Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering

ISSN: 1448-837X (Print) 2205-362X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tele20

An approach for establishing key parameter

system and evaluating the state of transmission
line
Ying-jie Yan, Ge-hao Sheng, Yu-feng Chen, Xiu-chen Jiang, Zhi-hong Guo &
Xiu-ming Du
To cite this article: Ying-jie Yan, Ge-hao Sheng, Yu-feng Chen, Xiu-chen Jiang, Zhi-hong Guo
& Xiu-ming Du (2015) An approach for establishing key parameter system and evaluating the
state of transmission line, Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 12:4,
319-326
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1448837X.2015.1092926

Published online: 09 Nov 2015.

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Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2015

VOL. 12, NO. 4, 319326
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1448837X.2015.1092926

An approach for establishing key parameter system and evaluating the state of
transmission line
Ying-jie Yana, Ge-hao Shenga, Yu-feng Chenb, Xiu-chen Jianga, Zhi-hong Guob and Xiu-ming Dub
a

Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; bElectric Power Research Institute, Shandong Power
Supply Company of State Grid, Jinan, China

ARTICLE HISTORY

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ABSTRACT

Transmission line is an important part of smart grid, evaluating the state of transmission line
effectively and comprehensively has a great significance to the grid. First, this paper collects
all basic parameters of transmission line through guidelines, standards, operation manuals and
related files from China State Grid. Then, we establish the key parameter system for condition
assessment using the principal components analysis (PCA) method based on the records
of faults, failure, maintenance and standard database. Then, the fuzzy theory is used for the
state evaluation by combining analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and entropy weight
method in order to enhance the impact of the indicators changes in magnitude on the weights.
Finally, we verify the validity of the method by evaluating the condition of the known power
transmission line.

1.Introduction
Evaluating the state of transmission line effectively
and comprehensively can detect the existing defects
andsafety hazards in order to provide basis for maintenance decision-making and ensure the stable operation of power grid (Aggarwal, Johns, and Jayasinghe
2000; Wang, Cai, and Deng 2012). The main difficulties
for state evaluation lay on the following two aspects:
whether parameter system can represent the transmission line and whether the weight of each parameter is
close to the real situation.
The transmission lines are distributed over a broad
area that the parameter system is very complex and the
types of parameters have a large scale. In the existing
guidelines and standards (China South Grid 2004; State
Grid, Q/GDW173-2008 2008; Han, Zhou, and Jia 2009;
State Grid, GB 50545-2010 2010) for condition evaluation, the overhead transmission line is divided into
eight parts, including foundation, tower, wire, insulator,
fittings, grounding, ancillary facilities and channel. The
parameters related to each part are established to form
the evaluation system, and thus, the operation state of
the line is judged from the final score. But there exist
lots of difference between the standards and guidelines
so that different results can be achieved from the same
transmission line. The study of Sheng et al. (2007) makes
the mode of parameter acquisition as the classification
basis that the parameter system is divided into daily
inspection, on-line monitoring, preventive test and

CONTACT Ying-jie Yan

2015 Engineers Australia

yanyingjie@sjtu.edu.cn

Received 16 August 2014

Accepted 12 February 2015
KEYWORDS

Transmission line; key

parameter system;
variable weights; fuzzy
comprehensive evaluation

on-line detection. The parameters from daily inspection can be acquired from observation and parameters
from the other mode can be calculated through some
models such as icing model and wire temperature model.
Because of the overlapping of parameters from different
acquisition mode, the same parameter from different
sources can lead to different evaluation results. Previous
studies (Wang 2007; Chen and Xia 2010; Yang and Hao
2011) show the monitoring of individual facilities or
several amounts of parameters. Lacking of scientific
and reliable evaluation system, it is difficult to make an
accurate description of the operation state.
On the other hand, the difficulty of condition assessment is to synthesize all kinds of state information
and to determine the weights (Guo and Zhang 2011).
To conduct a comprehensive and accurate condition
assessment, we need the integration of equipment state
information, operation information and the state information of the environment and other multisource heterogeneous information. Also, we should combine the
evaluation results with the power equipment history,
current and future states, through certain standard and
intelligent evaluation method. At present, the studies of
transmission equipment condition assessment are rare
at home and abroad. Some studies are concentrated on
the detection of specific parameters of transmission
equipment in electrical or mechanical engineering,
such as the measurement of wire tension and icing (Liu
and Liu 2011), insulator salt density measurement and

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Y.-j. Yan et al.

implementation of insulator leakage current monitoring (Chen and Xia 2010).Others are focused on macroscopic state analysis based on single or a small number
of parameters (Zhang, Pu, and McCalley 2002; Wang
2007), such as monitoring the tower inclination, antitheft parameters to evaluate the state of the tower and
monitoring ice, wind, wave to evaluate wire state. These
are unable to grasp the health status and development
trend of the overall state of transmission equipment.
This paper proposes a method to establish key parameter system and evaluate the state of transmission line. At
first, the whole basic parameters are collected from the
related standard documents, aiming at the parameters
are included comprehensively. PCA is used to reduce
the high dimension of the basic parameters used, and to
calculate the contribution rate of each parameter to the
principal factor. The parameters related to positive contribution rate are extracted as the key parameter of each
part. Then, the key parameters are combined together to
form the key parameter system that is used for condition
evaluation. Secondly, the levels of state assessment are
determined and the fuzzy evaluation matrix of each layer
is calculated depending on the limits of each parameter concluded in the design documents and evaluation
guidelines. Combining the subjective weights through
analytic hierarchy process and the objective weights
obtained from the entropy method, the final comprehensive weights are calculated by using the combination
weighting method. In a result, the final weights can be
adjusted to the actual situation through the deviation of
data from the normal size and the balance of the comprehensive evaluation factors, thus giving full consideration
to the balance of the evaluation factors and the impact
of one parameters changes. Thirdly, we use the fuzzy
comprehensive evaluation method to assess the overall
transmission line and get the trends of status levels.

2. Establish the key parameter system

Considering the long distance of transmission line, the
complexity of components and the strong pertinence
of parameters, the double-layer structure system of
basic parameters are built to ensure the entireness and
scalability of condition evaluation. After quantizing
the parameters of each part through the statistics of
operation records, PCA method is used to reduce the
dimension of quantization matrix in order to extract key
parameters. Finally, the key parameters of each part are
combined together to form the key parameter system
for condition evaluation. Procedure for establishing key
parameter system is shown in Figure 1.
2.1. System of basic parameters
The system of basic parameters is divided into two layers called component layer and state layer. The component layer includes eight parts in accordance with

Figure 1.Procedure of establishing key parameter system.

the guidelines (China South Grid 2004; State Grid,

Q/GDW173-2008 2008). The state layer is composed of
parameters reflecting the deterioration of transmission
line, which are the basis of advanced application of condition evaluation and diagnosis. The number of basic
parameters is 134 based on the collection of national
standards, industry standards, enterprise standards,
operation document and other files.
2.2. Extract key parameters through PCA
In the evaluation process of complex system, a large
quantity of variableswill undoubtedly increase thedifficulty of analysisand complexity of the problem so that
dimension reduction and removal of redundant variables can enhance the accuracy of condition assessment.
Generally, the widely used methods are PCA, factor
analysis (FA), locally linear embedding (LLE), isometric
mapping (ISOMAP), etc. (Dunham 2005; Nie and Nie
2010; Tan 2013). LLE and ISOMAP are used in signal
processing but not applicable for the quantization matrix
of basic parameters.
This paper introduces the key parameter extraction
model based on PCA. The characteristic is that the
eigenvector associated with the principal components
indicates the direction of maximum variance. If all the
data are projected onto the line representing the principal components, the result has the largest variances.
The physical significance of the PCA methodlies in the
realization of the rotation transform from the original
coordinate system to thenew coordinate system, which
is arranged according to the variability of data. Hence,
in the procedure of key parameter extraction, all the
basic parameters are projected to the axis of principal
contribution rate and arranged orderly on the basis of
contribution rate. The parameters with higher contribution rate are extracted as key parameters.
The steps of PCA methods are as follows.
(1)Quantize the parameter

Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

321

Each parameter Pi is quantized to a four-dimensional

array:

Pi = (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 )i
Where A1, A2, A3, A4 correspond to the times that Pi
occurs in the statistics of fault records, emergency defect,
general defect and database of defects definition. Take
the parameter wire icing, for example, there are only 10
faults relating to the wire icing in the operation records
of China South Grid. So that the array for wire icing
is (10,0,0,0).

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(2)Define the quantization matrix

The quantization matrix of each part of transmission
line is defined as Xnp, where n represents the number
of parameters and p represents the number of statistics
types.

X=

x11
x21

xn1

x12 x1p
x22 x2p

xn2 xnp

(1)

Apparently take the part wire as example, the quantization matrix X244 is shown in Appendix 1.
(3)Preprocessing the matrix
Each column of the matrix Xnp should be normalized
to make sure its elements belong to [0, 1].

x xmax
xi = i
xmax xmin

(2)

Where xi is the ith element of each column of the matrix,

xmax represents the maximum of that column and xmin
represents the minimum of that column. Then, the correlation coefficient matrix R can be got through orthog
onalizing the normalized matrix Xnp
.

R = X (X )T =

r11
r21

rn1

r12 r1n
r22 r2n

rn2 rnn

(3)

(4)Acquire the eigenvalue and eigenvector

We can solve equation |I R| = 0 and calculate the
eigenvalue of R using the Jacob method and make the
values in order of size 1 2 n 0. The eigenvectors 1, 2, , n are related to the eigenvalue.
(5)Calculate contribution rate
The cumulative contribution rate is calculated as (4).
i

k=1
p

k=1

k
(i = 1, 2, , n)

(4)

Generally, when i=m, the accumulative contribution

rates up to 8595%. The eigenvalue 1 , 2 , , m can

Figure 2. The comprehensive contribution rate of each

parameter.
Table 1.Key parameters of part wire.
Serial number of basic
parameters in Appendix 1
1
3
4
5
6
8
9
15
18

Key parameter
Wire with degradation of breaking,
burning or flashing
Vibration or galloping
Wire icing
Sag bias
Space of bundle conductors
Wind deflection
Things hanging on the wire
Wire temperature
OPGW cable with broken surface

be selected to calculate the comprehensive contribution

rate.
(6)Acquire the comprehensive contribution rate
According to the eigenvalue and eigenvector, the contribution rate can be calculated as follows (Luo 2013).

lj =

i ij (i = 1, 2, , m, j = 1, 2, , n)

(5)

i=1

Normalize the lj to [0, 1] and the parameters with the

high rate are extracted as key parameter.
Take the part wire as example, the quantization
matrix X244 is shown in Appendix 1. By following the
steps 13, the eigenvalues are as follows:

1 = 4.6961, 2 = 9.7759, 3 = 1.2279

4 = 0.0002, 5 24 = 0
The principal contribution rate is 62.27, 29.91, 7.82 and
0.001% according to (4). So that when i=2, the accumulative contribution rate is 92.18% that belongs to the
confidence interval(CI) 8595%. Thus, the eigenvalue
can be taken to calculate the comprehensive contribution rate using (5) and the result is shown in Figure 2.
The blue line is related to the basic parameter with
the positive comprehensive contribution rate and the red
line represents the parameters with a lower rate. Nine
basic parameters with rate more than 0.5 are selected as
key parameters of part wire and the result is shown in
Table 1. We apply the PCA method to the whole system
in the same way and extract the key parameters of each
part of the transmission line, finally forming the key

322

Y.-j. Yan et al.

parameter system including 54 key parameters shown

in Appendix 2.

3. Condition evaluation based on fuzzy theory

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The fuzzy evaluating method is widely used in condition

evaluation in areas like power system, water quality and
mechanical units (Peng 2007). It can calculate the whole
state rate through matrix operations. To solve the problem of the weights uncertainty, the entropy weighting
method is added to the fuzzy theory.
Generally, the transmission equipment state is
divided into 4 grades good, general, need awareness
and serious. The fuzzy function of each parameter is
determined at the bottom of parameter system related
to four kinds of state level, thus establishing the fuzzy
evaluation matrix that can be the foundation of matrix
operations. Through variable weighting and fuzzy evaluating, the state of transmission line can be decided. The
steps are as follows:

Table 2.Membership function.

Good (v1)

f (x) = (x x3 )(x4 x3 )
1

General (v2)

(x x )(x x )
2
3
2

f (x) = (x4 x)(x4 x3 )

0

Under awareness (v3)

3.1. Normalize the parameter

As the parameters of transmission line should be as
small as possible, the pretreatment use the function g(x)
to indicate the relative degree of deterioration.

g(x) = ( xa
)k
ba
0

Figure 3.Triangle and trapezoid membership function with the

distribution function.

xb
a<x<b
xa

x < x3
x3 x x4
x > x4
x2 x x3
x3 x x4
x < x2 or x > x4

(x x )(x x ) x x < x
1
2
1
1
2

f (x) = (x3 x)(x3 x2 ) x2 x x3

0
x < x1 or x > x3

1
x < x1

f (x) = (x2 x)(x2 x1 ) x1 x x2

0
x > x2

Serious (v4)

(6)

Where x is the observed value, a presents the normal

value according to some test and monitoring, b presents
the threshold value on the basis of standards and documents, k is the deterioration speed index and in this
paper k=1.
The qualitative indicators like inspection results and
external damage are quantified by the experts experience. Their values are in the interval [0, 1] and the higher
value shows the better operating state.
3.2. Membership function
We use triangle and trapezoid function to determine the
membership function (Figure 3).
The membership functions corresponding to different state level as shown in Table 2.
Where f(x) is the membership function and xi(i=1,
2, 3, 4) is different due to different parameters.
3.3. Establish the fuzzy matrix
Suppose the set of parameters of each layer are
U = u1 , u2 , , un, and the set of state level are
V = v1 , v2 , v3 , v4. Through calculating the value of each
membership function, the fuzzy matrix is as follows:

R=

R1
R2
...
Rn

r11
r21
...
rn1

r12
r22
...
rn2

r13
r23
...
rn3

r14
r24
...
rn4

Where R is the fuzzy matrix, rij(0rij1) indicates the

membership ui related to vj.
3.4. Variable weighting method
(1)Subjective weights
We use AHP to determine the subjective weights. When
the judgment matrix is obtained through the experts
advice, the eigenvectors corresponding to the largest
eigenvalue of matrix W are calculated so that the feature
vector is the subjective weight of each parameter (Han,
Zhou, and Jia 2009).
(2)Objective weights through entropy method
We calculate the objective weight based on the fuzzy
matrix (Sheng, Jiang, and Zeng 2007). Fuzzy judgment
matrix R is taken as the research target to calculate
entropy of the factors of ui.

Hi = k

j=1

rij ln rij

(7)

Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Where k = ln 4(k > 0), rij is obtained from the fuzzy

matrix.
Then, calculate the coefficient of variation:
(8)

gi = 1 Hi
At last, calculate the entropy of ui:

g
ei = n i

gi

(9)

i=1

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}
{
The weight vector E = e1 , e2 , , en is the objective
weights of parameters.
(3)Variable weighting
In the fuzzy evaluation of transmission line, we use
variable weight theory to accomplish the combination of
the subjective weight and the objective weight (Yang and
Hao 2011). The comprehensive weight can objectively
reflect the influence on the running state of the equipment that some parameters change might be great. The
formula of combination weighting is as follows:

U = u1 , u2 , , un, which is on behalf of the ice, breeze

vibration, dance and other{N states. The}state matrix of
on-line monitoring is B = b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 , where b1, b2,
b3, b4 representing the state related to good, general,
under awareness and serious.
(2)Evaluation of the whole transmission line
According to the state of each component, the formula
to evaluate the whole transmission line is as follows:
B
1

B2

Bwhole = W1 , W2 , ..., W8
= b1 , b2 , b3 , b4
...
B8
(11)

Where B1B8 represents the state matrix of 8 parts. W1

W8 is the set of weights of the parts and {b1, b2, b3, b4}is
the final state matrix.
Let the state level labelled as 1, 2, 3, 4. Get the weighted
average of state levels in order to calculate the value of
state factor:

(10)

wi = ci + (1 )ei

Where ci is the subjective weight of i-th parameter and ei

is the objective weight, wi is the comprehensive weight,
is the coefficient of combination weighting. In general,
considering the serious deviation of key parameters will
affect the safety of the whole equipment, we let =0.5.
3.5. Fuzzy evaluation
(1)Evaluation of each part of transmission line
First, we get fuzzy matrix and the weight of the state
monitoring layer according to the measured data
obtained from sensor layer. Then, the state matrix of
state monitoring layer is obtained from online monitoring, daily patrol by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
method. One step further, the matrix of test data and
fundamental data are obtained the same way so that the
state of components can be formed through the matrix.
Take the monitoring layer of wire as an example,
the evaluation factor set of on-line monitoring class is

f =

bjk h

j=1

bjk

Measured value
15mm
46C
2.8%
122N
10
5%

(12)

j=1

Where f is the state factor, h represents the label of state,

k is the coefficient and we get k=1.

4. Case study
We verify the validity of the method by evaluating the
condition of one known power transmission line from
the South Grid in China. Taking the part wire as example, the on-line monitoring and daily inspection record
of one section of transmission line are as shown in
Table 3. Additionally, the warning and threshold values
are included in Table 3 according to related guidelines,
standards and experts advice.
According to the record above, evaluate the state of
wire as follows:
Determine the parameters that associate with the
record above.
The number of parameters with deterioration is six.

Table 3.On-line monitoring and daily inspection record.

Record of on-line monitoring
Ice thickness
Temperature of wire
Sag bias
Vibration bending stress
Wind deflection angle
Wire breaking section
Daily inspection record

323

Warning value
10mm
50C
1.5%
100N
11
7%
1.Wire slightly breaking phenomenon
2.There exist certain thickness of wire icing
3.No things hanging on the wire
4.There is a slight vibration and wave
5.Important cross joint is normal
6.Connection fittings and jumper are normal

Threshold value
20mm
80C
3%
150N
66
25%

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Y.-j. Yan et al.

Table 4.Effects of parts on weight and evaluation matrix.

Part
Tower
Fittings
Insulator
Wire
Foundation
Ancillary facilities
Channelenvironment
Grounding device

Weight of each part

0.125
0.225
0.275
0.225
0.05
0.025
0.025
0.05

Good
0.175
0.231
0.16
0.199
0.370
0.830
0.500
0.150

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There are wire with degradation of breaking, burning or flashing, wire temperature, wire icing, sag
bias, vibration or galloping and wind deflection.

Establish the evaluation matrix using (6). The
matrix of parameters of part wire is R1.

R1 =

0
0.12
0
0
0.44
0.6

0.45
0.88
0.65
0.5
0.56
0.4

0.55
0
0.35
0.5
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

Taking the parameter of on-line monitoring as

example, the subjective weight due to the experts
advice is C1:

C1 = (0.179, 0.107, 0.230, 0.172, 0.110, 0.202)

Using R1 and (79) to get the objective weight E1:

E1 = (0.058, 0.618, 0.129, 0.049, 0.062, 0.084)

The variable weights are W1:

W1 = (0.135, 0.102, 0.187, 0.127, 0.083, 0.158)

To the parameter of part wire, use the fuzzy evaluation to calculate the state matrix B1:

B1 = W1 R1 = (0.146, 0.446, 0.203, 0)

Calculate the state factor f1:

f =

j=1

bj h

bj = 2.185

j=1

As the state factor f1 is belong to the section (Aggarwal,

Johns, and Jayasinghe 2000; State Grid, Q/GDW1732008 2008), the condition of wire can be evaluated as
general to under awareness.
As the steps of wire, state matrices of other parts
are shown in Table 4 with the weights of each part.
According to Table 4, the whole evaluation matrix
of transmission line is as follows.

Bwhole = Wpart Rpart = (0.221, 0.448, 0.302, 0.022)

Calculate the state factor of the whole in the same
way that fwhole=2.152.
According to the state factor of wires and the overall state factor of transmission line, the conductors and

General
0.341
0.353
0.620
0.369
0.620
0.170
0.500
0.500

Under awareness
0.384
0.414
0.280
0.293
0.010
0.000
0.000
0.350

Serious
0.100
0.003
0.003
0.036
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000

equipment status is developing from general to under

awareness. It indicates that the line has some important
state close to or slightly exceeded the standard value and
we should monitor the operation, and the need to schedule maintenance as soon as possible.
The actual situation in the period of transmission
lines are as follows. The time of condition evaluation is
in the winter and the weather is snowy. Icing thickness
of transmission line is close to the design value and the
sag of wire has deviated from the normal value under the
icing effect, leading to the wires vibration and waving.
Maintenance records show this section of wire has been
repaired on the point that connects the iron fitting and
the broken wire. According to the above situation, we
can determine that the state of the section of transmission line has a slight deterioration and poor operation
performance so that we should pay close attention to
the state of development and arrange maintenance as
soon as possible. The real situation is consistent with the
conclusion of the key parameter system and evaluation
method.

5.Conclusion
The approach has established the condition assessment
model with a key parameter system of status information.
It proposes a novel idea to solve the problem of parameter system and evaluation. The key parameter system that
acquired from the analysis of statistics of history data is
more close to the real operation phenomenon. Additionally,
the weighting method enhances the deterioration to the
final results which is more in accordance with the real situation. The case study shows that the approach not only
provides a novel idea for the condition assessment of power
transmission line, but also it is effective and practical.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Funding
This study was supported by National High Technology
Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) [grant number SS2015AA050204]; National Natural
Science Foundation of China [grant number 51477100];
Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai, China
[grant number 13dz1201300]; Science Program of State
Grid of China.

Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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Appendix 1.The quantization matrix of wire.

Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Wire
Wire with degradation of breaking, burning or flashing
Jumper wire with degradation of breaking, burning or flashing
Vibration or galloping
Wire icing
Sag bias
Bundle spacingchanges
Bundled conductorshavebeen whiplashed ortwisting
Wind deflection
Things hanging on the wire
Wire slip off the cable clamp
Ice shedding
All kinds ofconnecting pipe,repairpipehave the phenomenon of bending or deformation
Wire scattering
Suspension clampat the outletwirebending
Wire temperature
Jumper wire twisting
Thejumper wing a large scale
OPGW opticalcablesurfacehas gold hooks,wear,broken stocks,oil spilling
Fittings are weared
OPGW opticalcable jointdoes not have enough distance with charged parts
OPGW optical cable joint box has corrosion, damage or unstable fixation
OPGW optical cables residual cable spread out of the cable holder
Wind deflection of jumper wire
Importantcrossjoint exists

A1
19
0
7
10
1
0
0
5
12
3
2
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

A2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

A3
0.12
0
0
0
0.17
0
0
0
0.28
0.17
0
0
0
0
0.28
0
0
0.22
0
0
0
0
0
0

A4
4
1
0
0
3
2
0
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0

326

Y.-j. Yan et al.

Downloaded by [mario salas] at 14:49 23 May 2016

Appendix 2. Key parameter system.

Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

Part
Foundation

Tower

Wire

Insulator

Fitting

Grounding device

Ancillary facilities

Channel
environment

Key parameters
Tower foundationdisplacement,subsidence,uplift
Concrete falling from surface, steel exposed or crisp
Soil has beenborrowing within the scope of protection
Alack ofdepth of foundation
Pullrodcorrosion
Skew and deformation of the base,thecolumn, andpillow
Protectionand flood control facilities
Damage to the foundation of bracing wire
Tower inclination
Curvature of steel tower andits material
Towercrossarmskew,curved
Deletion or loose of tower andtower steel tube
Concretecrack
Components ofbracing wire fail to takeanti-theftmeasures orsecurity facilities are damaged
Corrosion of rod of bracing wire
Wire with degradation of breaking, burning or flashing
Vibration or galloping
Wire icing
Sag bias
Bundle spacingchanges
Wind deflection
Things hanging on the wire
Jumper wire with degradation of breaking, burning or flashing
OPGW opticalcablesurfacehas gold hooks,wear,broken stocks,oil spilling
Ceramicor glass insulatorappearancehas damage,crack,burn
Composite insulator appears broken, powdered or cracked
Insulator string has creepage
Porcelain insulatorandglass insulatorexplosivesituation ofzero
Tilt angle of insulator
Locking pins are missing, rusted or loose
Antifouling coating is cracking, chalking or shedding
Salt density and ash density of insulator
Deformation or cracks of iron fittings
Fittings are rust, wear out or tear out
Prolapsed of cotter pin or spring pin
Connecting fittings are discoloured by overheating
Fittings have internal deterioration by ultraviolet detection
Rust or shedding of damper
Exposure or corrosion of grounding devices
Grounding resistance
The burial depth of grounding devices
Connection situation of grounding devices and ground deflectors
Ground deflectors are disconnected or the bolts are loose
The warning sign or the phase plate is damaged or lost
Appearance of arrester
There is corrosion, damage or broken needles of anti-bird facility
Operation of online monitoring device
Blasting in quarry or construction nearby
The mountain around the tower has cracks, faults or collapse
Clearance distance between wire and trees is inadequate
There are plastic greenhouses around the line
There is nest or vine plant around the tower
Management of anti-bird device
There is kite flying near the channel