High Performance OFDM Systems For Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T)

International Journal of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (IJDIWC) 2(1): 66-74
The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communications, 2012(ISSN 2225-658X)
High performance OFDM systems for digital video broadcasting-terrestrial

(DVB-T)
Mr Y. A. LAFTA 1 and Dr. P. JOHNSON2
School of engineering, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF,
UK
Y.Lafta@2008.ljmu.ac.uk
1 Introduction
Abstract
Digital wireless communication has
become one of the most exciting research
topics in the electrical and electronic
engineering field due to the explosive
demands for high-speed wireless services,
such as cellular video conferencing.
Digital video broadcasting-terrestrialsecond generation (DVB-T2) has been
demonstrated to provide services with very
high spectral efficiency and improved
performance. Also, OFDM systems have
been deployed in mobile networks for their
spectral efficiency and optimum bit error
rate. Among the OFDM systems, wavelet
based systems have been demonstrated to
have improved bandwidth and channel
performance. In this paper the authors
demonstrate that very high spectral
efficiency, BER and PAPR can be
achieved by employing DWT-DAPSK
scheme with the DVTB-T2 system. It is
demonstrated in this paper that including
companding with this system results in
further reduction of PAPR.
Correspondence should be addressed to YHYA LAFTA on

Y.Lafta@2008.ljmu.ac.uk
1.1 Orthogonal Frequency

Modulation (OFDM) Systems
Division
The layered transmission technology that

is used to support the multi-service in
DVB-T (Digital Video BroadcastingTerrestrial) with different priorities is not
suitable for mobile applications because of
its low mobility and high-power
consumption. DVB-H (Digital Video
Broadcasting-Handheld) system addresses
those issues, which is especially developed
for mobile services and provides highspeed.
Recent research investigations identify the
OFDM to be suitable for the upcoming
DVB-H
system
and
wireless
communication systems due to its
excellent robustness to frequency-selective
fading channels [4] - [6].
The OFDM scheme provides an efficient
means to handle high-speed data streams.
This is because the OFDM system uses
multi-carrier
modulation
(MCM)
technique which divides the entire data
stream into several small numbers of lower
data-rate subcarrier data streams, thus
reducing the frequency selective fading
[15].
Service providers working towards 4G
communication systems are continuously
66
met with the challenge of accommodating

more and more users within a limited
available bandwidth [8]. The main
advantage of the OFDM systems is that
they are immune to multi path fading [11].
However, their major disadvantage is that
the transmitted signal has a high peak-toaverage power ratio (PAPR). Many
research investigations have led to the
conclusion that the wavelet based OFDM
is more advantageous than the Fourier
based OFDM [1][3] [21]. One of the main
reasons being Fourier based OFDM
systems require allocation of guard bands
between subcarrier frequencies to avoid
inter symbol interference, however
wavelet based OFDM systems do not
require such guard bands and therefore the
overall system bandwidth is increased.
anticipation that this system should have

reduced PAPR compared to the other
Fourier based OFDM systems.
The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is

represented by a function of a countable
set of wavelet coefficients, i.e. individual
wavelet functions localized in space [28].
The wavelets are a family of functions
constructed from the translation and
dilation of signal function called the
mother wavelet. Due to an extremely high
spectral containment property of the
wavelet filters and the fact that extremely
less energy is contained in the side lobes,
the amount of interference between
carriers in wavelet systems is much lower
than that in Fourier systems [21].
Therefore, even in the absence of guard
bands,
DWT-OFDM
can
combat
narrowband interference better than the
traditional discrete Fourier transform
systems and is inherently more robust in
terms of inter carrier interference (ICI)
which is the most detrimental feature in
DFT-OFDM systems [2]. This research
work proposes a combination of DWT
with DAPSK modulation scheme in
DVB-T could be used to provide portable

and mobile services over the 8 MHz
channel at the date rate ranging from 4.98
to 31.67 Mb/s, as well as support indoor
and outdoor fixed reception.
A set of cosinusoidal functions

cos(2nF_
t),
n=0,1,..,
N-1
representing the signal can be used on
orthogonal basis to achieve the multi
carrier modulation (MCM) scheme that
can be synthesized using a discrete cosine
transform (DCT) [23]. The minimum
frequency spacing_ required to satisfy
the DCT based OFDM is 12T Hz [25].
The baseband DCT-OFDM signal x (t) is
still a real value when the data symbols
d_n are obtained using real valued
modulation formats, such as pulse
amplitude modulation (PAM) and binary
phase shift keying ( BPSK).
1.2
Organization of the paper
The organization of this paper is as

follows: section 1.3 reviews the QAM
modulation scheme and 1.4 reviews related
work in the area of DCT (DWT) OFDM
systems with QAM modulation for high
data rate next generation communication
networks. Finally, section 2 presents the
simulation and the results of the proposed
DWT system with DAPSK and QAM
modulation schemes. The performance
from the system is evaluated against
metrics such as Eb/No, ISI and PAPR and
compared with that of DCT system.
1.3
Modulation Schemes
Quadrature amplitude modulation

(QAM) is more attractive for the highly
67
mobile radio environment (e.g., in a car or

a train), which is a high-order and noncoherent modulation scheme, employed as
a potential means to give further
improvement to the spectral efficiency.
cosine IDCT will be used to modulate

spread data symbol on the orthogonal
carriers, as in conventional OFDM.
scheme does not require

complicated channel estimation and
equalization to be detected by the receiver.
Use of pilot symbol can be avoided to
more efficiently transmit the informationbearing data. Moreover, the non-coherent
modulation can preferably withstand the
Doppler Effect caused by the high mobility
between the transmitter and receiver [18].
The 16QAM has a more efficient signal
distribution than the 16DAPSK, in terms
of the relative power saving in an AWGN
channel [22]. Since highly accurate carrier
recovery and phase tracking are required in
the receiver, applying coherent detection in
the mobile radio environment is a very
difficult task. It is also important to
accurately track the fading envelope for
systems such as 16QAM.
As a candidate for next-generation

digital television terrestrial broadcasting
systems (DTTB) and the 4th generation
mobile receivers, the OFDM systems have
attracted considerable research attention.
The OFDM system has been successfully
implemented by [12] [17] and [13] in the
wireless broadcasting applications such as
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) and
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB). The
above mentioned systems use data rates in
the range of 40Mbits/s and with DTTB
system could deliver 40 GB contents to
unlimited number of local servers. The
ETSI-BRAN system employs
this
transmission technique for HIPERLAN 2
(high performance local area networks),
and also for the extension of the IEEE
802.11 standard for the 5-GHz frequency
range. A DVB-T system supports
networks covering portable mobile
receivers in buses, cars, and receivers
indoor [14] [19]. The digital dividend has
been designated such as a matter of
controversy between broadcasters and
mobile communications operators which
occupy part of it as desired [9]. Future
mobile communication systems with data
rates far beyond the Universal Mobile
Telecommunication system (UMTS) can
be realized using OFDM as a suitable
transmission technique.
QAM
The coded bits are mapped to form

symbols which use gray coding in the
constellation map. The coding rate is (1/2)
for the 16QAM modulation scheme. When
the symbol is normalized, the average
power is unity irrespective of the
modulation scheme used. The data are
converted by the process to corresponding
value of M-ary constellation, which is a
complex word, constituting real and
imaginary parts. The bandwidth B =1/ is
divided into N equally spaced subcarriers
at frequencies (kf), k=0, 1, 2 N-1 with
f=B/N and
as the sampling interval.
Grouping and mapping information bits
into complex symbols will be carried out
at the transmitter. Inverse wavelet
Transform IDWT or inverse discrete
1.4
Related work
Simulation and Analysis

In this section, the simulations results
for the DWT and DCT-OFDM systems
with
64DAPSK/64QAM
modulation
schemes and for two different input types
are presented. The input types considered
68
for the simulations are uncoded random

binary system and coded signal DVB-T.
This simulation also considered AWGN
and Rayleigh transmission channels within
the system. The results are presented in
figures 1 to 4. The simulation parameters
for the number of sub carriers N is 64, and
the number of samples for the symbols is
1000. If the number of the sub carriers and
symbols were larger, the time for running
the simulations will be longer. The
simulation has been run for a larger set of
system parameters and no significant
difference to the results was noticed. The
figures 1a to 1c represent the power
spectral density of the received signal for
DWT (and DCT)-OFDM systems with
64QAM modulation scheme using AWGN
channel with Gaussian spectrum and
Rayleigh channel with Jakes spectrum.
higher signal power than that for the DCT

based OFDM system using the same
modulation scheme. It is also clearly seen
that the power spectral density (PSD) for
DWT-OFDM
is
20-40dB/rad/sample
better than the DCT-OFDM system when
using the 64QAM scheme modulation via
AWGN transmission channel type. This
huge difference in PSD between the
received signals which were transmitted
with the same input power leads to the
observation that DWT system has much
better signal to noise ratio. Whereas, the
DWT-OFDM system with 64QAM using
Rayleigh
with
Jakes
spectrum
demonstrates to have higher bandwidth
efficiency
when compared to the DCT
OFDM system under exactly the same
conditions. The DCT-OFDM seems to
have better
than PSD signal using the
AWGN and Rayleigh with Gaussian
spectrum. This means that for binary input
stream, the spectrum for this system will
have smaller side-lobes and so will be
immune to inter-symbol interference (ISI).
Fig1a Power spectral densities for DWT and DCT

systems with 64QAM modulation schemes via A
Fig1d Power spectral densities for DWT system

with 64DAPSK modulation schemes via AWGN
channel
Fig1b Power spectral densities for DWT and DCT

systems with 64QAM modulation schemes via
Rayleigh (Gaussian) channel
The simulation results indicate that the

DWT-OFDM with 64QAM scheme has
The figures 1d to 1f represent the power

DWT -OFDM systems with 64DAPSK
modulation scheme using AWGN or
Rayleigh channels with Gaussian and
Jakes spectrum respectively. The DWTOFDM system with 64DAPSK has 75dB
69
higher PSD than that of the DWT-OFDM

system with 64QAM scheme, though with
less bandwidth efficiency .
using Rayleigh Channel and AWGN

channels, the DCT-64QAM is shown to
have at least 15dB lower PSD with
exponential transform when compared to
that with or without companding.
Fig1e Power spectral densities for DWT system

with 64DAPSK modulation schemes via Rayleigh
(Jakes) channel
The PSD of the DWT and DCT OFDM

systems were also simulated with and
without
-law companding, and
exponential transforms. The results are
shown in figures 2a and 2b. Figure 2a
representing the DWT-OFDM system with
64DAPSK scheme using Rayleigh
Channel shows that the signal with nocompanding suffers from out-of-band
interference (OBI) compared to the signal
that has gone through companding or
exponential transforms.
Fig.2b PSD for DWT with 64DAPSK channel

AWGN
Fig.3 PSD for DCT with 64QAM Rayleighs

channel (Jakes and Gaussian) and AWGN
Fig.2a PSD for DWT with 64DAPSK channel

Raleigh ( Jakes and Gaussian)
The DWT-64DAPSK system in Fig.2a

using Rayleigh channel with Jakes or
Gaussian spectrum is shown to have at
least 32dB lower PSD with or without
companding when compared to that with
exponential transform. Fig.3 represents
DCT-OFDM system with 64QAM scheme
Fig.4
CCDF
for
DWT/DCT
with
64DAPSK/64QAM
for
no
companding,
companding and exponential signals
In figure 4, the continuous line graphs

represent the complementary cumulative
distribution
(CCDF)
vs.
PAPR
performance for DWT systems, whereas
the dashed lines represent the same for
DCT systems. It can be observed from the
70
When the input data is changed to that of

DVB-T, created by using a trellis code
with length = 256 and Fs=1000, the DWT
based systems seem to possess better
bandwidth efficiency and PAPR than the
DCT based systems. This effect is depicted
in the simulation results shown in figure 5a
to 5d.
Periodogram Power Spectral Density Estimate

-1.4
-1.6
-1.8
Power/frequency (dB/Hz)
graph that both DCT and DWT systems

with companding have at least 1.9 dB less
PAPR than the systems without
companding and the systems with
exponential transform have 1.3 dB less
PAPR than that without any transform.
-2
-2.2
-2.4
-2.6
-2.8
-3
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
Frequency (Hz)
200
300
400
500
Fig.5b Power spectral densities for DCT systems

with 64QAM modulation via AWGN using trellis
code
30
25
20
20
15
10
-10
-20
-30
10
5
0
-5
-10
-40
-15
-50
-400
-200
0
Frequency (Hz)
200
400
-20
-25
Fig.5a Power spectral densities for DWT systems

code
-1.4
-400
-200
0
200
Frequency (Hz)
400
Fig.5c Power spectral densities for DWT systems

with 64DAPSK modulation via AWGN using
trellis code
-1.6

30
20
10
-2
-1.8
-2.2
-2.4
-2.6
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-2.8
-50
-3
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
Frequency (Hz)
200
300
400
500
Fig.5b Power spectral densities for DCT systems

code
-60
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
Frequency (Hz)
200
300
400
500
Fig.5d Power spectral densities for DCT systems

with 64DAPSK modulation via AWGN using
trellis code
71
This means that the DWT system presents

at least 7 times better BW efficiency than
the DCT system. This high BW efficiency
ensures
immunity
to
inter-carrier
interference (ICI) in the receiver but the
DCT has very small side lobs than the
DWT system, which means immunity to
inter-symbol interference (ISI).
PSD of orginal & companded signals

Orginal
20
Proposed
Exponential
PSD(db/rad/sample)
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0
0.1
This means the DWT system possesses

two times better BW efficiency than the
DCT system. This high BW efficiency
ensures
immunity
to
inter-carrier
interference (ICI) in the receiver but the
DWT also has very small sidelobs in its
spectral density than DCT. This means that
the DWT system has better immunity to
inter-symbol-interference (ISI) as well.
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized frequency(pi rad/sample)
0.8
0.9

Orginal
20
Proposed
Exponential
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Fig.6b PSD for DCT with QAM via AWGN using

trellis code
60
No-Companding
40
Companding
Exponential
20
PSD(db/rad/sample)
From figures 5c and 5d, it can be seen that

the DWT-64DAPSK system occupies less
than 2.69 times the bandwidth (700Hz) the
DCT-64DAPSK system (260Hz). The
power spectral density per subband of
DWT-64DAPSK is 48dB/Hz and also of
DCT-64DAPSK is 88dB/Hz. Therefore,
the BW efficiency of the DWT system is 3
times better the DCT system with their
DAPSK modulation.
0.2
Fig.6a PSD for DWT with QAM via AWGN using

trellis code
PSD(db/rad/sample)
The figures 5a to 5d, depict the power

DWT (and DCT)-OFDM systems with
64DAPSK and 64QAM modulation
schemes
using
AWGN
channel
transmission for DVB-T input data types.
From figures 5a and 5b, it can be seen that
the DWT-64QAM system occupies less
than half the bandwidth (369Hz) of the
DCT-64QAM system (800Hz), while
having a superior power spectral density
per subband of 65dB/Hz compared to the
negligible 4.5 dB/Hz for DCT.
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Fig.6cPSD for DCT with 64DAPSK via AWGN

using trellis code
Figures 6a through 6c compare the BW

efficiency performance of the DWT &
DCT systems with and without
72
companding to that of with exponential

transform.
In figures 6a and 6b, it is shown that
DWT-QAM system with exponential
transform has 2 times BW efficiency
compared with the same system but with
no companding. It also has 5 times BW
efficiency compared to the system having
companding. However, the performance of
the DCT with QAM modulation is not as
good as the DWT system. It shows 3 times
better BW efficiency difference from both
nocompanding & companding processes.
In fig.6c, it is shown DCT-DAPSK with
exponential transform has 4 times BW
efficiency compared companding and no
companding processes.
the signal. For example, from the

simulation results shown above, a
reduction of PAPR by 1.9 dB has been
achieved by the DWT system compared to
without companding. With the exponential
transform, a reduction of 1.3 dB in PAPR
has been demonstrated. Hence, in this
paper it has been demonstrated that the
DWT-OFDM system with 64DAPSK
modulation scheme is very suitable for the
DVB-T system.
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3 Conclusions
The BW efficiency of the DWT-OFDM
system with both 64QAM and 64DAPSK
modulation
schemes
via
AWGN
transmission channel is shown to be better
than the DCT-OFDM system under similar
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International Journal of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (IJDIWC) 2(1): 66-74

The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communications, 2012(ISSN 2225-658X)

High performance OFDM systems for digital video broadcasting-terrestrial

Correspondence should be addressed to YHYA LAFTA on

1.1 Orthogonal Frequency

The layered transmission technology that

met with the challenge of accommodating

anticipation that this system should have

The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is

DVB-T could be used to provide portable

A set of cosinusoidal functions

Organization of the paper

The organization of this paper is as

Quadrature amplitude modulation

mobile radio environment (e.g., in a car or

cosine IDCT will be used to modulate

scheme does not require

As a candidate for next-generation

The coded bits are mapped to form

Simulation and Analysis

for the simulations are uncoded random

higher signal power than that for the DCT

Fig1a Power spectral densities for DWT and DCT

Fig1d Power spectral densities for DWT system

Fig1b Power spectral densities for DWT and DCT

The simulation results indicate that the

The figures 1d to 1f represent the power

higher PSD than that of the DWT-OFDM

using Rayleigh Channel and AWGN

Fig1e Power spectral densities for DWT system

The PSD of the DWT and DCT OFDM

Fig.2b PSD for DWT with 64DAPSK channel

Fig.3 PSD for DCT with 64QAM Rayleighs

Fig.2a PSD for DWT with 64DAPSK channel

The DWT-64DAPSK system in Fig.2a

In figure 4, the continuous line graphs

When the input data is changed to that of

Periodogram Power Spectral Density Estimate

graph that both DCT and DWT systems

Fig.5b Power spectral densities for DCT systems

Periodogram Power Spectral Density Estimate

Periodogram Power Spectral Density Estimate

Fig.5a Power spectral densities for DWT systems

Fig.5c Power spectral densities for DWT systems

Periodogram Power Spectral Density Estimate

Fig.5b Power spectral densities for DCT systems

Fig.5d Power spectral densities for DCT systems

This means that the DWT system presents

PSD of orginal & companded signals

This means the DWT system possesses

PSD of orginal & companded signals

Fig.6b PSD for DCT with QAM via AWGN using

From figures 5c and 5d, it can be seen that

Fig.6a PSD for DWT with QAM via AWGN using

The figures 5a to 5d, depict the power

Fig.6cPSD for DCT with 64DAPSK via AWGN

Figures 6a through 6c compare the BW

companding to that of with exponential

the signal. For example, from the

Abdullah, K., and Hussain, Z. M. (2007)

Furthermore, a considerable reduction in

Akansu, A.N.,and Xueming, L. (1998) A comparative

C. yen Ong et al., (2010), Technology and Standards