Personal Identification
Reviewer
Alphonse Bertillon - was a French criminologist and anthropologist who
created the first system of physical measurements, photography, and
record-keeping that police could use to identify recidivist criminals.
Ancient Babylon - fingerprints were used in clay tablets for business
transactions. 1000 - 2000 BC
Anthropometry - the first system of personal identification.
Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose(1897) - Two Indian fingerprint
experts credited with primary development of the Henry System of
fingerprint classification (named after their supervisor,
Edward Richard Henry).
Bertillon System - a system of identification which focuses on the
meticulous measurement and recording of different parts and components
of the human body.
Chiroscopy It is the examination and thorough study fo the palms of
the human hand as a point indentifying persons.
Core - 1. Approximate center of the pattern
2. It is placed upon or within the innermost sufficient recurve.
Delta - 1. point on a ridge at or nearest to the point of divergence
of two typelines and
2. is located at or directly in front of the point of
divergence.
Dr. Henry P. DeForrest - he accomplished the first fingerprint file
established in the United States, and the first use of fingerprinting
by a U.S. government agency.
Dr. Nehemiah Grew - in 1684, he was the first European to publish
friction ridge skin observations.
Edgeoscopy the study of the morphological characteristics of
friction ridges; shape or contour of the edges of friction ridges.
Ridge Characteristics
1. Ridge Dots - An isolated ridge unit whose length approximates
its width in size.
2. Bifurcations - The point at which one friction ridge divides
into two friction ridges.
3. Trifurcations - The point at which one friction ridge divides
into three friction ridges.
4. Ending Ridge - A single friction ridge that terminates within
the friction ridge structure.
5. Ridge Crossing - A point where two ridge units intersect.
6. Enclosures (Lakes) - A single friction ridge that bifurcates and
rejoins after a short course and continues as a single friction
ridge.
7. Short Ridges (Islands) - Friction ridges of varying lengths.
8. Spurs (Hooks) - A bifurcation with one short ridge branching off
a longer ridge.
9. Bridges - A connecting friction ridge between parallel running
ridges, generally right angles.
Sir Edward Richard Henry - he was appointed Inspector-General of Police
of Bengal, India in 1891, he developed a system of fingerprint
classification enabling fingerprint records to be organised and searched
with relative ease.
Sir Francis Galton - He devised a method of classifying fingerprints
that proved useful in forensic science. He pointed out that there were
specific types of fingerprint patterns. He described and classified
them into eight broad categories: 1: plain arch, 2: tented arch,
3: simple loop, 4: central pocket loop, 5: double loop,
6: lateral pocket loop, 7: plain whorl, and 8: accidental
Sir Henry Faulds - his first paper on the subject of fingerprint
was published in the scientific journal Nature in 1880. Examining his
own fingertips and those of friends, he became convinced that the
pattern of ridges was unique to each individual.
Sir William James Herschel - was a British officer in India who used
fingerprints for identification on contracts.
Time Line - Fingerprints
1000-2000 B.C. - Fingerprints were used on clay tablets for
business transactions in ancient Babylon.
3rd Century B.C. - Thumbprints begin to be used on clay seals
b. Tented Arch
2. Loop a. Radial Loop
b. Ulnar Loop
3. Whorl a. Plain Whorl
b. Central Pocket Loop
c. Double Loop
d. Accidental Whorl
Plain Arch - 1. Ridges enter upon one side
2. Make a rise or wave in the center
3. Flow or tend to flow out upon the
opposite side.
Tented Arch - Possesses an 1. Angle
2. Upthrust
3. Two of The Three basic
characteristics of the loop
Ulnar loop - flow toward the little finger - ulna bone.
Radial Loop - flow toward the thumb - radius bone.
Plain Whorl - 1. Consists of one or more ridges which make
or tend to make a complete circuit
2. With 2 delta's
3. Between which, when an imaginary line is
drawn, at least one recurving ridge within
the inner pattern area is cut or touched.
Central Pocket Loop - 1. Consists of at least one recurving
ridge or
2. An obstruction at right angles to
the line of flow
3. With 2 delta's
4. Between which, when an imaginary
line is drawn, no recurving ridge
within the inner pattern area is
cut or touched.
Double Loop - 1. Consists of two separate loop formations
2. With two separate and distinct set of
shoulders and
3. Two delta's
Accidental Whorl - 1. Consists of a combination of two
were made.
Hercules Florence - (1804-1879) Few details are known for his life.
In 1824 goes to Brazil and takes part in a scientific mission at the
Amazon, where he becomes preoccupied with the idea of recording images
from his trip. From 1830 devotes himself to research and
experimentation for photography. The above, gives Brazil the ability
to claim that is one of the places in the world, where photography
was found.
Hippolyte Bayard - (1807-1887) The most unfortunate from the pioneers
of photography. Discovered one direct positive photographic method.
He was the first person to hold a photographic exhibition (for
humanitarian reasons) and the first who combined two negatives to
created one print (called Combination Printing). As a civil servant
and with five hundred franks that received as financial help from
Arago for improving his method, prevented him from presenting the
discovery of photography at the French Academy of Sciences.
History of Photography - Timeline
Ancient Times: Camera obscuras used to form images on walls in
darkened rooms; image formation via a pinhole
16th century: Brightness and clarity of camera obscuras improved by
enlarging the hole inserting a telescope lens
17th century: Camera obscuras in frequent use by artists and made
portable in the form of sedan chairs
1727: Professor J. Schulze mixes chalk, nitric acid, and silver in
a flask; notices darkening on side of flask exposed to sunlight.
Accidental creation of the first photo-sensitive compound.
1800: Thomas Wedgwood makes "sun pictures" by placing opaque objects
on leather treated with silver nitrate; resulting images deteriorated
rapidly, however, if displayed under light stronger than from candles.
1816: Nicphore Nipce combines the camera obscura with
photosensitive paper
1826: Nipce creates a permanent image
1827: Joseph Nicephore Niepce made the first known photographic
image using the camera obscura. The camera obscura was a tool
out to the West. The most famous images were taken by William
Jackson and Tim O'Sullivan.
1871: Richard Leach Maddox, an English doctor, proposes the use of
an emulsion of gelatin and silver bromide on a glass plate, the
"dry plate" process.
1877: Eadweard Muybridge, born in England as Edward Muggridge,
settles "do a horse's four hooves ever leave the ground at once"
bet among rich San Franciscans by time-sequenced photography of
Leland Stanford's horse.
1878: Dry plates being manufactured commercially.
1880: George Eastman, age 24, sets up Eastman Dry Plate Company in
Rochester, New York. First half-tone photograph appears in a daily
newspaper, the New York Graphic.
1888: First Kodak camera, containing a 20-foot roll of paper, enough
for 100 2.5-inch diameter circular pictures.
1889: Improved Kodak camera with roll of film instead of paper
1890: Jacob Riis publishes How the Other Half Lives, images of
tenament life in New york City
1900: Kodak Brownie box roll-film camera introduced.
1902: Alfred Stieglitz organizes "Photo Secessionist" show in
New York City
1906: Availability of panchromatic black and white film and
therefore high quality color separation color photography. J.P.
Morgan finances Edward Curtis to document the traditional culture of
the North American Indian.
1907: First commercial color film, the Autochrome plates,
manufactured by Lumiere brothers in France
1909: Lewis Hine hired by US National Child Labor Committee to
photograph children working mills.
1914: Oscar Barnack, employed by German microscope manufacturer Leitz,
develops camera using the modern 24x36mm frame and sprocketed 35mm
movie film.
(SLR) camera
World War II: Development of multi-layer color negative films
Margaret Bourke-White, Robert Capa, Carl Mydans, and W. Eugene
Smith cover the war for LIFE magazine
1940s - in the early 1940's commercially viable color films
(except Kodachrome, introduced in 1935) were brought to the market.
These films used the modern technology of dye-coupled colors in
which a chemical process connects the three dye layers together
to create an apparent color image.
1947: Henri Cartier-Bresson, Robert Capa, and David Seymour start the
photographer-owned Magnum picture agency
1948: Hasselblad in Sweden offers its first medium-format SLR for
commercial sale; Pentax in Japan introduces the automatic diaphragm;
Polaroid sells instant black and white film
1949: East German Zeiss develops the Contax S, first SLR with an
unreversed image in a pentaprism viewfinder
1955: Edward Steichen curates Family of Man exhibit at New York's
Museum of Modern Art
1959: Nikon F introduced.
1960: Garry Winogrand begins photographing women on the streets of
New York City.
1963: First color instant film developed by Polaroid; Instamatic
released by Kodak; first purpose-built underwater introduced, the
Nikonos
1970: William Wegman begins photographing his Weimaraner, Man Ray.
1972: 110-format cameras introduced by Kodak with a 13x17mm frame
1973: C-41 color negative process introduced, replacing C-22
1975: Nicholas Nixon takes his first annual photograph of his wife
and her sisters: "The Brown Sisters"; Steve Sasson at Kodak builds
the first working CCD-based digital still camera
1976: First solo show of color photographs at the Museum of Modern
Art, William Eggleston's Guide
Ejector Rod - metal rod used to help with the removal of the cartridges.
Energy Bullet - the capacity of a projectile to do work.
Firearms Identification - a discipline mainly concerned with determining
whether a bullet or cartridge was fired by a particular weapon.
Firing Pin - is a lightweight part, which serves to transfer energy
from a spring-loaded hammer to the primer, while a striker is
usually heavier, and is directly connected to the spring providing
the energy to impact the primer.
Flare guns - used in cases such in sending signals and enabling to
see enemies in the dark.
Forensic Ballistics - A scientific study of firearm identification
with the use of laboratory examination. The subject gives emphasis
on the study of ammunitions, projectiles, gunpowder, primer and
explosives, including the use of the bullet comparison microscope.
It also deals with the principles in the microscopic and
macroscopic examination of firearm evidence and the preparation of
reports for legal proceedings in the solution of cases involving
firearms.
Types of Problems in Forensic Ballistics
1. Given a bullet to determine the caliber and type of firearm
from which it was fire.
2. Given fired cartridge case, to determine the caliber and
type of firearm from which it was fired.
3. Given a bullet and a suspected firearm, to determine whether
or not the bullet was fired from the suspected firearm.
4. Given a fired cartridge case a suspected firearm, to determine
whether or not the cartridge was fired from the suspected
firearm.
5. Given two or more bullets, to determine whether or not they
were fired from only one firearm.
6. Given two or more cartridge cases, to determine whether or
not they were fired.
Equipments used In A Ballistics Laboratory
1. Comparison Microscope - This valuable instrument is specially
designed to permit the firearm examiner to determine the
similarity and dissimilarity between two fired bullets or
two fired cartridge cases by simultaneously observing their
magnified image. It is actually two microscope couple together
with a single or two eye piece, so that when one looks through
this comparison eye piece, he is seeing one half of what is
under the other in other words, half of the evidence bullet
and half of the test bullet.
2. Stereoscope Microscope - This is generally used in the
preliminary examination of fired bullets and fired shells.
To determine the location of the extractor marks and ejector
marks for orientation purposes. It can be used also in one
close-up examination of tampered serial numbers of firearms.
3. Comparison Projector - CP6 This is generally used in the
preliminary examination of fired bullets and fired shells.
To determine the location of the extractor marks and ejector
marks for orientation purposes. It can be used also in one
close-up examination of tampered serial numbers of firearms.
4. Bullet Recovery Box - For obtaining best fired bullet or
test fired cartridge cases from the suspected firearms
submitted to the ballistics laboratory. In test firing
suspected firearms, it is standard procedure to used
ammunition that are of the same caliber, make or brand and
manufactured in the same year with that of the evidence
bullet or shell.
Water is one of the means to obtain test bullets and test
shells because the microscope marks on the cylindrical or
peripheral surface of the bullets are preserved for good
used. The same is true with cotton.
5. Measuring Projector - MP6 This projector determines the
width of the lands, width of grooves, diameter and twist
of fired bullets.
6. Verneir Caliper - This instrument determines the bullet
diameter and barrel length.
7. Analytical Balance - This more or less determines the weight
of the bullets, shots and pellets for possible type, caliber
and make for firearm from which they were fired.
8. Taper Gauge - Used for determining the diameter of the bore
of the firearms.
9. Onoscope - For examining the interior surface of the barrel.
10.Helixometer - For measuring the pitch of the rifling. Pitch
of rifling is the distance advanced by the rifling in one
complete turn or a distance traveled by the bullet in one
complete turn.
11.Chronograph - For determining the speed of the bullet or
the muzzle velocity of the bullet.
Fouling - the residual deposits remaining in the bore of a firearm
after firing.
Composition of a Primer
1. Potassium Chlorate - 45%
2. Antimony Sulfide
- 23%
be different.
Shotgun - a smooth-bore gun for firing small shot at short range.
a. Single Barreled shotgun it is loaded with a single shotgun
cartridge, closed. Fired and then re-loaded by the shooter.
b. Double barreled shotgun the two barrels may be side by side
or they may be one over the other. Each barrel may have its
own trigger.
c. Pump action shotgun - operates in the same manner as a slide
action rifles, by means of sliding lever under the barrel.
d. Auto loading shotguns - these are the same as auto-loading or
self-loading rifles in that the recoil action reloads the gun
form the magazine without any effort on the part of the shooter.
SIG - (SCHWEIZERISCHE INDUSTRIE CESSELSHALF) adopted by the Swiss
government as their standard service weapon. The company started to
produced railway engines and carriage in 1853.
Sidelock A design in which the firing mechanism is attached to a
sideplate rather than being integral with the frame.
Sight - device used for aiming.
Silencer - a device attach to the barrel of the firearm to reduce
the noise of discharge. Also called SOUND SUPPRESSOR.
Single Shot Firearms those type of firearms that is designated to
shoot only one shot.
Slide Action Type a firearm which features a movable forearm which
is manually actuated in motion parallel to the barrel by the shooter.
Forearm motion is transmitted to a breech blot assembly which performs
all the function of the firing cycle assigned to it by the design.
Also known as PUMP ACTION.
Sling - a strap fasten to a firearm to assist in carrying or to
steady it during firing. A sling may also refer to a projectile
weapon typically used to throw a blunt projectile such as a stone,
clay or lead "sling-bullet".
Slug - a projectile generally fired from a shotgun either one large
piece of lead or several smaller caliber pieces.
Rifled Slug - a simple projectile in spiral grooves and hollow
base, intended to use in shotgun. The slug will rotate, and
Questioned Document
Examination Reviewer
3rd Century A.D. - The earliest handwriting examination cases reported.
6th Century - the Roman Emperor Justinian dictated guidelines for the
use of handwriting comparisons in Roman courts.
1873 - the year in which the first commercially successful
typewriter was introduced.
Addition - inserting or modifying clause or sentence in a document
to alter its meaning.
Substitution - replacing original entries or writing with
another.
Albert Sherman Osborn - became the pre-eminent American pioneer in
the field when he authored "Questioned Documents," a seminal work in
scientific document analysis that remains in print and in use. He
founded the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners in 1942.
Alfred Dreyfus - A French army officer, accused of treason through
letters found attempting to sell French secrets to Germany.
Later found that Dreyfus did not write the letters.
Alignment - relation of successive characters or letter of a word,
signature or line of writing to an actual or imaginary base line.
Alphabet - is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or
graphemes) which is used to write one or more languages based on the
general principle that the letters represent phonemes (basic
significant sounds) of the spoken language.
12.Pen Lifts - Pen lifts are when the pen or pencil is lifted
from the paper and reapplied to finish a word or sentence.
13.Speed - The speed of a writer is a key indicator for QDE in
the examination process. Fast and slow speeds are difficult
to duplicate leaving behind inconsistencies in the writing.
14.Embellishments - decorate writing. Usually found in the
beginning of word, but can be seen other places.
15.Entry/Exit Strokes - is the way a writer begins certain
letter or words and can be very specific to an individual.
Also includes the idea of connecting stokes.
16.Retracing - is considered fixing a portion of writing that
is not readable or pleasing to the writer. In some cases,
this can indicate forgery but is very common in normal
handwriting to retrace letters or words.
17.Spelling - is an individual characteristic because of
education or habits and can be an easy fix to eliminate or
pin point suspects.
18.Spacing - is the area between letters or words and is usually
specific to the writer.
19.Format - is the habit in which a writer uses to depict simple
things like; Dates, numbers, abbreviations.
Example: The way people write checks
20.Case - is a characteristic of a writer who might use upper
case letters where a lower case should be present.
Coin Clipping - shaving off a small portion of a precious metal coin
for profit.
Coin Mutilation - cutting a portion of a coin.
Collected Standard - (Procured Standard)obtained from files executed
in the course of everyday routine.
Requested Standard - document requested by an investigator for
the purpose of comparative examination.
Color Shifting Ink - ink that changes color when viewed in different
angles.
Connections - links which connect a letter with the one following it.
Counterfeiting - imitate fraudulently for gain. To make a copy of,
usually with the intent to defraud; forge: counterfeits money.
Cuneiform - denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used
were sent into the tent and told that pulling the "magic"
donkey's tail would reveal the liar (if a guilty man pulls his
tail, the donkey will bray). When the suspects came out, the
priests examined their hands. Those with clean hands had not
touched the donkey's tail. It was assumed that this was due
to the suspects fear of their guilt being discovered, proving
they were liars.
Angelo Mosso - an Italian Physiologist, he used an instrument called
plethysmograph in his research on emotion and fear in subjects
undergoing questioning and he studied the effects of these variables
on their cardiovascular and respiratory activity.
Plethysmograph - from the Greek word "Plethysmos" - increase or
enlargement and "grapho" - write or record, is an instrument for
recording and measuring variation in the volume of a part of
the body, especially as caused by changes in blood pressure.
AntiClimax Dampening - The principle of psychological focus which
holds that a person will establish an emotional priority for that
stimulus which he perceives to represent the greatest threat to his
well being.
Anxiety - A state of mental uneasiness or concern. Abnormal apprehension
or fear, often accompanied by psychological signs, behavior symptoms or
doubt concerning the nature and reality of a threat; real or imagined.
Unfounded selfdoubt.
Apnea - The transient cessation of breathing which follows forced
breathing. On a polygraph chart, apnea is generally represented by
a blocking pattern in the pneumograph tracing.
Applied Stimulus - An intentionally applied external stimulus,
normally in the form of a question, directed to a person under going
a polygraph examination. An applied stimulus may be employed for the
purpose of demonstrating a persons response capabilities at the time
the stimulus is applied.
Associated Research Inc. - in Chicago, manufactured the 1st commercial
polygraph instrument for Leonarde Keeler.
Autonomic Nervous System - That part of the peripheral nervous system
consisting of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system.
Axon - The central core which forms the essential conducting part of
Efferent Nerve Fibers - Those neural fibers which carry impulses away
from the central nervous system.
Ego Defense Mechanism - Those psychological defenses used by a person
to shield himself against that which he perceives to represent a
threat to his immediate well-being.
Endocrine Glands - Those ductless glands which discharge their
secretions directly into the blood stream. In general, the endocrine
glands coordinate and control body activities at a slower rate than
the nervous system and thus promote long term adjustments.
Enveloping Question - A question used at the beginning and end of a
searching peak of tension test which deals with an issue or subject
which is beyond the realm of possibility of the information being
sought.
Eupnea - Regular or normal breathing.
Examinee - An individual who has volunteered for and undergoes a
polygraph examination.
Excitability - The potential ability of a neuron to respond to any
given stimulus.
Expert Opinion - A statement reflecting the results of the evaluation
of a polygraph chart.
Extrasystole - A premature contraction of the heart which is
independent of the normal rhythm and which arises in response to an
impulse in some part of the heart other than the sino-auricular node,
or from some abnormal stimulus. An extra systole appears in the cardio
tracing of a polygraph chart as a break in the normal rhythm of
the heart.
Fight or Flight Syndrome - The activation of involuntary sympathetic
neural activity upon conscious recognition of a threat to the
immediate well-being of an organism. A group of neural symptoms which
enable an organism to cope with a stressful or threatening situation
by taking that organism from a normal relaxed state to an emergency
state of preparedness for the sake of survival.
Forensic Psychophysiology - Modern term for polygraph examination.
Galvanograph - elecrtrical Current recording, known as the GSR, galvanic
Residual Air - That volume of air which remains in the lungs after the
deepest possible exhalation.
Sacrifice Relevant Question - A question used in the Zone comparison
Test designed for the intended to dissipate initial tension
anticipated by an examinee in response to the target issue.
Searching Peak Of Tension Test - a polygraph test in which a series
of questions, usually similar in nature and scope, are asked and in
which the answer to only one of them may evoke a response from the
examinee.
Screening Examination - is one in which, without any specific
allegation, an individual is examined to verify his/her honesty,
integrity and conduct as an employee.
Specific Examination - is one in which there is one specific issue to
be resolved, ex. theft, burglary, robbery murder, etc.
Sensor - Any attachment made to the human body for the purpose of
measuring and/or recording a psychophysiological response during a
polygraph test.
Specific Response - A deviation from an examinees normal state of
homeostasia as evidenced by the tracings on a polygraph chart.
Consideration must be given to overall chart interpretation with
emphasis on the nature of the questions asked, the sequential
position of the question within the structure used and the manner in
which the question was presented to the examinee.
Sphygmomanometer - or blood pressure meter (also referred to as a
sphygmometer) is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of
an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow, and a mercury or mechanical
manometer to measure the pressure.
Spot Analysis Technique - A system of chart interpretation whereby
analysis of response capability may be made at each location on a
polygraph chart wherein a relevant question is either preceded by
or followed by a control question.
Super Dampening - The principle of psychological focus which holds
that if a person considers an outside issue to be a greater threat
to his well-being than the main relevant issue, and that if he
anticipates an unreviewed question concerning this outside issue,
he may tune out all relevant and control questions by forcing his
psychological set on the outside issue. The presence of an outside
issue usually results in poor responses or no responses.
Stimulation Test - Verifies for the examiner that the examinee is
testable. and aids in convincing the examinee that the polygraph
instrument works, and will work on him.
Suppression - An involuntary reduction in the amplitude of the
pneumograph and cardiograph tracings in response to a stressful
stimulus.
Sympathetic Nervous System - That part of the autonomic nervous
system which tends to depress secretion, decrease the tone and
contractibility of muscle not under direct voluntary control, and
cause the contraction of blood vessels.
Symptomatic Question - A question contained within a structured
question technique which is designed to identify the presence of
an outside issue upon which a person may be focusing during the
course of a polygraph examination.
Symptomatic Question - A question use to determine it some
outside issue is of such concern to the examinee that it
tends to damage expected responses to relevant questions.
Synapsis - The chemical junctions where nerve impulses pass from one
neuron to another.
System - A group of body organs which combine to form a whole and to
cooperate for the purpose of carrying on some vital function.
Test Technique - A valid and reliable question structure employed
by a qualified polygraphist for the purpose of verifying an
examinees statements or answers during a polygraph examination.
The sequential order in which questions are asked during a polygraph
examination. The foundation of expert opinion.
Thalamus - The middle part of the brain through which sensory
impulses pass to reach the cerebral cortex.
Tidal Volume - The volume of air moved in or out of the lungs with
each respiratory cycle.
Veraguth - was one of the first to make word-association tests with
the galvanometer.
Vittorio Benussi - an Italian Psychologist who in 1914 discovered a
method for calculating the quotient of the inhalation to exhalation
time as a means of verifying the truth and detecting deception in
a subject. Benussi measured and recorded breathing by means of an
instrument known as the Pneumograph. He concluded that lying caused
an emotional change within a subject that resulted in detectable
respiratory changes that were indicative of deception.
West Africa - persons suspected of a crime were made to hold and pass
a bird's egg to one another. The person breaking the egg was considered
guilty, based on the notion that his or her tremor-eliciting
nervousness was to blame.
Wheatstone Bridge - A specially devised electronic circuit for the
measurement of electrical resistance in a conductor. The conductor
of unknown resistance is included in the circuit with three known
resistances. when the unknown resistance (RX) is balanced with three
known resistances (R1, R2, R3) it can be calculated mathematically
since it becomes one term in a proportion.
William Moulton Marston - was an American psychologist and the creator
of the systolic blood pressure test, which became one component of
the modern polygraph invented by John Augustus Larson in Berkeley,
California.
- an American attorney and psychologist, is credited with
inventing an early form of the lie detector when, in 1915, he
developed the discontinuous systolic blood pressure test which would
later become one component of the modern polygraph.
Word Association Test - questions answerable by yes or no, concerned
with time of response. Quick answer, no relation to investigation.
Delayed answer, has relation to investigation.
living organism.
Kinds of Death
1. Somatic or Clinical Death - permanent cessation of all vital
bodily functions.
2. Molecular or Cellular Death - refers to the death of cells.
3 to 6 hours after cessation of life.
3. Apparent death or State of Suspended Animation - a state in
which the processes of the body (such as blood circulation)
stop or become very slow for a period of time while a person
or animal is unconscious.
Leading Causes of Death In The World
1. Ischaemic heart disease
2. Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases)
3. Lower respiratory infections
4. Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Signs Of Death
1. Cessation of heart action and circulation
2. Cessation of respiration
3. Cooling of the body (Algor Mortis) - The temperature of
1520 degrees Fahrenheit is considered as ascertain sign of
death.
4. Loss of motor power
5. Loss of sensory power
6. Changes in the skin
7. Changes in and about the eye - There is loss of corneal reflex
Declaration of Tokyo - is a set of international guidelines for
physicians concerning torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment in relation to detention and imprisonment,
which was adopted in October 1975 during the 29th General assembly
of the World Medical Association.
Defloration - is the laceration or rupture of the hymen as a result
of sexual intercourse.
Dermis - the thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis which
forms the true skin, containing blood capillaries, nerve endings,
sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures.
Digestive System - digestive system is a group of organs working
together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the
entire body.
in gangrene.
Frostnip - the initial stages of frostbite.
Gynecology - the branch of physiology and medicine which deals with
the functions and diseases specific to women and girls, especially
those affecting the reproductive system.
Hematoma - is a collection of blood outside of a blood vessel.
Incision - a surgical cut made in skin or flesh.
Injury - is the damage to a biological organism caused by physical
harm.
Coup Injury - injury at the site of application of force.
Contre-Coup Injury - injury opposite the site of application
of force.
Coup-Conre-Coup Injury - injury at the site and opposite the
site of application of force.
Locus Minoris Resistentiae - injury not at the site and not
opposite the site of application of force but at the site
offering least resistance.
Extensive Injury - injury on greater area more than the site
of application of force.
Integumentary system - is the organ system that protects the body
from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from
outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages, including
hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails.
Laceration - a deep cut or tear in skin or flesh. A wound that is
produced by the tearing of soft body tissue. This type of wound is
often irregular and jagged.
Lazarus Syndrome - is also called Lazarus Phenomenon, is the
spontaneous return of circulation after failed attempts at
resuscitation.
Lazarus Sign - or Lazarus reflex is a reflex movement in brain dead
patients, which causes them to briefly raise their arms and drop
5. Phobic Disorders
a. Agoraphobia
b. Specific phobias
c. Social phobia
6. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
7. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
8. Depression and Mania
9. Bipolar Disorder
10.Suicidal Behavior
11.Eating Disorders
a. Anorexia nervosa
b. Bulimia nervosa
c. Binge eating disorder
12.Personality Disorders
a. Paranoid
b. Schizoid
c. Histrionic
d. Narcissistic
e. Antisocial
f. Borderline
g. Avoidant
h. Dependent
i. Obsessive Compulsive
j. Passive Aggressive
k. Dissociative
13.Schizophrenia a serious mental disorder characterized by
loss of contact with reality(psychosis), hallucinations,
delusions (false beliefs), abnormal thinking, disrupted
work and social functioning.
Types of Schizophrenia
a. Paranoid - is a mental disorder characterized by
paranoia and a pervasive, long-standing
suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others.
b. Hebephrenic - it is characterized by disorganized
behavior and speech, as well as disturbances in
emotional expression.
c. Catatonic - does not respond to external stimuli.
characterized by a marked lack of movement,
activity, or expression.
14.Delusional Disorder
15.Psychological Incapacity a waste basket diagnosis because
it is so broad a term, that it covers all possible Mental
Disorders.