Berke PDF

Introduction to
Ultrasonic Testing
SD 218
Michael Berke
Agfa NDT GmbH, Hrth, Germany
1994 - 2002
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Straight beam probe

housing
socket
dampingblock
matchingelement
crystal
protecting face
(probe delay)
workpiece
Sound pulse
Angle beam probe

damping blocks
housing
socket
perspex wedge
(probe delay)
workpiece
crystal
Sound pulse
Sound field
N = near field length
near field
far field
= angle of divergence
acoustical axis (central beam)
Flaw detection
Flaw detection
10
20
30
40
Flaw detection
10
20
30
40
Bad flaw orientation
Improper flaw location
crack
Angle reflection
10
crack
20
30
40
Angle reflection
Vertical, near surface flaw
10
20
30
40
Tandem technique (top)

a1
T
5 10
5 10
15
15
Tandem technique (middle)

a2
T
5 10
15
5 10
15
Tandem technique (bottom)

a3
T
5 10
15
5 10
15
Improper flaw orientation
10
20
30
40
Perfect flaw orientation
10
20
30
40
Flaw detectability with improper flaw

orientation
reflected sound waves
5 10
15
sound beam
flat defect
Flaw distance
Principle of transit time measurement

finish signal
(echo)
transmitter
start signal
(pulse)
Stopwatch
probe
transit time
measurement
sound transit
path
work piece
CRT / A-scan display
10
Priciple, transmission pulse

transmitter
transmitter
transmission
pulse
sound wave starts at crystal
work piece
probe
light point
10
Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece

transmitter
transmitter
sound wave
work piece
probe
10
Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall

transmitter
transmitter
work piece
probe
10
Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling

surface
transmitter
transmitter
work piece
probe
10
Priciple, echo display and 2nd run

transmitter
transmitter
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
10
Probe delay
electrical
zero
(initial pulse)
mechanical
zero
(surface)
crystal
probe
protecting face
10
Probe delay
electical
zero
(initial pulse)
probe
delay
(wedge)
sound wave
work piece
10
mechanical
zero
(surface)
Flaw location and echo display

flaw
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
echo
10

flaw
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
echo
0
10

flaw
work piece
probe
flaw
echo
back wall
echo
10

flaw
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw echo
covered
by initial
pulse
10

flaw
work piece
probe
back wall
echo:
without
with flaw
0
10

flaw
work piece
probe
flaw echo
sequence
10
Dead zone
dead zone
10
Longitudinal wave
wave length
direction of
osscillation
direction of propagation
Transverse wave
wave length
direction of
osscillation
direction of propagation
Relection and refraction

L
reflected
wave
incident
wave
L
medium 1
medium 2
refracted
wave
L
Angle beam probe with both wave

types
10
20
30
40
L
T
possible flaw
locations
10
Longitudinal surface wave

L
reflected
wave
incident
wave
perspex
steel
==
11 == 27.5
27.5
TT == 33.3
33.3
LL == 90
90
L
L
T
refracted
waves
T
45 transverse wave in steel

L
reflected
wave
incident
wave
perspex
steel
refracted
transverse wave
T
== 36.4
36.4
TT == 45
45
Transverse surface wave

L
reflected
wave
incident
wave
surface
wave
perspex
steel
==
22 == 57
57
TT == 90
90
Total reflection
L
reflected
wave
incident
wave
perspex
steel
total reflection
>> 57
57
Ranges for incident waves

27,5
L
57
perspex
90
steel
T
33,3
Near surface detectability with angle

beam pobes
10
20
TR-probe / dual crystal probe

transmitter
socket
acoustical
barrier
receiver
socket
damping blocks
crystal
delay
Probe delay with

TR-probes
BE
IP
TR-probe
work piece
10
Cross talk at
high gain
BE
IP
flaw
echo
cross talk
echo
0
TR-probe
flaw
10
Range calibration
0
0
6
50
10
div.
100 mm
steel, L
Calibration block 1 with angle beam

probes
5
15
10
70
10
60
45
1st echo from circular section
10
15
100 mm
10
Echo sequence from 100 mm radius
10
15
10
100 mm 200 mm 300 mm
25 mm radius of calibration block 2

this wave will be
absorbed !
s 1 = 25 mm
s 2 = 100 mm
s 3 = 175 mm
etc.
50 mm radius of calibration block 2
s 1 = 50 mm
s 2 = 125 mm
s 3 = 200 mm
etc.
100 mm range calibration on K2
10
15
0
0
10
100 mm
steel
Flaw loaction
s = sound path
k = scale factor
R = screen reading
s = kR
0
15
10
s
work piece
reflector
10
Flaw location with angle beam probes

projection
point
Sound entry point
"flaw triangle"
s
= probe angle
s = sound path
a = surface distance
d = depth
a = ssin
d = scos
flaw location
Flaw location with angle beam probes
x
15
10
a = surface distance
a' = reduced surface distance
x = x-value = distance:
index point front edge of probe
a'
s
work piece
d
reflector
Flaw location with an angle beam probe

on a plate
a
15
10
d = apparent depth
apparent flaw location
Flaw location with an angle beam probe

on a plate
d' = apparent depth
d = real depth
T = work piece thickness
a = s sin
d = s cos
d = 2T - d
a
15
10
real flaw location
d'
apparent flaw location
Large defects parallel to the scanning

surface
Scanning the edge of the defect
Flaw echo drops to 50% of

its maximum value
Determination of the defect area

probe position
with echo amplitude
reduced to 50 %
delamination
"half value" positions
Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes
IP
BE
10
IP
BE
10
IP
BE
10
Flaw distances and

echo amplitudes
IP
BE
IP
10
BE
IP
10
R BE
10
Distance amplitude curves on the CRT

screen
B4S
m
6m
3 mm
100
BE
F
4 mm
200
300
400
500
Defect evaluation by comparison - 1
instrument gain: G = 34 dB
IP
BE
80 %
10
IP
0
instrument gain:
34 dB
BE
10
RE BE
IP
+ 8 dB
0
instrument gain:
42 dB
10
Distance amplitude curve (DAC)
Echo
Position
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
10
DAC and TCG
time corrected gain
DAC
10
10

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Introduction to

Straight beam probe

Angle beam probe

N = near field length

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Bad flaw orientation

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Improper flaw location

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Vertical, near surface flaw

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Tandem technique (top)

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Tandem technique (middle)

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Tandem technique (bottom)

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Improper flaw orientation

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Perfect flaw orientation

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw detectability with improper flaw

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Principle of transit time measurement

CRT / A-scan display

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Priciple, transmission pulse

sound wave starts at crystal

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Priciple, echo display and 2nd run

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Relection and refraction

Angle beam probe with both wave

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Longitudinal surface wave

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

45 transverse wave in steel

Transverse surface wave

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems