CCR Review Center

Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET)

Professional Education
Focus:
Sociological-Anthropological Foundations of Education
(including Values Education)
Lecturer: Dr. Rosita Isabel M. Mendoza
PART I: CONTENT UPDATE

Socio-Anthropological Foundations
(Basic Concepts/Principles/Keypoints)
2. ANTHROPOLOGY
1.1 Derived from the Greek words anthrope which means man, and logy which
means science
1.2 Science that studies the origin and development of man
1.3 Science of man, his development, work and achievements
1.4 Includes the study of physical, intellectual, moral, social and cultural
development of man, including his customers mores, folkways and beliefs
3. CULTURE - (Emphasis of Anthropology)
2.1 The shared products of human learning
2.2 The complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals,
customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society (Taylor)
2.3 A social heritage, transmitted to another and shared (Dressler)
2.4 A fabric of ideas, beliefs, skills, tools, aesthetic objects, methods of thinking,
customs and institutions into which each member of society is born (Smith,
Stanley, Shores)
2.5 The set of learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals that are
characteristics of a particular society or population
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
CULTURE is

Transferable
Continuous
Symbolic

Dynamic
Shared
Adaptive

Learned
Universal
Borrowed

4. SOCIOLOGY
3.1 Science of man and society
3.2 Study of patterns of human behavior
3.3 Study of groups and societies and how they affect the people
5. Society
4.1 An organized group of population who interrelates and interacts with one another,
with common shared attitudes, sentiments, aspirations and goals (Kessing)
4.2 Composed of human beings and the institutions by which people live together in
their culture (Linton)
4.3 A group of organized individuals who think of themselves as a distinct group,
who have some things in common, a set of loyalties and sentiments, and a

esprit de corps which make the individual under certain circumstances to

sacrifice himself for the good of the group (Smith, Stanley and Shores)
4.4 A social group that occupies territory, recruits its members by inter group sexual
reproduction and has a shared comprehensive culture (Bectrand)
6. Groups
5.1 A unit of interacting personalities with an interdependence of roles and status
existing between or among the members (Cole)
5.2 A number of people who at a given time interrelate and interact with one another,
with common shared attitudes, aspirations and goals
7. Status
6.1 Refers to the position assigned by a person in a group or organization
8. Social Stratification
7.1 Refers to the classification of group members according to certain criteria which
may differ according to the nature of the group
7.2 Is influence by the economic status of an individual
9. Social Process
8.1 Refers to the patterned and recurrent form of social interaction (reciprocal action
or effect)
8.2 May come in the form of competition, conflict, cooperation, accommodation,
assimilation or acculturation
10. Socialization
9.1 A process of adapting or conforming to the common needs and interests of a
social group
9.2 The process of entering the human groups, of being included into the secretes of
society
9.3 A process where a member of a group learns and internalizes the norms and
standards of the other member among whom she/he lives
Agents of Socialization
Family smallest social institution whose members are united by blood,
marriage or adoption, constituting a household and carrying a common
culture whose functions include transmission of culture and providing
opportunities for growth and development
School (Education) established by society for the basic enculturation of
the group and an agency which makes student learn how to value oneself
and eventually others. It is also an agency organized by society for the basic
function of teaching and learning.
Church, government, non-government agencies and other institutions
wherein an individual is a part of.
11. Change
10.1 An enduring force in history, is inevitable as this takes place from time to time
10.2 The adjustment of persons or group to achieve relative harmony
10.3 Is persuasive and is taking place in culture, society and personality
Forms of Change
Cultural change refers to all alteration affecting new trait or trait
complexes to change the cultures content and structures
Technological change revision that occur in mans application of his
technical knowledge and skills and he adopts himself to environment
Social change refers to the variation or modifications in the patterns of
social organization, of such groups within a society or of the entire
society

12. Cultural Lag

11.1 Occurs when society cannot adjust to changes for quite a time
13. Sociology of Education
12.1 Provides a study of the regular patterns of relationships between society and the
educational processes and the explanation for such relationships which
contributes to the analysis and eventual solution to problems confronting the
educational system.
14. Roles of the School
13.1 The school as an agent of socialization
More and more responsibilities that used to belong to the family are now
placed on the school especially socialization
Social development of the individual is fully developed in school although
has been started at home
Children learn how to go along with other students in the school
Social ethics is easier to teach in school than in any other places
The well organized and systematized curricula of the school always have
objectives directed to social development of students
The well prepared activities offered by the school make students aware of
their responsibilities to the state and fellowmen
The students government trains the students to become good leaders and
followers, observes the policies and by law of the school and the students
organization
The school prepares the individual to become a worthy member of society.
13.2 The school as an agent of cultural transmission
The classroom is one of the best venues for transmitting culture, whether
individually or in groups
There are two major processes through which culture is transferred:
1. Enculturation the process of handling down of culture from one
generation to the succeeding ones
- the passing on of groups custom, beliefs and traditions to the next
generation
2. Acculturation the process of passing of culture from one who knows to
somebody who does not know
- the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through
interaction/reading/inter marriages, etc.
The good lessons in life such as values and attitudes formation are easily
handed down to the new generation through well prepared lessons provided
by the teachers (enculturation)
Emerging strategies and techniques used in teaching such as field trips,
experiential learning, experimentation and laboratory and integrated, group
dynamics, cooperative learning, peer learning, role playing and socio drama
used in school all lead to the inevitable cultural transmission
Knowledge about the latest development in technology and science and
knowledge about the nations and people of the world can be acquired
through well planned learning activities (acculturation)
13.3 School as agent of cultural change
School is the social institution utilized by the state to effect changes
When an individual or a group adopts the cultures of others, practice them
and becomes habitual, this is cultural change. Cultural changes are best
discussed in the school.
Technical and social changes are but specific facts of cultural change
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Certainly the school can work out some programs of social and cultural
changes only in cooperation with or with the assistance of government, the
business sector, the church and the family
Some have pointed out that social and cultural change is too big a task for a
single institution such as the school to undertake
The difficulty is getting teachers who are competent in developing and
implementing programs for social reconstruction

13.4 The school as agent of modernization

In this transforming world, educational systems are often charged with the
responsibility of
Bringing about the change in the culture
Being agent of modernization
Being intentional agent of discontinuity
Being future oriented, developing and using curricula that suit the
present as well as the future needs of the students

All the changes are mostly attempts to modernization which are being
discussed in the school
Modernization includes the effects brought abut by social and technological
changes
The elements of cultural change which lead to modernization are
Development of oral and written communication
Development of modern means of communication
Modification of technology in all fields
Shifts in economic principles
Evolution of religious thoughts and political ideologies
Transition in scientific theses
Alteration in the forms and rules of social interaction

These evidences of modernization are:

The increasing differentiation in the forms of tools and implements
used by man
The constant addition to invention
The deletion from the range of invention

The examples of technological change in the Philippines are:

Introduction of new methods of learning
Additional of vocational education and practical arts to the curriculum
Addition of computer education to the curriculum
Inclusion of information technology for factory production
Addition of science and technology to train the Filipino to control and
manipulate his environment

The examples of social changes in the Philippines

Changed norm of landlord tenant relationship
Land Reform Law
Revival of nationalism themes in literature, music and arts etc.

What educational program can be used to assume social and cultural change?
The education program must emphasize not only intellectual training
Education must be based on the motive of social service

 The school is expected to develop intellectual thinking citizens

The emphasis is upon the teaching of controversial issues
The students should be given extensive first hand experiences and
direct observation and participation in all activities
Extra curricular activities offer such opportunities in the total
educational program
Require all the teachers to have a broad background of social
information
The free public school system should not give education to the
children and youth only but should also be extended to include the
general education of adults and out of school youth
What features of society challenge the schools?
The complexity of society
Modern mass society in participant society
Enculturation, acculturation and perpetuation of cultures becoming
difficult
Increasing number of working mothers
What are other functions of the schools?
Serves as a multi-purpose institution
Provides training of the mind
Teaches the basics
Develops problem solving and critical thinking
Serves as agent of social change
Promotes social integration
Promotes enculturation and cultural perception
Accelerates adjustment of society
15. Anthropological-Sociological Educational Implications
In as much as the school is an important social institution, the Commission on
Higher Education (CHED) and the Department of Education (DepEd) should
examine very closely the curricular program of learning institutions
The government should give more incentives to the teachers not only in terms of
salaries but also other fringe benefits
The school must be made attractive to both teachers and students
The school and community should work together very closely to produce the kind
of graduates the community needs
A survey of the community should be conducted more often by the schools, to
produce the needed man power that matches the demands and needs of the
community
There must be a clear support system existing between the school and community
The school should involve parents in the school projects, and if possible, should
do best in enculturation and socialization processes
The government should lesson the teachers involvement in the implementation of
the programs and devote time in teaching
Since the teachers play a key role in the society, all Teachers Training Institution
(TEIs) should be strict with their policies on admission, selection and retention of
would be teachers.

Values and Values Education

Modern-day education has become too specialized, compartmentalized and fragmented.
We have not developed all the powers and faculties of the human person. Theres an
effort to emphasize more knowledge and skills other than values and attitudes. It is
important to impart human values and standards for responsible citizenship, alongside
with the development of competencies in the different fields and endeavor.
Values Defined (Quisumbing and de Leo, 2005)
Values represent aspirations and goals; the motives and purposes we seek. They are
emotionally charged; they give power to our ideas and understandings, such that they
constitute the driving force behind individual and group behaviors.
Moral education constitutes an important part of values education
Values education is often equated to either values transmission or moral education.
While they are valid areas to cover in the learning process, they are not sufficient in
leading the learner towards personal integration. While this is the educators orientation,
the valuing process ensures that the learning of social or moral values will not stop on the
cognitive level. Rather, there must be subjected to a process by which the integration and
internalization of values is checked and attained. (UNESCO-APNIEVE, 2005)

HUMAN
PERSON AS
INDIVIDUAL/
AS MEMBER
OF SOCIETY

Dimensions of the Human Person

as Individual/as Member of Society

HUMAN
PERSON AS
INDIVIDUAL/
AS MEMBER
OF SOCIETY

The Core Values

Core and Related Values
1. Health and Harmony with Nature
Holistic Health
Physical Fitness
Respect for Life
Environmental Care
2. Truth and Wisdom
Critical Thinking/Holistic Thinking
Enlightenment/Insight
Scientific Humanism
3. Love and Compassion
Self worth/Self-confidence
Honesty/Integrity
Self-Discipline
Empathy/Caring and Sharing
4. Creativity and Appreciation of Beauty
Imagination
Artistic Expression
Intuitive Sense
Sensitivity

5. Peace and Justice

Respect for Human Rights
Tolerance
Cooperation
Social responsibility
Equality
Active non-violence
6. Sustainable Human Development
Economic Justice
Stewardship of Resources
Simplicity
Productivity/Efficiency
Work Ethic/Industry
7. National Unity and Global Solidarity
Love of Country
Democracy
Active and Responsible Citizenship
Unity in Diversity
Interdependence
International Understanding
Global Peace
8. Global Spirituality
Faith in the Sacred Source
Inner Peace
Religious Tolerance
Unity and Interconnections
Traditional Model of Values Education
emphasis on content and skills
teacher-centered
Integrated Approach in Values Education
from knowing to valuing
from a teacher to a student-centered orientation
it is experiential learning
Valuing Process
1. Towards personal integration, wholeness and a sense of harmony within.
Cognitive level
(facts, concepts)

Affective
learning Values &
insights in dimension
reactions on different relations

Behavioral
Actions

2. Strategies/Methods (Simon et. Al, 1990)

2.1 Values Voting check learners stand in various issues and to affirm it to others
2.2 Values Ranking consider decisions among alternatives and clarify priorities
2.3 Strongly Agree/Strongly Disagree Examine the strength of their feelings about a
given value or issue
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2.4 Value Whips Questions and Issues for the learner to consider
2.5 Unfinished sentences learners value as manifested in their attitudes, interests,
convictions, likes and dislikes
2.6 Auto-biographical Questionnaire Facilitate the awareness of the learners life
patterns
PRACTICE TEST I
1.

The adoption of scientific techniques to control and manipulate environment such as

modern methods for farming and fishing is called
A. social change
C. cultural change
B. technological change
D. discovery change

2.

Heavily sanctioned folkway which no one dares to question because they embody moral
laws are called
A. beliefs
C. mores
B. customs
D. tradition

3.

What is that inevitable folkway which no one dares to question because they embody
moral laws are called
A. change
C. progress
B. development
D. evolution

4.

Nora Aunor became a legend in the showbusiness because of her talent, determination
and hard work. What role does this illustrate?
A. achieve role
C. hereditary role
B. ascribed role
D. temporary role

5.

Pinning veil around the bride and the groom/exchange of rings, releasing of doves, etc.
during wedding ceremony show that culture is
A. symbolic
C. historical
B. continuous
D. changeless

6.

Aling Maria has taught her daughter how to prepare good and delicious desserts from
local fruits and vegetables. What cultural transmission process is this?
A. observation
C. enculturation
B. acculturation
D. indoctrination

7.

Mr. Francisco was teaching something on mores, folkways, customs and beliefs in his
Social Studies class. What was his lesson about?
A. material culture
C. tangible culture
B. non-material culture
D. hereditary culture

8.

It was the first day of school. Miss Dela Rosa prepared activities which will make her
Grade III children sing, play, talk, learn and introduce themselves to the class. What
process did the teacher emphasize?
A. enculturation
C. indoctrination
B. socialization
D. acculturation

9.

Mildred, an accountant, who now lives with a married man was disowned by her family
and friends. This punishment is a form of
A. isolation
C. ostracism
B. deportation
D. character assassination

10.

When a certain culture is acceptable to one group and questionable to others, it shows
that:
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A. culture is borrowed
B. culture is a shared product

C. culture is varied
D. culture is relative

11.

The teaching and learning of religion and values mostly make use of
A. enculturation
C. culturation
B. indoctrination
D. acculturation

12.

In order to achieve the goals for change, all include the following strategies EXCEPT
A. Change must involve all sectors of the society
B. Change must be centralized where only a few initiate the change
C. Change must be holistic that focuses on the individual and the system
D. Change should come from the leaders and the people

13.

Which change is bought about by discovery or modernization to increase production?

A. cultural change
C. technological change
B. societal change
D. social change

14.

Central to cultural renewal and social change is a revolution of expectations from

ourselves as well as from our institutions. This concept includes the following resources
from Filipinos, EXCEPT:
A. Assertiveness of Filipino families
B. A colonized education
C. A cultural-fair media
D. A religious that upholds justice and righteousness

15.

Which of the following factors is the reason for communication gap in many homes?
A. Lack of parental guidance
B. Modern technology
C. Inadequate education
D. Highly urbanized lifestyle

16.

Which of the following statements regarding the Values Conceptual Framework is

TRUE?
A. It is imposing on every student
B. It is prescriptive of many desirable traits
C. It is specific for practical usefulness
D. It is flexible that suits to every human individuals needs

17.

The goals of Values Education that need to be changed include all the following
EXCEPT:
A. To become aware of the National Issues and Problems that beset the country
B. To encourage OFWs to continuous work abroad in order to help the National
Economy.
C. To develop deep sense of responsibility and accountability
D. To initiative action-centered community organizations

18.

Which of the following is NOT an example of economic values?

A. Hard work and frugality
C. Self-determination
B. Work values
D. Responsible parenthood

19.20. Which among the strategies show negative concerns for environmental protection?
A. Campaign against wrong health and environmental practices
B. Suggest the use of synthetic substances instead of organic ones
C. Link with organizations with projects on waste management
D. Cut tall trees and plant ornamentals to beautify the surroundings

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21.

Filipinos love for socials, fiestas and celebrations is manifestations of which Filipinos
character?
A. Spirituality
C. Superstitious
B. Family Solidarity
D. Joy and Humor

PRACTICE TEST II
1.

An organized and systematized manner of learning where expectancies are controlled by

the teacher is termed as:
A. teaching
C. schooling
B. education
D. motivation

2.

A social agency that makes a child learn to value himself and eventually others is
A. home
C. group
B. school
D. society

3.

What will surely takes place whenever society adapts modernization abruptly?
A. There is peace.
C. There is progress.
B. There is harmony.
D. There is confusion.

4.

When a person fails to adjust to the fast changing world, he is likely to suffer from
A. culture shock
C. culture change
B. severe headache
D. extreme loneliness

5.

What is enculturation?
A. Handing down of culture by a teacher
B. Handing down of culture without any question
C. Handing of culture from one generation to the next
D. Handing down of culture from one who knows to somebody who doesnt know

6.

Which of the following functions cannot be done by the school?

A. perpetuation of specie
B. changing cultural practices
C. socialization among children
D. development of attitudes and skills

7.

Filipinism could be taken as having the same connotation as a sense of

A. responsibility
C. nationhood
B. professionalism
D. philosophy

8.

The process of individual and group change caused by contact with various people
A. acculturation
C. culturation
B. enculturation
D. indoctrination

9.

All people have culture and therefore share a common humanity. This shows that
A. culture is universal
B. culture is organized
C. culture is a product of change
D. culture is the sum total of human experiences

10.

Which of the following sciences below is more connected with the study of social
traditions?
A. theology
C. sociology
B. psychology
D. anthropology

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11.

12.

Which of the following situations presents a value conflict?

A. The parent expects her child to do what he tells him; the child obeys so.
B. The parent wants to his child to be in the Deans list; the child studies hard.
C. The child has many friends; the parent allows him to spend time with them during
week-ends
D. The parents priority is for her child to be an A student, the childs predominant
interest
Why cant the school implement programs for social reconstruction?
A. Most of the students are poor and passive
B. Some teachers do not like teaching career
C. Some teachers have no dedication to the profession
D. Most teachers belong to Low Socio Economic Status (SES)

13.

Which of the following best illustrates a sense of responsibility that a professional teacher
is expected to have?
A. Is humble
C. Has pleasant disposition
B. Makes good use of time
D. Tutors own student for a fee

14.

When an individual or a group adapts the culture of others, practice them and becomes
habitual, this is:
A. culture lag
C. culture shock
B. culture change
D. culture difference

15.

The proper sequencing of grade levels according to chronological ages of learners is

called
A. status
C. agency
B. organization
D. institution

16.

Divorce is legal in the United States but is not acceptable in the Philippines. What does it
show?
A. culture is illegal
C. culture is relative
B. culture is uniform
D. culture is phenomenon

17.

A school operates not only to cater her students but for all the people where it is located
can be called a
A. public school
C. societal school
B. private school
D. community school

18.

What is the responsibility of a newspaper editorial in values processing?

A. Interprets the news for the sale of readability
B. Analyzes the relevance of the personal experience with the news material
C. Explains the message of the editorial
D. Introduces socialized recitation

19.

When does the Kanya-kanya syndrome become positive?

A. When one can discover what he likes in life
B. When the benefit of others is viewed as one loss
C. When one protects the individual interests
D. When one becomes self-reliant and can stand on his own.

20.

Which situation shows a desirable relationship between teachers and other groups of
people?
A. Miss Sison issues report cards only if she remembers.
B. Mr. Fajardo never entertains parents complains; he feels they are only a pest
C. As a class adviser, Mr. Magalang has not had a single conference with the parents of
his students.

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D. Mrs. Vergara is glad that the parents of her Grade III class volunteer to her in certain
class activities
21.

Does valuing process used as a teaching strategy?

A. Focus on the affective processing of value learning
B. Emphasize on the effective component of learning
C. Emphasize on the processing rather than on concept
D. Concentrate on the concept, process and behavioral components of value

22.

When statement can be considered features of our present educational system?

A. Knowledge is power
B. Knowledge does not change
C. Knowledge begins in the senses
D. Knowledge can be known only by reason

23.

When does a teacher of Values Education a good facilitator of learning?

A. Monitors action learning plans for the students
B. Provides cognitive inputs such as lecturette
C. Clarifies the students values by the use of processing questions
D. Imposes her own beliefs on her students

24.

One cannot give what he does not have is a popular statement which presupposes the
following:
A. Facilitators of values must grow in their own personal total development
B. Values education is a lifelong process
C. The home is the primary source of basic values
D. The school has the sole responsibility to educate the youth

25.

Which is not an anthropological view of education?

A. Education is a social institution
B. Education is the process of teaching and learning
C. Education is an agent of change and modernization
D. Education is boundary breaking between social classes

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KEY TO CORRECTION
PRACTICE TEST I
1.
B
2.
C
3.
A
4.
A
5.
A
6.
C
7.
B
8.
B
9.
A
10. D
11. B
12. D
13. C
14. C
15. A
16. D
17. B
18. D
19-20. B, D
21. D

PRACTICE TEST II
1.
C
2.
B
3.
D
4.
A
5.
C
6.
A
7.
C
8.
A
9.
A
10. D
11. D
12. A
13. B
14. B
15. B
16. C
17. D
18. C
19. D
20. C
21. D
22. C
23. C
24. A
25. B

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