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Comprehensive Analysis of Indices Based Approach

for the Placement of DG in Distribution Systems
D.Sattianadan, S.George Fernandez, K.Selvakumar, C.S.Boopathi
SRM University,Chennai, India
sattianandan.d@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in, georgefernandez.s@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in,
selvakumar.k@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in, boopathi.cs@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in
Abstract This paper identifies the location of Distributed
Generation in the distribution system with the help of Voltage
Stability Index, Power Stability Index and Loss Sensitivity
Factor. The effect of each index on DG placement is analyzed
and the results are compared tothe optimal selection of size and
location of DG by genetic algorithm. Each Index has its own
effect either on real power loss reduction or reactive power or
voltage profile improvement. A Performance Index is formulated
to extract multiple benefits from DG. The IEEE 33-bus Radial
Distribution System and 69-bus Radial Distribution System has
been considered investigating the effect of indices on DG
placement.
KeywordsVoltage Stability Index, Power Stability Index, Loss
Sensitivity Factor, Radial Distribution System, Distributed
Generation.

I. INTRODUCTION
In the modern world, load in the power system increases rapidly due
to the development of industrial and commercial sectors. Due to
depletion of natural resources, even the conventional power
generating systems fail to meet the load demand. Due to this, the
developed and developing countries turn to nuclear power plants. But
they involve more technical and pollution problems. Due to the
above stated problems, there is a need for Distributed Generation to
be implemented at the consumer side. The placement of Distributed
generation in distribution system has many advantages such as power
loss reduction, voltage profile improvement, reliability improvement,
etc. But the improper location of DG may lead to increase in reverse
power flow, which further increases the real and reactive power
losses instead of reducing it. Hence the placement of DG is an
important issue in the current scenario.Many researchers have used
different techniques for the placement of DG. Some of them possess
a keen interest in the analytical approach for the placement of DG in
radial as well as networked systems to minimize the power loss of
the system with respect to use of uniformly distributed loads,
centrally distributed loads and increasingly distributed loads [1]. The
exact loss formula based analytical method has been useful for
finding the optimal size and location of DG. Due to the technical
advancement, many DG types are available in the current market.
Each DG type has its own merits and demerits. With the
consideration of DG types, an analytical approach has been
formulated in [3]. Normally, the optimal size and location of DG has

been found considering the peak load only. But from the practical
point of view, the load on the power system is time varying one. With
the concept of changing loads with time, an analytical approach has
been developed in [4]. The analytical approach uses complex
equations to achieve the optimal value and it consumes more time.
Due to the development of AI techniques, the above stated problem is
solved in an effective way with short duration of time and it gives
multiple solutions for a single problem that makes the operator
choose the best solution based on the requirement. Many AI
techniques are currently used for optimal sizing and placement of DG.
The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based approach has been
used for finding the optimal location and sizing of multi distribution
units with the based on load models [5]. From the economic point of
view, the cost optimization is an important factor while compared to
loss reduction. A Pareto based multi-objective optimization technique,
equipped with a fuzzy decision making tool, has been already used
for finding a proper location and size of DG by modifying honey bee
mating optimization, in [6]. The Differential Evolution (DE) has been
used to find the location of DG for calculating the incremental
voltage sensitivity, which ensures the voltage stability of the system
[7]. A combination of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and PSO has been
used for finding the location and size of DG in [8]. In this, PSO is
used for finding optimal sizing of DG and GA used for finding sitting
of DG. The combination of GA-PSO approach for finding the
optimal location and size of DG reduces the number of iterations to
attain the optimal value and thus reduces the time.
Various indices have been developed to place the DG at the right
location. Each index has specific characteristics on voltage stability,
power stability and line losses. The voltage stability index finds more
sensitive node to voltage collapse [9-10]. The power stability index
has been used to identify the most voltage sensitive buses which
could result in voltage instability in the system [11]. From the point
of loss reduction, an index has been developed which results the
optimal location of DG for minimizing real and reactive power losses
[12].
Planning of distribution system on a long term basis can withstand
additional loads without violating voltage constraint. Ponnavaikko
and Rao derived a mathematical model for calculating cost of energy
loss in the feeder for constant current model [13-14]. The authors
possess keen interest on optimal allocation of switched shunt
capacitance in radial distribution system with the consideration of

load growth factor, which reduces the cost of energy loss [15].
The selection of proper conductor while planning radial distribution
systems is also an important factor for reduction of energy loss
[16,17]. Das has proposed a mathematical model for determining the
present worth of feeder energy loss over the entire lifetime with the
consideration of load growth, load factor and cost of energy [18]. The
enhancement of loading capacity of the distribution system by the
placement of DG with the consideration of load growth has been
proposed in [19], but the author does not put much emphasis on
voltage profile while loading feeder. The analysis has been made
with the lowest voltage profile of 0.8702pu, which is not practically
acceptable one.
The focus of the present paper is to evaluate the significance of
indices on the placement of DG in the distribution system and a
performance index has been developed to get multiple benefits from
DG. The 33-Radial Distribution System and 69- Radial Distribution
System have been used to validate the effectiveness of each index on
finding the optimal location of DG. The genetic algorithm has been
used to optimize the objective function performance index in order to
extract multiple benefits from DG.

II. EFFECT OF INDICES ON DG PLACEMENT

A. Voltage Stability Index (VSI)
Chakravarty and Das developed a voltage stability index for a
radial distribution system [9]. This index is used for finding the most
critical node, to voltage collapse. The lower the value of index shows
the more sensitive the node is to voltage collapse.
4
2
2
(1)
VSI n2 (V ) 4( P R Q X )(V ) 4( P X Q R )
1
2 1
2 1 1
2 1
2 1

Where,
n2 - Receiving end node
V1- Voltage of node n1
P2- Total real power load fed through node n 2
Q2- Total reactive power load fed through node n 2
R1- Resistance of branch 1
X1- Reactance of branch 1
Using equation (1) the most sensitive node is found for DG
placement. Generally, for radial distribution system, the node which
is far away from substation has been found as most critical node. By
the placement of DG in the critical node make the system healthier by
the injection of real and reactive power.

B. Power Stability Index (PSI)

M.M Aman et. all [12] have formulated a power stability index for
finding the most critical node, to voltage collapse, when the system
subjected high loading condition. The PSI is used to find the weakest
link connected between two nodes and the DG is placed on the
receiving end node which injects real and reactive power to node and
improve the voltage profile effectively.

PSI

4rij ( PL PG )
1
[|Vi |Cos ( )]2

(2)

Where,
rij- line resistance connected between i and j.
PL- Total active power.
PG- Total active power generation
C. Loss Sensitivity Factor (LSF)
The Loss Sensitivity Factor (LSF) finds location of DG. Placement
of DG in that location reduces the real and reactive power loss
effectively. Figure.1 shows kth line connected between two buses i
and j with the line impedance R+jX and the load on jth bus is
Peff+jQeff.

Figure.1. A Simple Network

Real power loss in the line can be expressed as,
P

lineloss[ j ]

2
( Peff

2
j Qeff

[ j ]) R[ k ]

(3)

V[2j ]

Similarly the reactive power loss in the kth line is given by

Q

lineloss[ j ]

2
( Peff

2 [ j ]) X [ k ]
j Qeff

(4)

V[2j ]

Now, the Loss Sensitivity Factors can be calculated as:

Plineloss [ j ]

Qeff j

Qlineloss [ j ]

Qeff j

2*Qeff j R[ k ]

(5)

(V[ j ] ) 2

2*Qeff j X [ k ]

(6)

(V[ j ] ) 2

The Loss Sensitivity Factor (Ploss/Qeff) is as given in equation (5)

and (6). The values of loss sensitivity factor have been arranged in
descending order and correspondingly the bus numbers are stored in
bus position bpos [i] vector.
The descending order of (Ploss/Qeff) elements of bpos [i]
vector will decide the sequence in which the buses are to be
considered for compensation. At these buses of bpos [i] vector,
normalized voltage magnitudes are calculated by considering the
base case voltage magnitudes given as follow as,

norm[i] = |V[i]|/0.95

(7)

The buses whose norm[i] value is less than 1.01 can be selected as
the candidate buses for DG placement.

III. OPTIMAL SIZING AND OPTIMAL SITTING BY USING GENETIC

ALGORITHM
Genetic Algorithms are probabilistic search approach, which are
founded on the ideas of evolutionary processes. As against
traditional methods, Genetic Algorithms are suited for many real
world problems which involve finding optimal parameters.
GA Program comprises three different phases of search:
Phase 1: creating an initial population;
Phase 2: evaluating a fitness function;
Phase 3: producing a new population.
Genetic algorithms (GAs) are parallel and global search
techniques that emulate natural genetic operators. The GA is more
likely to converge toward the global solution because it,
simultaneously, evaluates many points in the parameter space. It does
not need to assume that the search space is differentiable or
continuous. The advantages of using GA are that they require no
knowledge or gradient information about the response surface; they
are resistant to becoming trapped in local optima and they can be
employed for a wide variety of optimization problems.
They constitute of various operators viz. selection,
crossover and mutation. The selection procedure randomly selects
individuals from current population for development of the next
generation. Various types of selection procedures are available viz.
Roulette-wheel selection, Generational selection, Hierarchical
selection, Rank selection.
The crossover procedure involves combining two selected
individuals about a crossover point thereby creating two new
individuals which represent the next generation. There are few types
viz. single point crossover, multiple point crossovers, uniform
crossover etc.
After selection and crossover, theres a new population full
of selected candidates representing next generation (a merely good
solution). In order to ensure that the individuals are not exactly the
same, a provision for mutation is made. The mutation procedure
randomly modifies the genes of an individual subject to a small
mutation factor, introducing further randomness into the population.
Genetic Algorithms can identify and exploit regularities in
the environment, and converges on solutions (can also be regarded as
locating the local maxima) that were globally optimal. This method
is very effective at finding optimal or near optimal solutions to a
wide variety of problems, because it does not impose limitations
required by traditional methods such as gradient search, random
search etc.
In this paper the following GA parameters have been considered,
Population Size: 20
Scaling Function: RANK
Selection Function: Stochastic Uniform
Mutation Function: Constraint Dependent
Crossover Function: Scattered
Crossover Fraction: 0.8
Generations:
100
Initial Penalty: 10
Penalty Factor: 100

IV. PERFORMANCE INDEX (PI)

Each index has its own importance in finding the critical node. VSI
finds the more critical the node, the higher the tendency to voltage
collapse. PSI finds the most critical link and LSF finds the location
for DG which minimizes the loss effectively. The location found by
each index is different. In this paper, the performance index has been
passed which gives the optimal location and size of DG for getting
multiple benefits from DG such as minimizing real and reactive
power loss and improves the voltage profile effectively.

A. Real Power Loss Index

The Real Power Loss Index (RPLI) is given in equation (8). It is
the ratio between the real power loss with DG and without DG. The
RPLI gives the effect of DG on real power loss.

RPLI =

(8)

RPLI < 1 DG has reduced Real Power losses,

RPLI = 1 DG has no impact on Real Power losses,
RPLI > 1 DG has caused more Real Power losses.

B. Reactive Power Loss Index

The reactive power loss index is given in equation (9). The
reactive power loss index gives the effect of DG on reactive power
loss and it is defined as the ratio between reactive power loss with
and without DG.

QPLI =

(9)

QPLI < 1 DG has reduced Reactive Power losses,

QPLI = 1 DG has no impact on Reactive Power losses,
QPLI > 1 DG has caused more Reactive Power losses

C. Voltage Regulation Index

VRI =
=2 (

||

)(10)

V. PROBLEM FORMULATION
By using the real power loss index, reactive power loss index and
voltage regulation index, the performance index has been formulated
as,
Min.Obj.fuction: PI = w1* RPLI +w2 * QPLI +w3 * VRI

(11)

Where,
w1 = 0.5; w2 = 0.3; w3 = 0.2
w1+w2+w3 =1
To extract the maximum benefits from DG, the multi-objective
function formulated as a single objective function by using operator
weighted factors. The selection weighted factors depend upon the
importance given to the particular index. From equation (11), it is
clear that more importance has been given to real power loss

compared to the other indices, because in distribution system the

value of line resistance more than the corresponding reactance.

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Two test systems have been used to test and validate the proposed
algorithm, the 33-bus Radial Distribution System (RDS) and 69-bus
Radial Distribution System (RDS). The base MVA and base kV have
been taken as 100MVA and 12.66kV. The 33-bus RDS has the total
real power load of 223.88kW and the total reactive power load
149.05 Kvar. The 69-bus RDS has the total real power load of
223.88kW and the total reactive power load 149.05 Kvar. The radial
distribution system is radial in structure, has large number of nodes
and branches, and has unbalanced loads and operation. Due to these
characteristics, conventional load flowanalyses are not suited for
solving RDS. Hence, the Network Topological Based load flow has
been used to obtain the load flow solution. The MATLAB R2010a
software tool has been used to run the load flow and to calculate
losses and find the optimal location and size of DG.
In this paper, the effect Voltage Stability Index (VSI), Power
Stability Index (PSI) and Loss Sensitivity Factor (LSF) on the
placement of DG has been considered. Table.1, gives the information
about the effect of Voltage Stability Index (VSI) on DG placement
for 33-bus RDS. From table.1, it is clear that four locations were
identified for the placement of DG, depending on the index value.
Among the four locations, the DG has been placed at 18th location,
due to the low value of VSI. The real power loss was minimized to
213.9561 kW and the reactive power loss was minimized to
142.0609 kVAR by the placement of 1.3 MW DG at location 18 and
the minimum bus voltage was obtained as 0.9178 p.u. The VSI gives
more importance on voltage stability and normally gives the location
of bus with lowest voltage. By the placement of DG in the location,
found by VSI, the voltage profile of that bus was improved with
lesser significance to loss reduction. Due to this reason, there was the
need for using the other indices for the placement of DG.
Table.2. gives the information about the placement of DG by
using Power Stability Index (PSI)for 33-bus RDS. Three locations
were selected for DG placement depending on the maximum value of
PSI and DG was placed at each location. According to the maximum
value of PSI, 24th location was selected for DG placement. But it
needed lager value of DG size compared to 7th location. Due to
minimum DG requirement, 7th location was selected as the optimal
location for DG.Among all the connected nodes, the PSI found the
weakest link in the distribution system. From table.2, it is clear that
the weakest link was 6, which was connected between buses 6 and 7.
Hence the DG was placed at the receiving end bus, i.e. bus number 7.
The results of optimal placement of DG by using Loss Sensitivity
Factor (LSF)for 33-bus RDS have been shown in Table .3.
From table.3 it is clear that the optimal location of DG was 31,
whose norm value is 0.9665 which is less compared to other values
and the optimal size of DG is 1.7MW that reduces the real power loss
to 207.9228kW and reactive power loss to 138.1842KVAR whereas
the minimum voltage was maintained at 0.9151p.u. By using the
aboves indices, the optimal location of DG for 69 bus RDS is given

in table.4. Table.5. gives the comparative analysis of optimal

placement of DG by using VSI, PSI and LSF with the consideration
of different types of DG models for 33bus RDS. From Table.5, it is
clear that the maximum real power loss was reduced by 10.54% and
reactive power loss was reduced by 10.7692% with the placement of
Type-2 DG at the location 31, as found out by LSF.
Table.6. gives the comparative analysis of optimal placement of
DG using VSI, PSI and LSF with the consideration of different types
of DG models for 69bus RDS. From Table.6, it is clear that the
maximum real power loss was reduced by 67.25245% and reactive
power loss was reduced by 63.13148% with the placement of Type-2
DG at the location 61, as found out by PSI. With reference to the
Table.5 and Table.6, it is clear that each index gives the optimal
location depending upon the characteristics equation. The VSI gives
more importance to voltage stability instead of loss reduction. The
PSI finds weakest link that leads to voltage collapse when the system
load increases beyond the margin. The loss sensitivity factor gives
more importance to loss reduction instead of voltage profile
improvement. Each index gives a different location depending on its
own characteristic equation.
To get the multiple benefits from DG, the performance index has
been formulated and the results are given in table 7 for 33-bus RDS.
The performance index has been solved by genetic algorithm and the
optimal location has been found at 32nd bus for all types of DGs.
From table.7, it is also concluded that among all types of DG, Type-2
DG gives a better performance compared to other DGs and it has the
minimized performance index of 0.69206. For 69bus RDS, Type-2
gives a beter performance on real power, reactive power and voltage
profile improvement. The minimized value of performance index was
found to be 0.2176 at location 61shown in table 8.
Table.1. Placement of DG by using Voltage Stability Index (VSI) 33 Radial Distribution System

Table.2. Placement of DG by using Power Stability Index (PSI) - 33

Bus. No
18
17
16
33

Min.
Voltage
(p.u)
0.6951 213.9561 142.0609 0.9178
0.6969 216.7233 144.0061 0.9169
0.7033 216.8637 144.1767 0.9164
0.7069 218.4043 145.2924 0.9138
Radial Distribution System
VSI

Ploss
(kW)

Qloss
(KVAR)

DG Size
(MW)
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.1

Qloss
(KVAR)

min.
Voltage
(p.u)

DG Size
(MW)

0.0126 210.9727 139.9351

0.9161

2.0

25

24

0.0161 209.7636 140.531

0.9146

2.9

24

23

0.0162 210.8641 141.3797

0.9146

2.9

Bus.
No

Line.
no

PSI

Ploss
(kW)

Table.3. Placement of DG by using Loss Sensitivity Factor (LSF) - 33 Radial Distribution System
Bus.No

LSF

norm

Ploss
(kW)

Qloss
(KVAR)

min.
Voltage
(p.u)

DG Size
(MW)

13

0.0009

0.9695

218.8982

145.6729

0.9152

1.0

14

0.0006

0.9671

213.396

141.8074

0.9182

1.5

30

0.0045

0.9708

217.1198

144.5176

0.9162

2.1

31

0.001

0.9665

207.9228

138.1842

0.9151

1.7

Table.4. Placement of DG by using VSI, PSI and LSF- 69 Radial Distribution System
Index
Optimal
Location

VSI

PSI

LSF

65

61

65

Table.5. Comparative Analysis of Power Loss Reduction using VSI, PSI and LSF 33 Radial Distribution

Ploss (kW) =223.88

Qloss (KVAR) = 149.05
Min.Bus Voltage (p.u) = 0.9134
Type -2

Base Case
(without DG)
Type of DG

Type- I DG

Type -3

Technique

VSI

PSI

LSF

VSI

PSI

LSF

VSI

PSI

LSF

Optimal Location
Optimal Size (MW)

18
1.3

7
2

31
1.7

18
1.3

7
2

31
1.7

18
1.3

7
2.6

31
1.6

Ploss(kW)

213.95

210.9727

207.9228

209.3069

204.3933

200.2831

218.2785

215.812

214.926

Qloss (Kvar)

142.06

139.9351

138.1842

138.8058

135.3063

132.9985

145.1027

144.148

142.951

Min.Bus Voltage (p.u)

0.9178

0.9161

0.9151

0.918

0.9169

0.9155

0.9174

0.914

0.9144

%Ploss reduction

4.4354

5.7653

7.1276

6.5093

8.7041

10.5400

2.502

3.6037

3.9991

%Qloss reduction

4.6897

6.1154

7.2900

6.8730

9.2209

10.7692

2.6483

3.2882

4.0919

Table.6. Comparative Analysis of Power Loss Reduction using VSI, PSI and LSF 69 Radial Distribution System
Ploss (kW) = 216.6168
Qloss (kVAR) = 98.0373
Min.Bus Voltage = 0.9134
Type -2

Base Case
(without DG)
Type of DG
Technique

Type- I DG
VSI

PSI

LSF

VSI

PSI

LSF

Type -3
VSI

PSI

LSF

Optimal Location

65

61

65

65

61

65

65

61

65

Optimal Size (MW)

0.3

1.3

0.3

0.3

1.6

0.3

0.2

1.2

0.2

Ploss (kW)

210.9953

113.3463 210.9953 207.4837

70.9337

207.4837 214.3965

162.058

214.3965

Qloss (Kvar)

95.6559

54.3328

95.6559

36.1449

94.1688

97.0965

75.0131

97.0965

Min.Bus Voltage (p.u)

%Ploss reduction

0.9143
2.59375081

0.9591
47.6729

0.9143
0.9145
0.9626
0.9145
0.9132
2.593751 4.214862 67.25245 4.214862 1.023605

0.9376
25.1854

0.9132
1.023605

%Qloss reduction

2.42907546

44.57946 2.429075 3.945947 63.13148 3.945947 0.959635 23.48514 0.959635

94.1688

Table.7. Results of Performance Index with consideration

of different types of DGs 33 Radial Distribution System

improvement, by the injection of both real and reactive

power to the node.

References
Base Case

Ploss (kW) =223.88

Qloss (KVAR) = 149.05
Min. Bus Voltage (p.u) = 0.9134

(without
DG)

Type of DG Type- I DG
Technique
Optimal
Location
Optimal
Size (MW)
ILP
ILQ
VRI
PI

Type -2

Type -3

GA
32

32

32

1.89

2.12

0.9
0.897

0.854
0.851

0.944
0.9424

0.0541
0.72992

0.0488
0.69206

0.0511
0.76494

Table.8. Results of Performance Index with consideration

of different types of DGs 69 Radial Distribution System

Base Case
(without DG)
Type of DG

Ploss (kW) = 216.6168

Qloss (kVAR) = 98.0373
Min.Bus Voltage = 0.9134
Type- I
Type -2
Type -3

Technique

GA

Optimal Location
Optimal Size
(MW)
ILP
ILQ
VRI
PI

61

61

61

1.3

1.4

0.9

0.4879
0.3456
0.0011
0.3479

0.3021
0.2279
0.0009
0.2176

0.6929
0.4743
0.0014
0.489

VII.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, the effect of Voltage Stability Index, Power

Stability Index and Loss Sensitivity Factor on the
placement of DG has been analysed. Each index found the
optimal location of DG based on their own characteristics
and afforded more importance either to loss reduction or
voltage profile improvement. In order to get multiple
benefits from DG, a performance index has been
formulated and it has been minimized using Genetic
Algorithm. Among all the DG types, Type-2 DG shows
better performance for loss reduction and Voltage profile

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