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Study of Impulse Turbine

Roll No: 163010021


Name: Aravindkumar

Experiment: Study of Impulse Turbine Performance Characteristics

____________________________________________________________________________

Aim:
To study the performance characteristics of Impulse turbine at various RPMs and
pressure differences.
Apparatus:
An Impulse turbine setup which is made to run by creating a pressure difference
between the inlet and the outlet consists of the following apparatus.
An Impulse turbine.
External compressor setup for providing high pressure at the inlet.
Tachometer to measure the speed (rpm) of the turbine.
Strain gauge to measure the resistance given to the turbine.
Thermocouples to measure the temperatures at inlet and exit conditions.
Rotameter to measure the air mass flow rate.
Theory:
In impulse turbine all fluid energy is converted into kinetic energy by a nozzle and it is is
the jet so produced which strikes the runner blades. It has a Zero Degree of Reaction which
means
that
no
pressure
drop
occurs
in
the
rotor.

Figure 1 Impulse Turbine. It shows four nozzles(D) impelling the blades(A) around shaft(c).

Study of Impulse Turbine

Roll No: 163010021


Name: Aravindkumar

By definition, Degree of reaction is the ratio of static pressure drop in the rotor to the
static pressure drop in the stage or as the ratio of static enthalpy drop in the rotor to the static
enthalpy drop in the stage.
In this setup, the flow is initiated by creating a large pressure difference between the
inlet and the exit of the turbine. We can change the mass flow rate by changing the inlet
pressure. The four nozzles are used to convert most of the flow energy to kinetic energy. With
this kinetic energy, the flow impinges on the turbine blades which initiates and maintains the
rotation of the turbine.
The nozzles are positioned such that they produce couple to rotate the turbine. In his
setup, four nozzles are positioned as shown in the figure. They provide two couples to drive he
turbine. The nozzle is also provided with valves so that they can be closed or opened to change
the inlet flow which facilitates the study of the turbine at different conditions.

A strain gauge is attached to the belt the turbine to measure the force to the resistance
created during various operating conditions. This setup measures the strain which is converted
to force in Newton by the setup.

Precautions:
All the nozzles should not be set to close at the same time.
We need to decrease the resistance before reducing the pressure difference.
The pressure supply should not be more than 50KPa so that the chances of instabilities
due to vibration at high speeds (rpm) are reduced.

Procedure:
There are two steps followed in this experiment
In the first step, the inlet is provided with different pressures and hence different mass
flows. As we vary the pressure, the mass flow will vary and the rpm of the turbine will
vary accordingly. The rpm will be controlled by varying the resistance and it will be set at
particular constant value for different pressures. The resistance to the load will be
measured using a strain gauge while the mass flow rate will be taken from a tachometer.
In the second step, the inlet pressure is kept constant and the rpm is varied by varying
the resistance load. This gives the value of resistance force at different rpm. The mass
flow rate remains constant as the pressure different is maintained constant.
Both of the above steps are repeated with two adjacent nozzles shut off and the
readings are recorded for calculation of performance parameters.

Study of Impulse Turbine

Roll No: 163010021


Name: Aravindkumar

Observation Tables:
For case 1:

4 nozzle open

Reference RPM=21500
P1

P2

Kpa

Kpa

131.325

101.325

141.325
151.325

Actual RPM

Load

Mass flow rate

T1

T2

Kg/sec

21480

0.66

0.0029

298.7

295.2

101.325

21490

0.96

0.0033

298.7

293.9

101.325

21450

1.16

0.0037

298.8

293

Ref. Pres. = 50KPa


RPM

Actual RPM

Load

Mass flow rate

T1

T2

Kg/sec

18500

18400

1.41

0.0037

298.9

294.4

20500

20590

1.23

0.0037

298.9

293

22500

22410

1.14

0.0037

298.9

293.1

Case 2:

2 nozzle open

Reference RPM=19500
P1

P2

Kpa

Kpa

131.325

101.325

141.325
151.325

Actual RPM

Load

Mass flow rate

T1

T2

Kg/sec

19400

0.38

0.0008

299.7

296.5

101.325

19500

0.56

0.001

299.6

296

101.325

19600

0.68

0.0015

299.6

294.5

Ref. Pres. = 50KPa


RPM

Actual RPM

Load

Mass flow rate

T1

T2

Kg/sec

16500

16580

0.77

0.0015

299.6

294.4

17500

17490

0.6

0.0015

299.6

294.4

18500

18410

0.74

0.0015

299.6

294.8

Study of Impulse Turbine

Roll No: 163010021


Name: Aravindkumar

Formulae used:
Pideal = mCp T = mCp(T1-Tideal)
Pactual=(2.Phi.NT)/60
Here T is torque.
Efficiency =Pactual/Pideal
Specific Air consumption SAC= m/Pactual

Sample Calculations:

The calculation has been done for the Ref RPM 21500 with inlet pressure of 131.325 KPa.
Using isentropic relation to find ideal T2:
T2(ideal)/T1= (rp)^(y-1/y => T2(ideal) = ((rp)^(y-1/y )T1= (.771)^(.4/1.4)(298.7)= 277.3671 K
Power:
Pactual= (2Phi N T)/60 = (2*3.14* 21480*.0095)/60 = 21.515W
Pideal=mCp(T1-T2ideal)= .0029*1005*(298.7-277.36) = 62.17 W
Efficiency:
= Pactual / Pideal = 21.515/62.17 = .346 = 34.6%
Specific Air Consumption:
SAC = m/Pact= (.0029/21.515)*3600*1000= 485.22804 Kg/KW-Hr

Study of Impulse Turbine

Roll No: 163010021


Name: Aravindkumar

4 nozzles open Inlet Pressure Constant

Ref.RPM=
21500
m

Actual
RPM

Kg/sec

T1

T2

Rp

T2 Ideal

SAC

N-m

Kg/KW-Hr

0.0029

21480

298.7

295.2

0.771

0.0095

21.515

62.17

277.3671

34.60

485.22804

0.0033

21490

298.7

293.9

0.716

0.0139

31.310

89.83

271.6119

34.85

379.43063

0.0037

21450

298.8

293

0.66958

0.0168

37.762

120.30

266.447

31.38

352.73011

Table1. Complete parameter calculated: Four Nozzles open

4 nozzles open RPM Constant


P reference
=50Kpa
Mass flow
T1
rate

T2

Kg/sec

0.0037

298.9 294.4 0.669585 0.020445 39.37434 120.3448 266.5362 32.71793 338.291

0.0037

298.9 293

0.0037

298.9 293.1 0.669585 0.01653

Rp

T2 Ideal

SAC

N-m

Kg/KWHr

0.669585 0.017835 38.43597 120.3448 266.5362 31.9382

346.550

38.77244 120.3448 266.5362 32.21778 343.5430

Table2. Complete parameter calculated: Four Nozzles open

Study of Impulse Turbine

Roll No: 163010021


Name: Aravindkumar

2 nozzles open RPM Constant:

Reference
RPM=19500
Rp

T2 Ideal

SAC

N-m

Kg/KW-Hr

0.771559109

0.00551

11.18824

17.20905

278.2957

65.0137

257.4131716

0.716964444

0.00812

16.57292

27.30554

272.4303

60.69434

217.2218293

0.66958533

0.00986

20.22746

48.90271

267.1604

41.36266

266.9638029

Table3. Complete parameter calculated: Two Nozzles open

2 nozzles open Inlet Pressure Constant:


Reference RPM=19500
Rp

T2 Ideal

SAC

N-m

Kg/KW-Hr

0.66958533

0.011165

19.37544

48.90271

267.1604

39.62039

278.7033

0.66958533

0.0087

15.92639

48.90271

267.1604

32.56751

339.0598

0.66958533

0.01073

20.67578

48.90271

267.1604

42.27942

261.1752

Study of Impulse Turbine

Roll No: 163010021


Name: Aravindkumar

Graphs: For each case: 2 nozzle open and 4 nozzle open ( = )


1. Efficiency RPM (Inlet pressure constant):

Efficiency vs RPM
(Constant Inlet Pressure)
70
60

Efficiency(%)

50
40
4 nozzle open

30

2 nozzle open

20
10
0
15000

16000

17000

18000

19000

20000

21000

22000

23000

RPM

2. Efficiency Pressure Ratio (Rpm constant)

Efficiency Pressure Ratio


(Rpm constant)
70
Efficiency(%)

60
50
40
30

4 nozzle open

20

2 nozzle open

10
0
0.66

0.68

0.7

0.72

0.74

Pressure ratio

0.76

0.78

Study of Impulse Turbine

Roll No: 163010021


Name: Aravindkumar

3. Torque-RPM (Inlet pressure constant):

Torque vs RPM
(Inlet pressure constant)
0.023
0.021

Torque(N-m)

0.019
0.017
0.015
0.013

4 nozzle open

0.011

2 nozzle open

0.009
0.007
0.005
16000

18000

20000

22000

24000

RPM

4. Torque-Pressure Ratio (Rpm Constant):

Torque(N-m)

Torque vs Pressure Ratio


(Rpm Constant)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0

4 nozzle open
2 nozzle open

0.66

0.68

0.7

0.72

0.74

Pressure ratio

0.76

0.78

Study of Impulse Turbine

Roll No: 163010021


Name: Aravindkumar

5. Actual Power RPM (Inlet pressure constant):

Actual Power vs RPM


(Inlet pressure constant)
45

Actual Power(W)

40
35
30
25

4 nozzle open

20

2 nozzle open

15
10
15500

17500

19500

21500

23500

RPM

6. Actual Power Pressure Ratio (Rpm constant):

Actual Power vs Pressure Ratio


(Rpm constant)
40
35
Actual Power(W)

30
25
20

4 nozzle open

15

2 nozzle open

10
5
0
0.66

0.68

0.7

0.72
Pressure ratio

0.74

0.76

0.78

Study of Impulse Turbine

Roll No: 163010021


Name: Aravindkumar

7. Specific Air Consumption-Actual Power (Inlet pressure constant):

Specific Air Consumption vs Actual Power


(Inlet pressure constant)
350
340
330
SAC(Kg/KW-Hr )

320
310
300

4 nozzle open

290

2 nozzle open

280
270
260
250
0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

P actual (W)

8. Specific Air Consumption Actual Power (Rpm constant):

Specific Air Consumption vs Actual Power (Rpm


constant)
0.04

P actual(W)

0.035
0.03
0.025

4 nozzle open

0.02

2 nozzle open

0.015
0.01
100

150

200

250

300

350

SAC (Kg/KW-Hr )

400

450

500

Study of Impulse Turbine

Roll No: 163010021


Name: Aravindkumar

Conclusion:
The efficiency drops for both 4 nozzle open (Case 1) and 2 nozzle open (Case 2) with increase in
RPM. This is because of the higher rate of increase of ideal power than the actual power with increase in
RPM. So more the RPM, less efficient is the turbine as the thermal losses become more pronounced at
higher speeds. In the case with pressure ratio, efficiency increases directly with it as turbine efficiency
depends much on its pressure ratio. We get more efficiency for 2 nozzle case as for the same pressure
ratio as the RPM of this case is lesser for the same pressure ratio. It is obvious that torque vs. RPM curve
shows a negative trend because torque always decreases with RPM. The main reason for this trend is
that the performance of the engine in terms of power, torque, efficiency etc. decreases as the turbine is
unable to convert the energy efficiently as the losses such as thermal, vibrational and stress related
losses begins to increase. The actual power first decreases and then changes the trend with RPM. For
both cases (Case 1 and case2) the actual power decreases with pressure ratio because of the losses
discussed above. SAC shows a variation which first decreases with power and then mildly increases as at
the optimum value of power, the SAC becomes the least and beyond that, SAC increases.

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