CEE 4664 1 Introduction

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Charles E. Via Jr. Department of Civil Engineering
PAVEMENT DESIGN AND

MANAGEMENT
Gerardo W. Flintsch
CE 4664 - Pavement Design & Management
Class Objectives
1. Recognize the most significant factors for
consideration in the design of flexible and
rigid pavements
2. Analyze pavement systems using different
analytical methods.
3. Determine pavement design input
parameters, including traffic, materials,
failure criteria, and reliability.
4. Design flexible and rigid pavement systems
using different design methods.
CEE 4664
Class Objectives
5. Recognize the advantages and limitation of
different pavement design approaches and
methods.
6. Compare different pavement alternatives
using life-cycle cost considerations.
7. Prepare a written report and an oral/visual
presentation of a pavement design project
8. Work as a member of an integrated team to
complete the project design, report, and
presentation.
CEE 4664
Introduction, Page 1

Introduction
Gerardo W. Flintsch
Learning Objectives
State the main objective of Pavement Design and list
the main desired pavement properties (or pavement
objectives)
Discuss the differences between rigid and flexible
pavements.
Name the different layers of typical flexible and rigid
pavement cross sections.
List the main factors that should be considered in
pavement design
Explain how these factors affect the pavement design.
CEE 4664
Infrastructure and Society
Social
System
Productive and competitive

economies
Sustainable economic
growth
Societal stability / equity
Economic
System
Physical Infrastructure
Natural Environment
12,000
3,000
10,000
2,500
8,000
2,000
6,000
1,500
4,000
1,000
2,000
VMT (billions)
Adjusted GDP (billions)
GDP vs VMT
500
GDP
VMT
0
1970
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
year
Household $ and Freight Stats

Other
26%
Housing
34%
Pipeline
2%
Waterways
1%
Rail
5%
Air
3%
Trans. Other
7%
Apparel+services
3%
Trans. Vehicle
Purchases
9%
Trans. Fuel
3%
Health
5%
Food
13%
Highways
89%
Transportation Infrastructure Challenges

Deterioration
Shrinking Budgets
Increasing Demands
Source: Stephanos, 2007
[MAIREPAV5]
Increasing Expectations
Distribution of Gas Tax Revenues

General
Revenues
Date
Highways
Mass
Transit
Account
Before 1983
100.0%
Apr. 1, 1983
88.9%
11.1%
Other
Trust
Funds
Dec 1, 1990
17.7%
70.1%
10.6%
0.7%
Oct. 1, 1993
37.0%
54.3%
8.2%
0.5%
Oct. 1, 1995
23.4%
65.2%
10.9%
0.5%
Jan. 1, 1996
23.5%
65.6%
10.9%
83.9%
15.5%
Oct. 1, 1997
0.5%
10
Change in Expectations
(Example: Pavements)
Performance Measures
Safety
Comfort
Mobility
Access
Travel time
Operation costs
Reduced gas consumption
Reduced noise
Energy harvesting
What is the solution?

Better Materials
Material design
Construction Quality
More effective design methods

Mechanistic-based approaches
Innovative financing
Balancing risk and responsibilities
Systematic infrastructure management

Maximum benefit for each dollar invested

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS
INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT
PMS
Goals & Policies

System Performance
Economic / Social &
Environmental
Budget
Allocations
PRODUCTS
NETWORK-LEVEL ANALYSIS
TOOLS
DATABASE
CONDITION
INVENTORY
CONDITION
ASSESSMENT
PRIORITIZATION
/ OPTIMIZATION
USAGE
PERFORMANCE
PREDICTION
MAINTENANCE
STRATEGIES
PROGRAMMING
PROJECT
SELECTION
NEEDS
ANALYSIS
NETWORK-LEVEL
REPORTS
Performance
Assessment
Network Needs
Facility Life-cycle
Cost
Optimized M&R
Program
Performance-based
Budget
FEEDBACK
GRAPHICAL
DISPLAYS
PROJECT LEVEL
ANALYSIS (Design)
PERFORMANCE
MONITORING
CONSTRUCTION
DOCUMENTS
WORK PROGRAM
EXECUTION
Ancient Roads
Rome Appian Way - Appia Antica
Old Roman road in Britain; Historic UK

CEE 4664
Brief Summary of Pavement History

Development Time Place
Wheel
Long distance
Highways
Modern roads
Use of tar &
asphalt
Concrete road
Rubber-tired
motor cars
Highway
Research
3500
BC
Asia
Significance
Movement to Egypt
Built 53,000 miles of highways
3500 Romans 360 miles lasted 2000 yrs

323 BC
Dry roadbeds & impervious surfaces
1764
1830's
France
High labor cost, smaller stones, thinner sections
USA /
Impervious surfaces, mixed hot, sand added to
England fill voids
1850
Austria
1900
USA
1920
USA
First Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

Dust/pollution problems, binders required, road
smoothness & friction become important issues
Efforts to improve pavement design, maintenance
& materials
CEE 4664
In America
Inka trail
to Machu Picchu
Extended for 25,000 miles

at the height of the empire.
Mayan road
CEE 4664
Pavement Design
What is DESIGN ?
Conceive/Develop plans for something
to serve a specific function
What is the FUNCTION of the

pavement ?
Provide vehicle access between two
points under all-climate conditions.
Smooth, Durable, and Safer.
CEE 4664
Pavement Design Objectives
Maximum (reasonable) economy

Maximum (adequate) safety
Maximum (reasonable) serviceability
Maximum (adequate) load-carrying capacity
Minimum (limited) physical deterioration due
to traffic and environmental influences
Minimum (limited) noise and air pollution
Minimum (limited) disruption of adjoining
land use
Maximum (good) aesthetics
CEE 4664
Information Needed
Topography (route, drainage, cut/fill)
Weather (drainage, frost heave, temperature
cracking)
Existing Soil (bearing capacity, strength
required, drainage effect)
Materials Available (type of structure,
stabilization)
Traffic (strength required)
Design Life Funds Available
CEE 4664
Pavement Design
ENVIRONMENT
TRAFFIC
MINIMUM
THICK., ETC.
STRUCTURAL
MODEL
CONSTRUCTION
COSTS
MATERIALS
LYFE-CYCLE
COST
ANALYSIS
FAILURE
CRITERIA
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
RIDEABILITY
PRESENT WORTH
CEE 4664
TOTAL COST
FUTURE INVESTMENT
MaInt., Rehab., User, etc.
INITIAL COST
50 %
OPTIMUM
RELIABILITY (pavement condition)
100 %
CEE 4664
Pavement Design
Where are We??
State-of-Practice State-of-the-Art
MechanisticMechanistic
Empirical
Empirical
Actual Current
Practice??
(Schwartz, 2001)
CEE 4664
ME Pavement Analysis
Flexible Pavements
q
t t
Eh
HMA
Eh
Base
Subbase
Subgrade
Eh
Fatigue Cracking
v v
Temperature
Cracking
E
Subgrade Rutting
MEPDG
Climate
Traffic
Materials
Damage
Structure
Response
Damage
Time Distress
Accumulation
Ride Quality

Pavement Types
Gerardo W. Flintsch
Pavement Types
Flexible
Rigid
Seal Coat
Asphalt concrete
Portland Concrete
Tack Coat
Base
Base
subbase
Geotextile
Subgrade
Subgrade
26
Pavement Types
Flexible
Asphalt Concrete
Surface Treatments
Rigid
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)

Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)
Prestressed Concrete Pavement (PCP)
Composite
AC Overlaid PCCP
AC with Cemented Bases
White Topping
CEE 4664
Conventional Flexible Pavements

Seal coat
Tack Coat
Surface Course
Binder Course
Prime Coat
Base Course
Subbase Course
Compacted Subgrade
Natural Subgrade
CEE 4664
Load
Distribution
Surface
Base
Subbase
Subbgarde
CEE 4664
Flexible Pavements
Multi-layer Systems (Burmisters Theory)
Better materials in the surface where the
stresses are higher
Lower quality materials in the bottom where
the stresses are lower
More than 3.5 million km in the U.S.
First road in Newark, NJ (1870)
First HMA in Washington, DC (1876)
CEE 4664
Rigid Pavements
Analyzed by the Plate Theory
The PCC is much stiffer than the HMA
and distributes the load over a much
wider area
PCC ( 6 - 12 in)
Base / Subbase ( 4 - 12 in)
Subgrade
CEE 4664
Rigid Pavement Analytical Methods

Analytical Solutions
Goldbecks Formula (Cantilever Beam)
Westergaards Analysis (Based on
Liquid Foundation)
Picketts Analysis Based on Solid
Foundation
Numerical Solutions
Discrete Elements Methods
Finite Elements Methods
CEE 4664
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement

(JPCP)
CEE 4664
SOURCE:
http://training.ce.washington.e
du/WSDOT/

Jointed Reinforced Concrete
Pavement (JRCP)
CEE 4664
SOURCE:
du/WSDOT/
Continuously Reinforced Concrete

Pavement (CRCP)
CEE 4664
SOURCE:
du/WSDOT/
Function of the Base/Subbase

Flexible Pavements
Structural Support
(sub-drainage /pumping prevention)
Rigid Pavements
Needed for heavy traffic
Improve drainage & prevent pumping
Reduce the effect of frost action
Control subgrade shrinking and swelling
Provide a smooth construction platform
CEE 4664

Road Tests
Gerardo W. Flintsch
Road Tests
HRB conducted three major road tests to observe
pavement performance under actual controlled
conditions:
Maryland Road Test (1941)

Effect of 4 axle configurations on concrete pavs.
WASHO Road Test (1952-54)

Effect of 4 axle configurations on asphalt pavs.
AASHO Road Test (1958-60)

Relationship between the number of repetitions
of specified axle loads of different magnitudes
and arrangements and the performance of
different flexible and rigid pavement thickness.
CEE 4664
Maryland Road Test

Characteristics:
1.1 mile long concrete section (9 - 7 - 9
thickness)
Four axle configurations (S18, S22.4, T32, T44.8)
Major Findings:
Cracks increase with load

Pumping on clay soils but no on granular bases
Increase speed reduces damage
Curling at corners
CEE 4664
WASHO Road Test

Characteristics:
Two loops (HMA= 4in + Base = 2in and HMA= 2in +
Base = 4in)
Four axle configurations (S18, S22.4, T32, T40)
Damage increased with load

4 in of HMA superior to 2 in HMA
More distress in outer lane (no paved shoulder)
Most distress in two critical periods
June-July (27% of distress 0.7% of the load)
February-April (40% of distress 13% of the load)
CEE 4664
The AASHTO Road Test
AASHO RT
CEE 4664
(AASHO, 1961)
CEE 4664
CEE 4664
Weight in Kips
Front
Load
Gross
Axle
Axle Weight
2
2
4
2
12
28
24
54
18
42
32
73
22.4
51
40
89
30
69
12
48
108
CEE 4664
The AASHO Road Test (cont.)

SERVICIABILITY CONCEPT
Ability of a specific section of pavement to
serve traffic in its existing conditions
Present Serviceability Index (PSI)
PSI 5.03 - 1.91Log(1 SV ) - 1.38( RD ) 2

- 0.01(C P) 0.5 e
SV = Slope Variance ,CHLOE, x 106

RD = Rut Depth
C = Cackling type 2 y 3 ft/1000ft2.
P = Patching ft2/1000ft2.
CEE 4664
Serviceability
5
Acceptable ?
Yes
No
Undecided
Very Good
4
Good
3
Fair
2
Poor
1
Very Poor
0
Section Identification .................. Rating ..

Rater ..................... Date .............. Vehicle ........
CEE 4664
Pavement Deterioration
NEW PAVEMENT
PSI
Service Life
PSIt
REHABILITATION
or
RECONSTRUCTION
Terminal Level
Years (Traffic)
CEE 4664
Main Findings - Flexible Pavements

Base Performance:
Bituminous treated (best) , cement
treated, crushed stone, gravel
More damage in outer lane

More cracking occurred in cold periods
More cracking in section with more
rutting
Greater deflection in the spring
Speed reduces deflection
CEE 4664
Main Findings - Rigid Pavements

Slab Thickness is the most important
design variable
Cracks are associated with loads
Pumping was the major factor
causing failure of sections with
subbase.
Speed reduces strain and deflection
CEE 4664
CEE 4664
Long-Term Pavement Performance Data

General Pavement Studies (GPS) - Approximately 652 sections
Specific Pavement Studies (SPS) - Approximately 1,262 sections
Dry Freeze
Dry No- Freeze
Wet Freeze
Wet No- Freeze
Long-Term Pavement Performance

Data
FACTS about the
Long-Term Pavement Performance Program(LTPP)
20 year program
Collects pavement performance data
Aprox. 1,914 research test sections
throughout the US and Canada
Joint FHWA, State DOT, Provincial
DOT cooperative program

Climate
Traffic
Pavement
Structure
Material
Properties
LTPP Data Collection
Pavement
condition
Original Objectives
Evaluate design methods.
Improved design methodologies and
strategies of pavement rehabilitation
Improved design equations for new and
reconstructed pavements
Effects of loading, environment, material
properties and variability, construction
quality, and maintenance levels
Effects of specific design features
LTPP Database
MODULES
TABLES
ELEMENTS
Climatic
General
Inventory
Maintenance
Monitoring
Rehabilitation
SMP
SPS (10)
Traffic
Deflection
Profile
Friction
Distress
etc
Date
Time
Temperature
Individual data
elements
http://www.datapave.com
Pavement Distress
Traffic Loads
Weigh-In-Motion (WIM)
Profile Data
Smoothness
FWD Structural Capacity
Climatic Data
Environmental Effects

Design Factors
Gerardo W. Flintsch
DESIGN FACTORS
Traffic and Loading
Materials
Environment
Failure Criteria
Reliability (Life-Cycle Cost,
Economy)
CEE 4664
Traffic and Loading
Axle Loads/ Configuration

Number of Repetitions
Contact Area
Vehicle Speed
CEE 4664
NHI 131064
Current Traffic Data Requirements

FHWA Vehicle Classification
CEE 5674
NHI 131064
Lane Distribution
ADT 60,000
ADT 20,000
25% trucks
8% trucks
75% trucks
39% trucks
53% trucks
Design for
worst case!!
CEE 5674
NHI 131064
Number of Repetitions
Simplified procedure:
To develop equivalent factors and
convert each group into an equivalent
18 Kip (80-kN).
The equivalency factors depend on the
failure criteria employed (fatigue
cracking vs. permanent deformation)
CEE 4664
Contact Area
Size of contact area depends on the
contact pressure
In pavement design we usually assume:
pc = pt
pt = tire pressure
pc = contact pressure (uniformly distributed)
p = P/A = Load / Area

A = P/p
CEE 4664
Tire Pressure
Hot Inflation Pressures
10% above cold inflation pressures
Cold inflation pressures based on
maximum axle load & axle type
OR
Measured under operating conditions
Median Inflation Pressure = 100 to 120 psi
CEE 5674
NHI 131064
Effect of Changing Tire Pressure

and Total Load
1. Constant Load (P) and variable pressure (p)
z
p1
p2 > p1
2. Variable P and constant p

z
P1
P2 > P1
CEE 4664
Materials
Mechanistic-empirical design
Material properties to determine pavement
response, distress, strains, and displacements
Elastic Material
Elastic Modulus
Poissons Ratio
Viscoelastic Material (E depends on

loading rate)
Resilient Modulus and Creep Compliance
Non-linear Elastic Material

Constitutive equation (E = f(stress state))
CEE 4664
Environment/Climatic Factors
Precipitation/Moisture
Temperature
Wind
Sunshine
Freeze-thaw cycles
CEE 5674
Failure Criteria
Functional
Structural
Serviceability
AASHTO
Fatigue cracking
Rutting
Thermal cracking
Drainage/Moisture
Pumping or Erosion
Other (faulting, )
CEE 4664

Fatigue
Cracking
CEE 4664
Rutting
CEE 4664
Water Bleeding / Pumping
CEE 4664
Pavement Condition Indicators

1. Ride quality - Serviceability
Roughness
2. Surface Deterioration
Structural vs.
Functional distresses
3. Structural Capacity
Deflection
4. Safety
Friction
CEE 5674
Few Things to Think About When

Designing a Pavement
Availability of time and funds

Availability of materials
Minimum serviceability before rehabilitation
Minimum and maximum layer thickness
Minimum time between overlays
Capability of construction and maintenance
Testing capability
Capability of the structural/economic models
Available information
CEE 4664
Summary
Pavements play an important role in the
economic development
Up to 60% of the funds invested in highways (backbone
of our transportation system) are spent on pavements
Pavement design methods have evolved

from purely empirical procedures to more
scientific mechanistic-empirical
approaches
Pavement design should be approached
within the more general framework of
pavement (asset) management
CEE 5674

CEE 4664 1 Introduction

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CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

PAVEMENT DESIGN AND

CE 4664 - Pavement Design & Management

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

CE 4664 - Pavement Design & Management

Infrastructure and Society

Productive and competitive

Societal stability / equity

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

Adjusted GDP (billions)

Household $ and Freight Stats

Transportation Infrastructure Challenges

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

Distribution of Gas Tax Revenues

What is the solution?

More effective design methods

Systematic infrastructure management

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

Goals & Policies

Rome Appian Way - Appia Antica

Old Roman road in Britain; Historic UK

Brief Summary of Pavement History

3500 Romans 360 miles lasted 2000 yrs

Dry roadbeds & impervious surfaces

High labor cost, smaller stones, thinner sections

First Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

Extended for 25,000 miles

What is the FUNCTION of the

Pavement Design Objectives

Maximum (reasonable) economy

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

RELIABILITY (pavement condition)

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

CE 4664 - Pavement Design & Management

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

Conventional Flexible Pavements

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

Rigid Pavement Analytical Methods

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

Continuously Reinforced Concrete

Function of the Base/Subbase

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

CE 4664 - Pavement Design & Management

Maryland Road Test (1941)

WASHO Road Test (1952-54)

AASHO Road Test (1958-60)

Maryland Road Test

Cracks increase with load

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

WASHO Road Test

Damage increased with load

The AASHTO Road Test

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

The AASHO Road Test (cont.)

PSI 5.03 - 1.91Log(1 SV ) - 1.38( RD ) 2

SV = Slope Variance ,CHLOE, x 106

CEE 4664 Pavement Design and Management

Section Identification .................. Rating ..

Main Findings - Flexible Pavements