo.com*;hassan_mervat@yahoo.com**;k2selem@yahoo.com***;naguialy@gmail.com****

Abstract
The present paper focused on obtaining concentrate
enriched with organic matter that could be suitable for a
retorting process from black shale which is organic shale
fromtheSafagaareaontheRedSeaCoast.Xraydiffraction
and optical polarising microscope were used in evaluating
blackshaleminerals.Attritionscrubbingandflotationwere
conducted for enrichment of organic matter in the black
shale sample. Mineralogical studies revealed that black
shale samples contain bituminous calcareous clay stone,
quartz,apatiteandpyrite.
Rabah mine organic shale contains about 28% organic
matter. The results of the different separation techniques
indicated that attritioning and flotation techniques
successively enriched the organic matter in the organic
shale .The organic matter could be enriched in the black
shaleandobtainedaconcentratewith~about59%assaying
and~85%recovery.
Keywords
Organic Shale; Kerogen; Organic Matter; Attrition Scrubbing;
Flotation

Introduction
Oil shale is organic fine grain sedimentary rock that
contains kerogen which is a mixture of organic
compound. Oil shales vary considerably in their
mineral content, chemical composition, age, type of
kerogen, and depositional history and not all oil
shaleswouldnecessarilybeclassifiedasshalesinthe
strict sense [Altun, et al]. The mineral matter in oil
shale includes various finegrained silicates and
carbonates.[AlWakeel and ElAdly] [Fahlstrom].
Inorganic matrix can contain quartz, feldspars, clays
(mainly illite and chlorite), carbonates (calcite and
dolomites), pyrite and some other minerals [Cane].
Meanwhile, black shale is shales typically composed
of variable amounts of clay minerals and quartz
grains with variable amounts of carbonaceous
material and indicates a reducing environment [Blatt

andRobert].
Blackshaleisatermusedinindustryforsedimentary
formations comprising clay deposits with layers
containing a black organic matter, which may be a
polymercalledkerogenorcarbonaceousmatter(coal).
Sedimentaryformationscontainingkerogenarecalled
oil shale, while the formations containing coal are
calledcarbonaceousshale.Bothofthemarecommon
andwelldistributedinEgypt[Dyni].
The energy situation is one of the most difficult
problems. The growing shortage of crude petroleum
and its increasing cost have resulted in renewed
worldwide interest in black shale. Black shale
represents a potential source of energy and
hydrocarbons, which should be fully utilized in the
near future [Tamimi and Uysal]. In addition, black
shale is used in the cement industry as a source for
energy and luminous silicate components. Other
potentialbyproductsincludecarbonfibers,absorbent
carbon, carbon black, bricks, construction and
decorative building blocks, soil additives and rock
wool.Recently,itwasprovedthatblackshalecanbe
used for the production of filled grease such as
lithiumlubricatinggrease[AlWakeelandElAdly].
The beneficiation of oil shale to recover kerogen
enriched products was proposed as early as 1920 by
Dolbear. Later, the US Bureau of Mines and others
reported work on beneficiation of western oil shale
[Parkingson, Thomas,R.D. and Lorenz]. Meanwhile,
Reisberg and Fahlstrom published the results on
flotation and oil agglomeration of finely ground oil
shaleparticlesintherangeof15150mm.
They reported that the separation of kerogen rich
particles with an efficiency of ~ about 70% was
obtained. Heavy liquid separation was reported to
upgrade oil shale, but the kerogen recovery in the
enrichedproductsinmostcasesrangedfrom14to50%
ofthefeed[Larsonatel]

 www.mwejournal.orgJournalofMiningWorldExpress,Volume32014

Conventional processing of oil shale is a threestep

operation, including mining, crushing, and retorting.
Oil shale may contain 1035 wt% kerogen which
decomposesandyieldscrudeoilwhenheatedto400
500C. The beneficiation step offers the potential of
improving the economy of retorting while achieving
other benefits such as reducing energy [Hana and.
Lamont]. The extremely fine size of the enriched
flotationconcentratesshouldfavorimprovedkinetics
and chemical reactivity of the shale during
conventional retorting, hydro retorting or other
novel conversion processing. They showed that
flotation can reject 5070 wt% nonfuel minerals
before processing, and improve the productivity of
thereactor.

depositsintheRedSeaandAbuTarturareas(Fig.1).

The present paper focuses on the enrichment of

organic matter of organic shale from Rabah mine,
Safaga area on the Red Sea coast to obtain
concentratesrichinorganicmatter,whichcanbeused
inaretortingprocessasanenergysource.

FIG.2STRATIGRAPHYOFBLACKSHALEINEGYPT

FIG.1LOCATIONSOFMAINORGANICSHALEOCCURRENCE
INEGYPT

OccurrenceofOrganicShaleinEgypt
Black shale in Egypt is widely distributed in the
WesternDesert,EasternDesertandSinai;coveringa
wide age spectrum from middle Jurassic to upper
Cretaceous (CampanianMaastrichtian black shale of
DuwiFormation);aswellbeingdepositedindifferent
depositional environments including non marine
(Jurassic organic shale) and marine (organic shale of
Duwi Formation) association with other ores such as
coal in the Maghara area, Sinai or phosphorite

FIG.3PHOTOSOFBLACKSHALEINTHEFIELD(A&B)AND
UNDERMICROSCOPE(C)

LocationandGeologicSetting
TheMagharaareaislocatedapproximately200kmto
thenortheastofCairoabout50kmsouthoftheSinai
Mediterranean Coast. It is a rectangular massive
about 45 km length and 30 km width and covers
approximately 1300 km2 situated between longitude
3310 and 3335E and latitude 3035 and 3050N
[Mostafa, Younes]. It is the only major Jurassic
outcrop in North Sinai and hosts the economic coal
beds. Coalbearing formation consists of 215 m
thickness carbonaceous, banded, silty sandstone with
a few earthy grey limestone and contains Bathonian

JournalofMiningWorldExpress,Volume32014www.mwejournal.org

fossils. The thickness of the main coal seam in the

Maghara area ranges from 130 to 190 cm and
underlainand overlain by thin black shale beds with
thicknessrangingfrom10to50cm(Fig.2&3).
Late Cretaceous sedimentary sequence of the Duwi
Formation is well exposed in QuseirSafaga coastal
plainalongtheRedSeacoast.TheDuwiFormationis
exposed along approximately 40 kilometers length
scarp on the western side of Duwi Range situated
between longitude 3410 and 3735E and latitude
2635and2850N[GlennandArthur].
GlennandArthurandDarwisheconsideredtheDuwi
Formation in the Red Sea area as late Campanian to
early Masstrichtian in age. Darwishe subdivided the
Duwi Formation in the in Red Sea area into four
lithological members (Fig. 2). The lower member is
dominated by yellowishgray, laminated, silty
claystone, grayishyellow, laminated, siliciclastic
sandstone,gray,laminatedshale,andyellowishgray,
finelylaminatedtothinlybeddedporcelanitethatare
intercalated with thin beds of phosphorites, marl,
oyster fragmentrich calcarenite, and yellowish gray,
hard, weakly laminated chert. The middle member
ranges in thickness from 5 to 7.5 m and is
characterized by soft, yellowishgray laminated shale
that are intercalated with 2 to 25 cm thickness,
yellowishgray, massive, hard, coarsegrained,
siliceous, phosphorites. The upper member ranges in
thickness from 3 to 13 m, and is composed of
yellowishgray, parallel to crosslaminated, oyster
fragmentsrich calcarenite with thin intercalations of
siltstone, shale, chert, and phosphorites. The
uppermost member is 1.2 to 5 m thickness and
composed of gray, massive, coarsegrained
phosphorites intercalated with thin laminated black
shales and overlain by grayishbrown shale that
containsmarlyconcretionsinitsmiddlepart.
The AbuTartur plateau lies in 600 km southwest of
CairointheWesternDesertbetweenDakhlaOasisto
the west and Kharga Oasis to the east situated
between longitude 2812 and 3115E and latitude
2430and2634N.
According to Glenn and Arthur and Darwishe, the
Duwi Formation in the AbuTartur area is of late
Companion to early Masstrichtian age. Darwishe
subdivided the Duwi Formation in AbuTartur area
intofourmembers,basedonitslithology(Fig.2).The
lowermemberconsistsof12mthicknessphosphorites
intercalated with thin, weakly laminated black shale
and gray to black, hard, massive dolostone. The
middle member is 5.5 m thickness laminated black

shale, whereas the upper member is 3 m thickness

grayishgreen to green, medium to coarsegrained,
glauconitic sandstones intercalated with yellowish
gray, massive, siliciclastic sandstone and gray,
laminated shale. The uppermost member is 1.2 m
thickness and composed of gray shale with two thin
phosphaticbedsintheuppermostpart.
Experimental
Materials
The Geological Survey, Cairo, Egypt, supplied the
organicshalesamples.Theoilshalesamplesweredug
outfromtheRabahmine,Safaga,RedSeacoast,(Fig.
1). The samples were crushed and split, after proper
mixinginto250gsamples.
The chemicals used for analysis were of analytical
puregrade.Kerosene(Esso,Egypt)wasusedascollector
reagent.Doubledistilledwaterwasusedforchemical
analysis. Tap water from the town supply was used
forattritionscrubbing,sievingandotherprocesses.
DescriptionofExperimentalTechniques
1)AnalyticalProcedures
Thirty samples representing the nonmarine
organic shale and coals as well as marine black
shale were dried at 60C overnight and then
brokendownintosmallpiecesusingaJawcrusher
andpowderedinanagatemill.Typically,30to60
g was powdered for analysis. The mineralogy of
representative samples was determined by means
ofaPhilipsPowderDiffractometerModelPW1170
employing CuK radiation on randomly oriented
specimens. Quantitative analysis of the major
elements of shale was determined by Xray
Fluorescence Spectroscopy using Philips PW l300.
Morphologyoforganicmatterswasestablishedby
optical microscopy (OM), BX51M with analysis
software.
Organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen were
analyzedon525mgsamplesplitsusingaPE2400
CHNElementalAnalyzeratWHOI.Followingthe
method, powdered samples were treated several
times with 50 l of 50% sulfurous acid under a
heatlampat~about6065C and dried overnight
at~about55Cinadryingoventoremovecarbonates.
2)AttritioningScrubberofOrganicShaleSample
Primary crushed lumps were further crushed in a
Denverpilotjawcrushertoyieldaproductless
than 25 mm. Attrition scrubbing of secondary

 www.mwejournal.orgJournalofMiningWorldExpress,Volume32014

crushed product was carried out using a Denver

D12flotationcellat2400atdifferentconditioning
time and different S/L. The attrited black shale
samplesweresievedon45m.Allfractionswere
collectedandanalysedfororganicmattercontent.
3)FlotationTests
Flotation tests were conducted of the product of
the attritioning on sizes 1+0.045 mm, using a
laboratoryDenverD12flotationmachine.Samples
of each fraction were conditioned in the 1 L
flotation cell, at a solid/liquid ratio 50% for 5 min
at 1500 rpm. Flotation was conducted using
kerosene as a collector at natural pH and 20%
dilution for 9 min. The concentrate and tailing
produced were filtered, dried and analyzed for
organicmatter.

debris kerogen . Type for the two groups is 1)

Type III and Type II/III (terrestrial and mixed
marineandterrestrial)and2)TypeII(marine).
Organicmatterdeprivedassemblagesaretypically
dominated by liptinite in the form of filamentous
algaethatfluoresceinyelloworangeandtracesof
tentativelyidentifiedcuticletogetherwithoccasional
allochthonousterrestrialwoodytissueintheform
offinegrainedvitriniteandinertiniteparticles(<1
). The vitrinite reflectance data for this group
variesfromveryimmature(0.20%Ro)tomatureoil
window. Figure 4 (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) shows
photomicrographs of the organic matter of the
marineblackshalesample(sampleYounes18).
TABLE1ORGANICGEOCHEMISTRYOFTHEEGYPTIANORGANICSHALE

Samples

FIG.4PETROGRAPHYOFORGANICMATTERINTHEREDSEA
ORGANICSHALE

Results and Discussion

CharacterizationofOrganicShaleOreSamples
1)OrganicConstituents
In general, the studied samples are characterized
as coal, organic shale, fossiliferous marine shale,
calcareousshaleandmarl.Thekerogen(insoluble,
nonextractable organic matter) assemblages can
be divided into two groups 1) organic rich and 2)
organiclean.Thesegroupsalsoindicatetwomain
sources for the organic matter. Group 1 are coals
andcoalyshalethataredominatedbyterrestrially
derived organic debris (vitrinite and liptinite)
while group 2 are calcareous shale and mudstone
that are, essentially, composed of marine derived
grasses and algae together with low amounts of
recycled allochthonous fine grained terrestrial

B22
B23
B24
B29
B210
B211
Yones6
Yones18
Yones19
Yones20
Yones22
WFlow2
WFlow5
WFlow9
Tondb22
Tondb23
Isl.13
Isl.17
Galal1
Galal8
Galal11
Nekhel27
Nekhel31
TMine52
TMine40
TMine35
TMine33
MRoof
ABSH2
ABSH3
ABSH5
ABSH6
ABSH8
TGate21
Abu2
Abu29
RG33

Maghara

Corg

RedSea

AbuTartur

5.15
7.94
4.74
8.05
6.07
6.38
17.86
17.52
17.20
16.39
21.02
14.51
21.05
17.48
14.58
13.96
15.89
10.78
1.10
11.64
15.08
20.52
20.17
0.96
0.45
0.50
0.50
1.92
3.72
3.53
4.31
0.62
1.10
1.44
3.58
3.39
1.02

N
0.09
0.15
0.10
0.15
0.11
0.12
0.55
0.37
0.37
0.36
0.53
0.38
0.65
0.54
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.28
0.05
0.30
0.43
0.59
0.53
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.13
0.17
0.14
0.15
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.10
0.13
0.08

Corg/N

54.81
53.65
46.76
55.11
57.22
53.62
32.70
46.99
45.98
45.08
39.96
38.45
32.58
32.20
32.58
30.96
34.70
39.07
24.52
38.53
35.48
34.89
38.12
22.88
14.97
15.05
14.22
15.15
21.40
24.44
28.09
16.82
16.83
20.22
34.93
26.31
13.57

a)OrganicCarbonandNitrogen
Results of organic carbonand nitrogen are shown

JournalofMiningWorldExpress,Volume32014www.mwejournal.org

in Table (1). Organic carbon and N contents vary

from 3.5% to 20% and from 0.036% to 1.2%,
respectively.BlackshalefromtheRedSeaareathe
has highest Corg and N contents followed by the
organic shale from Maghara area while samples
fromtheAbuTarturareahavethelowestCorgand
N contents (Fig. 5A). The strongly positive
correlation between Corg and N contents (Fig. 5B)
in the studied samples (r2= 0.96 in nonmarine
coals and black shale and r2=0.98 marine black
shale)issuggestiveoftheircommonorganicorigin.
TheCorg/Nratiosvaryandrangefromveryhighin
the coal samples (average: 63) and the organic
shalesamplesoftheRedSeaarea(average:37)to
relativelylowinthesamplesfromtheAbuTartur
blackshale(average:20).

16

organicshaleoftheRedSeaandAbuTarturareas.
This implies the effect of source and depositional
environmentonthevariationofCorg/Nratios.High
Corg/Nratiosinsedimentsofthesamedepositional
environmentsuchasorganicshalesofRedSeaand
AbuTartur areas (marine origin) reflect the
preferentialreleaseofNduringdiagenesis.
b)InorganicConstituents
Mineralogicalanalysesoftheinorganicfractionsof
theblackshalerevealedthatthesekerogenblack
shales are composed of clay minerals, calcite and
quartzwithtracesoffeldsparsandpyrite[AbdEl
RahmanandAlWakeel].Nonmarineblackshales
of Maghara area are characterized by the
abundanceofkaoliniteoversmectitewhilemarine
organicshalesofRedSeaandAbuTarturareasare
characterized by the abundance of smectite over
kaolinite. Calcite is relatively high in the organic
shaleofRedSeaarea(Fig.6).

14
Organic C %

12
10
8
6
4
2
0

A
Maghara BS

Red Sea BS

Abu Tartur BS

1.4
1.2

Redfield ratio (~7)

N (Wt. %)

0.8

Marine Black Shales (r =0.96)

FIG.6MINERALOGYOFTHEEGYPTIANORGANICSHALES

0.6
0.4
2

Non-marine Coal and Black Shales (r =0.95)

0.2
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

TOC (Wt. %)
Coals

Jur. Shales

70

80

Cam.-Maas. Shales

FIG.5ORGANICGEOCHEMISTRYOFTHEEGYPTIAN
ORGANICSHALE

Studied samples are highly enriched in Corg

relative to N (Fig. 5A) when compared to fresh
marineorganicmatter.Exceptionsarethesamples
from Bahria area which shows lower Corg/N. Both
terrestrialoriginoforganicmatterandpreferential
release of N during early diagenesis elevated
Corg/N ratios [13]. Nonmarine organic shale has
higher Corg/N ratios compared to the marine

FIG.7INORGANICGEOCHEMISTRYOFTHEEGYPTIAN
ORGANICSHALES

Chemicalanalysesoftheinorganicfractions(Table
2),indicatedthattheblackshalesofMagharaarea
are characterized by relative abundance of TiO2,
Al2O3; while Red Sea organic shales are
characterized by relative abundance of Ca and
P2O5(Fig.7).

JournalofMiningWorldExpress,Volume32014www.mwejournal.org
doi:10.14355/mwe.2014.0301.01
TABLE2INORGANICGEOCHEMISTRYOFTHEEGYPTIANORGANICSHALES

Samples

Fe2O3

TiO2

CaO

K2O

P2O5

B22
B23
B24
Maghara
B29
B210
B211
Nekhel27
Galal11
Islam13
RedSea
Yones20
Wat.Flow5
Hamrawin55
Tondob23
ABSH2
ABSH3
ABSH5
ABSH6
ABSH8
AbuTartur
T.Mine33
T.Mine35
T.Mine40
T.Mine52
MineRoof

6.356
7.079
3.984
7.031
5.949
6.218
1.845
2.683
2.987
2.997
1.713
3.589
2.640
7.048
5.439
5.637
5.776
7.016
4.681
3.614
3.708
4.285
6.124

2.027
1.993
1.819
1.855
1.800
1.803
0.237
0.232
0.249
0.390
0.177
0.397
0.294
0.937
0.789
0.778
1.009
0.907
0.856
0.901
0.821
0.876
0.961

1.081
0.946
0.957
1.008
0.993
0.964
11.236
18.181
18.837
13.083
15.876
7.411
24.659
1.123
1.457
1.433
1.077
1.015
0.693
0.812
0.898
1.045
1.395

1.081
0.946
0.957
1.008
0.993
0.964
0.464
0.504
0.559
1.026
0.311
0.570
0.543
1.123
1.457
1.433
1.077
1.015
0.693
0.812
0.898
1.045
1.395

0.073
0.057
0.053
0.068
0.072
0.078
7.134
11.706
12.104
8.647
10.308
4.531
15.971
0.290
1.316
0.743
0.212
0.323
0.265
0.202
0.333
0.222
0.340

SiO2
46.272
46.048
46.400
47.500
56.100
56.800
32.500
27.300
26.600
28.895
27.000
39.000
21.343
55.300
57.120
54.800
58.832
54.641
63.000
65.000
64.992
64.000
62.000

Al2O3

MgO

L.O.I.

20.889
17.518
26.785
17.661
17.337
16.621
4.791
5.085
5.468
8.456
3.502
12.360
5.504
20.784
17.292
17.018
18.281
18.893
17.336
16.456
17.393
14.438
16.137

0.545
0.395
0.439
0.500
0.550
0.543
0.836
0.939
1.003
6.636
0.607
4.062
1.225
2.518
2.521
3.175
2.884
3.165
3.495
3.526
3.310
3.791
2.541

21.07
24.16
18.26
23.35
15.87
15.85
40.99
32.91
32.45
30.27
40.92
27.35
26.59
10.26
12.06
14.06
7.70
9.14
8.35
8.08
6.80
9.77
8.05

BeneficiationofBlackShale
Granulometric analysis of the organic shale sample
wasconductedaftercrushing.Thesizeanalysisdata,
inadditiontoorganicmattercontentaregiveninFig.
8.Itcanbenoticedthattheorganicmatterpercentage
increaseswiththedecreasinggrainsize.

Cond.Time,min.

30

30

80
29
60
28

Organic C %

Cumulative Wt % Passed

PROCESS

31

100

60
90

Cumulative Wt % Passed
Organic C %

27

20

0
0.01

TABLE3EFFECTOFCONDITIONINGTIMEONTHEATTRITIONING

32

120

40

The primarycrushed ore sample wassubjected to

attrition scrubbing, using a Denver D12 flotation
cell at optimum conditions (S/L ratio 40%,
conditioningtime90min.,andconditioningspeed
2400 rpm), the organic carbon % reached ~ about
35from29%oftheoriginalsample,fromTable3.

120

26

10

100

Size , mm

Wt%

OrganicC%

67.19
32.81
48.14
51.86
42.97
57.03
34.78
65.19

31.31
24.27
33.07
25.22
35.47
24.13
35.25
25.72

2)FlotationOrganicShaleSample

25
0.1

Prod.
+0.045
0.045
+0.045
0.045
+0.045
0.045
+0.045
0.045

FIG.8GRAINSIZEDISTRIBUTIONANDORGANICMATTER
WEIGHTPERCENTAGEORGANICSHALE

1)WetAttritionScrubberoftheCrushedOres
Thistechniquewassuggestedasasubstituteofthe
conventional ball or rod milling in organic shale
beneficiation to take advantage of the friable
natureoforganicshale,atthebeginningofMohs
scale. The objective of this process was to achieve
preconcentration of organic shale by different
grindingfromtheharderimpurities.

The flotation of the concentrate of organic shale

was produced from attritioning scrubber tests (at
feed1+0.045mm).
Theorganicmatterisseparatedfromtheslurryby
adding an effective amount of kerosene (6 kg/t)as
collector,atnaturalpH(7.71),aconditioningtime
6 min, 1 kg/t sodium silicate as depressant,
impeller speed 2000 rpm , and flotation time 9
min(timefrombeggingflotationuntilfinishing).It
issuggestedthatthekerosenemoleculesaremore
attached to the organic grains via hydrophobic

JournalofMiningWorldExpress,Volume32014www.mwejournal.org

bonding,increasingtheirhydrophobicity,compared
tothenegativelychargedsilicateparticles[AbdEl
Rahman and AlWakeel]. A float product
containing about 42% organic matter with 81%
recovery was obtained. After cleaning a organic
carbon of float product reached about 59% with
recovery 85%, as shown as table 4. Based on the
resultsobtainedfromthetests,theflowsheetofthe
processingofoilshalewassuggestedinFig.9.

Abd ElRahman ,M. K. and AlWakeel, M. I., Enrichment

of organic matter of some Egyptian black shales ,

Inst.MinMetall.C),2007,VOL116,NO3,189196.

CLEANING

Wt% OrganicC%
60.72
58.90
39.28
15.88

REFERENCES

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans.

TABLE4THEFINALCONCENTRATEOFORGANICSHALEAFTER

Prod.
Conc.
Tail

3) Attritioning and flotation techniques success

fully achieved an enrichment of the organic
matterofthecoarsefractions,1+0.045mm,in
theorganicshale.

Altun, N. E.; Hiyilmaz, C.; Hwang, J.Y.; Suat Baci, A.;

OrganicCRecovery%
85.15
14.85

Kk, M. V. (2006). Oil shales in the worldand Turkey;

reserves,currentsituationandfutureprospects:areview
(PDF). Oil Shale. A ScientificTechnical Journal (Estonian
Academy Publishers) 23 (3): 211227. ISSN0208189X.
Retrieved20070616.
AlWakeel, M. and ElAdly, R. A.: A novel application of
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FIG.9FLOWSHEETOFPROCESSINGOFRABAHORGANIC
SHALE

Conclusions
1) Organic shales from Red Sea area have the
highest organic contents and therefore
concentration process should start with these
shales.
2) Inorganicconstituentscanbeutilizedinmany
otherapplicationssuchasbricks.

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