International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882

Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2016

A Modified Approach for Lung Cancer Detection Using Bacterial

Forging Optimization Algorithm
Babita Rani1, Ashok Kumar Goel2, Ravneet Kaur3
1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering & Technology, Bathinda
2
Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering & Technology, Bathinda
3
Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering & Technology, Bathinda

ABSTRACT
The number of deaths due to lung cancer is more
frequent because it is difficult to detect at initial stage as
symptoms appears very late. The early detection of lung
cancer can reduce mortality rate In this paper, a novel
technique has been proposed in which hybridization of
three techniques is utilized i.e. Bacterial Foraging
Optimization Algorithm (BFO), Principal Component
Analysis (PCA) and Back Propagation Neural Network
(BPNN) for lung cancer detection and then the results
has been evaluated on the basis of performance
parameter such as False Acceptance Ratio, False
Rejection Ratio and Accuracy. The over-all proposed
model has been accomplished in MATLAB 7.10
environment. From the results it is obtained that the
proposed technique based on Back Propagation Neural
Network is better than previous SVM technique.

survival rate is higher if the cancer is detected at early

stages. Computer-aided diagnosis system is very helpful
for radiologist in detection and diagnosing abnormalities
earlier and faster. In recent research literature, it is
observed that neural networks have been widely used for
the detection of lung cancer in medical images [7]. So,
detection of lung cancer is very essential.
In this paper, a modified approach for detection
of lung cancer has been proposed in which hybridization
of three techniques is utilized i.e. Bacterial Forging
Optimization algorithm, Principal Component Analysis
and Back Propagation Neural Network. The results have
been evaluated on the basis of performance parameter
such as False Acceptance Rate, False Rejection Rate and
Accuracy.
This paper is organized as follow:

Keywords: Lung Cancer, BFO, Neural Network, PCA.

1. INTRODUCTION
The doctors are able to examine the interior body part of
an active living being with the help of MRI scan, X-ray,
Ultrasound as well as CT scanner [1]. Cancer is the most
significant cause of death for both men and women
because symptoms emerge only in the advanced stages
causing the mortality rate to be the highest among all
other types of cancer [2]. There are major facts
indicating that early detection of lung cancer can reduce
mortality rate [4].
The early detection of lung cancer is not an easy
task [5]. About 80% patients are diagnosed correctly at
the middle or advanced stage of cancer [6].It is estimated
that 1.2 million people are diagnosed with this disease
every year (12.3% of the total number of cancer
diagnosed), and about 1.1 million people are dying of
this disease yearly (17.8% of the total cancer death). The

Section first includes introduction

Section second describes history of lung cancer
Modified approach for lung cancer detection has
been explained in section third
Results has been discussed in section four
Section five describes conclusion and future
scope

2. HISTORY OF LUNG CANCER

Lung cancer tumor is usually a contamination occurring
due a fact associated with unchecked cell or portable
progress in areas on a lung [8]. This progress can lead to
metastasis, which is episode associated with next tissues
as well as infiltration outside of lung area [9]. Therapy
as well as prospects count on histological type of cancer
malignancy, point (degree associated with spread), along
with the patients effectiveness standing [10]. Probable
treatment options contain surgical procedure,
chemotherapy, as well as radiotherapy. Success is
dependent on stage, all-around health, as well as other
variables. Sample of lung cancer is shown in figure 1.

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2016

C. Feature Classification
Features have been classified by using Neural Network.
In this work have to use Feed Forward Back Propagation
Neural Network (FFBPNN).Neural networks are
composed of simple elements which operate parallel
[14]. A neural network can be trained to perform a
particular function by adjusting the values of the weights
between elements. Network function is determined by
the connections between elements [15]. There are
activation functions used to produce relevant output.

Fig.1 lung cancer small sample [12]

3. MODIFIED APPORACH FOR LUNG

CANCER DETECTION
In this work, a novel hybrid technique has been proposed
in which utilize hybridization of three techniques
together i.e. Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm
(BFO), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Back
Propagation Neural Network (BPNN). Here, first utilize
Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm for feature
classification and as well as reduction. After this, will
use Back propagation Neural network to train obtained
features after applying BFO algorithm and once the
features are trained then Principal Component Analysis
will be applied for the feature extraction of the images
obtained for lung cancer detection. Then evaluate the
results on the basis of performance parameter such as
False Acceptance Ratio, False Rejection Ratio and
Accuracy.
A. Feature Extraction

The stepwise procedure of flow diagram of proposed

work is discussed as follow:
Step 1 : Firstly it is required to collect the various lung
cancer images to make a database of these
images. The processing method, which consists
of finding the edges of the images and their
normalization, is applied. It makes the further
proceedings easy.
Step 2 : Principal Component Analysis will then be
applied for the feature extraction of the images.
Features will be optimized by using Bacterial
Forging Optimization.
Step 3 : The neural network is trained by using the data
extracted from the images. The stages of the
lung cancer will be classified by using neural
network.
Step 4 : Performance parameters like False Acceptance
Ratio, False Rejection Ratio and Accuracy will
be evaluated.
Flow diagram of proposed work is shown in figure 2.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been applied

for feature extraction. Principal components analysis
(PCA) is basically useful for reducing the number of
variables that consists a dataset while retaining the
inconsistency in the data and to identify unknown
patterns in the data and to classify them according to
how much of the information, stored in the data.PCA
allows calculating a linear alteration that maps
information as of a high dimensional space to a lower
dimensional space [13].
B. Feature Optimization
Features have been optimized by using Bacterial Forging
Optimization (BFO) algorithm. Bacterial Foraging
Optimization Algorithm is an optimization algorithm
which reduces the noise, features selected, unnecessary
data and gives the high accuracy. Kelvin M Passino
invented the BFO algorithm.

During the implementation a data base of ten images

has been taken. By using Principal Component Analysis
(PCA) sixteen features has been extracted and four
features has been optimized by using Bacterial Forging
Optimization (BFO) algorithm. For the Neural Network,
the total numbers of neurons are 15, total numbers of
inputted neurons are 4, and the output neuron came out
to be 1. Total numbers of hidden neurons are 10. Total
epochs are 50. Region props for the feature extraction is
used for the extraction and save all features. 5X16
feature vectors are used. if effected area is more than
50% then it is assumed that lung is cancerised i.e. lung
cancer exists.

4. RESULTS
In this paper, the results have been evaluated on the
basis of performance parameter such as False
Acceptance Rate, False Rejection Rate and Accuracy.

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2016

Table 1 Simulation results using Neural Network

False Rejection Rate: It is the probability that

an identified pixel is a true positive and also
defined as the number of images that are falsely
rejected.

Positive Predictive Value = +

Image
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

False Acceptance Rate: It is the probability that an

identified pixel is a true negative, i.e the number of
images that are falsely accepted.

False Predictive Value = +

FAR
(NN)
0.0307
0.0384
0.0663
0.0701
0.1173
0.0307
0.0892
0.0899
0.1064
0.0474

FRR(NN)

Accuracy(NN)

0.1204
0.1185
0.1131
0.1127
0.1055
0.1212
0.1114
0.1115
0.1036
0.1205

98.5720
98.4973
98.2234
98.1783
97.7210
98.5714
97.9957
97.8895
97.8272
98.4049

This table describes the parameter values of False

Acceptance Rate, False Rejection Rate and Accuracy
using Neural Network.
Table 2

Simulation results of comparison using NN

and SVM

Parameter
FAR
FRR
ACCURACY

Average
Values for
SVM
1.5424
0.1221
84.5520

This table describes average parameter values of FAR,

FRR and Accuracy using Neural Network and SVM.
From the results it has been clearly shown that proposed
work using Neural Network has good results in terms of
FAR,FRR and accuracy w.r.t existing SVM (Support
Vector Machine) technique.

Fig. 2 Flow Chart of Proposed Work

Average
Values for
NN
0.0686
0.1139
98.1881

Accuracy: It is measured by the ratio of the

total number of correctly classified pixels to the
number of pixels in the image. Accuracy
evaluates the overall correctly classified pixels.
+
Accuracy = +++
where CP is True Positive, CN is True Negative,
FP is False Positive and FN is False Negative.

Simulation results using Neural Network as given in

table 1.

5. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

There is noteworthy evidence which indicates about the
premature discovery of lung cancer can drop the
mortality rate. In this proposed work, present a
framework for lung cancer detection easily. A novel
hybrid technique has been approached in which
hybridization of three techniques is utilized i.e. Bacterial
Foraging Optimization Algorithm, PCA and Back
Propagation Neural Network. The results has been
evaluated on the basis of performance parameter such as
FAR, FRR and Accuracy. And also compare them with
base paper technique SVM as shown in above table.
From the results it has been concluded out that the
proposed technique based on Back Propagation Neural
Network (BPNN) along with Bacterial Forging

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2016

Optimization (BFO) algorithm and hybridized with

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is more accurate
than other previous techniques in detection of lung
cancer effectively.
In future various algorithms such as k-mean clustering
for classification purpose can be used. And then their
results can be compared with neural network to check
which is more efficient.

[8]

[9]

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